East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?

A. Adrenal glands

B. Liver

C. Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels

D. The atria of the heart

E. Kidneys

Question #2

In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?

A. The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

B. Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

C. The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

D. The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

E. Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

Question #3

You are the CEO of a drug company where you've asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure. You can only send four of the drugs to market. Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development?

A. A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

B. A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

C. A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

D. A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

E. A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question #4

Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid-base balance is TRUE?

A. The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

B. When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

C. Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

D. H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

E. Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

Question #5

Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?

A. The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

B. The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

C. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.

D. The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

E. All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

Question #6

Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ________.

A. efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

B. afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

C. efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

D. renal vein; peritubular capillaries

E. efferent arterioles; Bowman's capsule

Question #7

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ________ as it enters Bowman's space, ________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ________ at the tip of the loop, and ________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

A. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

B. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

C. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

D. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

E. isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

Question #8

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

A. H2O and CO2

B. CO2 and O2

C. H2O and O2

D. H2O and CO

E. H+ and HCO3-

Question #9

After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would ________ firing, leading to ________ secretion of ________ and thus ________ renal reabsorption of ________.

A. decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

B. increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

C. decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

D. increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

E. decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

Question #10

Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?

A. During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

B. It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

C. It is lower than alveolar pressure.

D. It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

E. It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

Question #11

In which region of the nephron does the fractional reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration?

A. The collecting duct

B. The proximal convoluted tubule

C. The distal convoluted tubule

D. The loop of Henle

E. The glomerulus

Question #12

How would the kidneys respond to hypoventilation?

A. Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

B. Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

C. Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

D. Increasing excretion of CO2

E. Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

Question #13

All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine?

A. Ca2+

B. K+

C. HPO42-

D. Glucose

E. H+

Question #14

What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone?

A. Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

B. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

C. Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

D. Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

E. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

Question #15

Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption?

A. Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

B. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

C. Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

D. Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

E. Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question #16

If a patient with pulmonary disease began to hypoventilate, how would plasma levels of [H+], HCO3-, and PCO2 be changed, compared to normal?

A. Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

B. Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C. Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

D. Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E. Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

Question #17

What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?

A. Lining the pleural space

B. Secretion of mucus

C. Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

D. Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

E. Production of surfactant

Question #18

Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron?

A. Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

B. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

C. Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

D. Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

E. Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

Question #19

Which one of the following substances is LEAST dependent on the kidney for regulation of its plasma concentration?

A. HPO42-

B. Na+

C. K+

D. Water

E. Glucose

Question #20

Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?

A. Efferent arterioles

B. Collecting ducts

C. Vasa recta

E. Cortical peritubular capillaries

F. Afferent arterioles

Question #21

In the presence of aldosterone, which nephron region reabsorbs the greatest fraction of the filtered Na+?

A. Cortical collecting duct

B. Macula densa

C. Proximal tubule

D. Distal convoluted tubule

E. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question #22

Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person?

A. Sodium

B. Plasma protein

C. Glucose

D. Urea

E. Bicarbonate ion

Question #23

A decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?

A. pH will increase.

B. It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.

C. pH will decrease.

D. No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.

Question #24

You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO2 in the alveoli?

A. Alveolar PO2 decreases.

B. No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

C. Alveolar PO2 increases.

Question #25

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

A. Dissolved in the plasma

B. Converted to HCO3-

C. Bound to myoglobin

D. Bound to hemoglobin

E. Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

Question #26

Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of Na+?

A. Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

B. Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

C. Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

D. Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.

E. Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.

Question #27

The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________.

A. filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

B. secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

C. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

D. reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

E. reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

Question #28

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A. Increased temperature of the blood

B. Increased pH of the blood

C. The presence of carbon monoxide

D. Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

E. Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

Question #29

Which of the following drugs, administered as an aerosol spray, would be most likely to help a patient during an asthmatic attack?

A. A muscarinic agonist

B. A β2-adrenergic antagonist

C. Pulmonary surfactant

D. Histamine

E. A β2-adrenergic agonist

Question #30

When blood Ca2+ levels fall below normal, in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal?

A. Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

B. By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

C. By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D. By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

E. By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

Question #31

In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?

A. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

B. The collecting ducts

C. The distal convoluted tubule

D. The proximal tubule

E. The descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question #32

Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A. At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

B. As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

C. At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

D. The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

E. More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

Question #33

Which of the following is a cause of asthma?

A. Inflammation of the bronchioles

B. Loss of alveoli

C. Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

D. Lack of pulmonary surfactant

E. Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

Question #34

Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?

A. Exhalation/expiration

B. Inhalation/inspiration

C. Pneumothorax

D. A collapsed lung

E. Emphysema

Question #35

Jerome has had too many alcoholic drinks at a party. One of the effects of alcohol is that it inhibits the release of vasopressin. Which of the following is Jerome likely to notice?

A. A reduction in urine volume

B. Very concentrated urine

C. The excretion of glucose in the urine increased

D. An increase in blood pressure

E. High volume of dilute urine

Question #36

You have a patient with extensive birth defects that affect the kidney anatomy. Nevertheless, she does have some kidney function. One thing you've noticed in her labs is extremely low renin secretion. Which of the following anatomical locations is likely to exhibit abnormal development?

A. The juxtaglomerular apparatus

B. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

C. The proximal tubule

D. The efferent arteriole

E. The glomerular capillaries

Question #37

You (a healthy individual) are swimming underwater when you can no longer resist the urge to breathe. This overwhelming urge is probably due to

A. the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

B. the increase in plasma H+.

C. the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

D. the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

Question #38

After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

A. As dissolved HCO3-

B. As carbonic anhydrase

C. Bound to hemoglobin

D. As H2CO3

E. As dissolved CO2

Question #39

You are an EMT and arrive at the scene of an opioid overdose. The overdose victim is breathing extremely slowly and shallowly. When you arrive at the ER, you report that the medical team should watch out for signs of

A. respiratory alkalosis.

B. metabolic alkalosis.

C. respiratory acidosis.

D. metabolic acidosis.

Question #40

What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances?

A. The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

B. The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

C. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

D. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

E. Stretch receptors in the lung

Question #41

Which of these correctly describes the chloride shift?

A. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

B. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

C. In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

D. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

E. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

Question #42

Which of the following statements about the response of arteriolar smooth muscle to changing oxygen partial pressures is TRUE?

A. Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.

B. Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.

C. Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.

D. Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.

E. Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.

Question #43

Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?

A. Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

B. It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

C. It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

D. It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

E. It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

Question #44

During a run, your gastrocnemius (calf) muscle has a temperature of 38.5° C, while your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle has a temperature of 37.5° C. Which of the following is TRUE of the red blood cells as they pass by these muscles?

A. The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

B. The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

C. The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

D. The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

Question #45

How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine?

A. It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

B. When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

C. It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

D. By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

E. By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

Question #46

During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?

A. Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

B. The diaphragm relaxes.

C. Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

D. Lung volume decreases.

E. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question #47

A. "Anemic hypoxia" refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

B. Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

C. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

D. Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

E. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

Question #48

What region of the nephron reabsorbs about two-thirds of filtered Na+ and Cl-?

A. Glomerulus

B. Ascending loop of Henle

C. Distal convoluted tubule

D. Collecting duct

E. Proximal convoluted tubule

Question #49

Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?

A. They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

B. They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

C. They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

D. They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

E. None of these would occur.

Question #50

Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE?

A. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.

B. In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.

C. Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.

D. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.

E. When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.

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Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)

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