What is Chief Joseph's primary mode of persuasion in the following passage? “Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before, I have it in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our Chiefs are killed; Looking Glass is dead, Toohulhulsote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led on the young men is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my Chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.” —Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce on his surrender to the U.S. Army in 1877

Which Aristotelian form of rhetoric is Winston Churchill using in the following speech? “We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” —Winston Churchill speaking on June 4, 1940, after he became prime minister of Great Britain

Which Aristotelian appeal is Ben Bernanke using in the following speech?“ However, although private final demand, output, and employment have indeed been growing for more than a year, the pace of that growth recently appears somewhat less vigorous than we expected. Notably, since stabilizing in mid-2009, real household spending in the United States has grown in the range of 1 to 2 percent at annual rates, a relatively modest pace. Households' caution is understandable. Importantly, the painfully slow recovery in the labor market has restrained growth in labor income, raised uncertainty about job security and prospects, and damped confidence. Also, although consumer credit shows some signs of thawing, responses to our Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices suggest that lending standards to households generally remain tight.” —Ben Bernanke’s presentation on the economic outlook and monetary policy on August 27, 2010

Which Aristotelian appeal is Roosevelt using in the following speech? “As commander in chief of the Army and Navy . . . I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people . . .”

Which Aristotelian appeal is Roosevelt using in the following speech? “Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost.”

Which Aristotelian appeal is Roosevelt using in the following speech? “It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.”