POLS 155 - American Political Institutions » Fall 2021 » Chapter 2
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Question #1
How does addressing a public health crisis BEST relate to the concept of federalism?
A.
In a federal system, neither the states nor the national government has the power to address public health issues.
B.
In a federal system, power shifts to the states to resolve their own public health problems.
C.
In a federal system, both states and the national government have powers that can affect the issues brought on by a public health crisis.
D.
In a federal system, the national government is the only government entity with the power to address matters of public health.
Question #2
Which of the following statements about federalism is correct?
A.
The Framers generally followed the model of federalism outlined in the Articles of Confederation.
B.
Ensuring federalism was one of the easier tasks undertaken by the Framers of the Constitution.
C.
Federalism primarily entails the growth of the federal government.
D.
Federalism was a subject of intense debate during the drafting of the Constitution.
Question #3
Madison’s concept of “double security” was PRIMARILY intended to check which of the following?
A.
the abuse of political power
B.
the executive branch
C.
the growth of state power
D.
the rising Confederacy
Question #4
What is federalism?
A.
the division of power between the three branches of government
B.
the division of power between civilian and military leadership
C.
the division of power between the federal and state governments
D.
a policy designed to enhance the power of the federal government
Question #5
Under the Articles of Confederation, states generally felt which of the following with regard to the federal government?
A.
Southern states opposed the federal government while Northern states supported it.
B.
States enjoyed their sovereignty from the federal government.
C.
States felt that the federal government had far too much power over their affairs.
D.
States wanted to abolish the federal government completely.
Question #6
Which of the following characterizes the evolution of the balance of power between state, local, and national governments?
A.
State governments share virtually none of the same powers as the federal government.
B.
The federal government has progressively assumed greater responsibility for domestic and economic issues.
C.
The debate surrounding the balance of power has almost completely disappeared.
D.
Local governments have assumed sole responsibility for domestic issues.
Question #7
Which governmental institution is PRIMARILY credited with the most recent shift in the balance of power between the state and federal governments?
A.
the Supreme Court
B.
the House of Representatives
C.
the executive branch
D.
the Senate
Question #8
How can the most recent version of federalism be characterized?
A.
The federal government dominates the states more than ever before.
B.
Some power has shifted back to the states.
C.
There has been no change in federalism since the mid-20th century.
D.
The states are now more powerful than the federal government.
Question #9
The Congress shall have Power ... ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Which of the following explanations BEST describes the meaning of the above clause from Article I, section 8, of the Constitution?
A.
It expands Congress’s power by allowing Congress to pass any laws that are “necessary and proper” for it to carry out its enumerated powers under the Constitution.
B.
It allows Congress to establish banks or other financial institutions as long as they are deemed “necessary and proper” for maintaining the stability of the nation’s economy.
C.
It enhances the power of the states by allowing them to do whatever is “necessary and proper” to prevent Congress from overstepping its constitutional authority.
D.
It limits Congress’s power by allowing Congress to pass only those laws that are “necessary and proper” for it to uphold and defend the principles in the Constitution.
Question #10
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. Based on your reading of the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, which of the following actions would be considered unconstitutional?
A.
a state court ruling that conflicts with the Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage
B.
an amendment to a state constitution that establishes the right to religious freedom at the state level
C.
a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation that overrules a state court judgment involving food-safety labels
D.
the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which allowed the federal government to monitor state-run elections
Question #11
Why did the federal government first decide to charter national banks?
A.
State-owned banks were charging the federal government too much interest on loans to pay debts from the War of 1812.
B.
One of Congress’s enumerated powers under the Constitution is the authority to charter national banks.
C.
State government officials requested that the federal government charter a national bank to lend states money.
D.
State-owned banks had declared bankruptcy as a result of debt accumulated during the War of 1812.
Question #12
Why did Maryland decide to tax the national bank?
A.
Maryland had a standing law that all banks would be taxed equally.
B.
The federal government had previously taxed state banks excessively.
C.
The United States started borrowing almost exclusively from the national bank instead of state banks.
D.
Anti-Federalists in the Maryland legislature wanted to test the limits of national power.
Question #13
When McCulloch v. Maryland was heard before the Supreme Court, John Marshall was the chief justice. Given that he was a Federalist, how would you expect him to rule in this case?
A.
in favor of McCulloch
B.
in favor of state banks
C.
in favor of Maryland
D.
in favor of Philadelphia
Question #14
The first question before the Court was whether Congress could even charter a bank at all. Why was this an issue?
A.
Chartering banks was exclusively the province of state governments, according to the Constitution.
B.
Chartering a bank was not among Congress’s enumerated powers.
C.
Chartering banks would lead to government corruption by allowing members of Congress undue influence over financial markets.
D.
Chartering a bank was not among Congress’s implied powers.
Question #15
Why did Chief Justice John Marshall hold that the United States did have the power to charter a national bank?
A.
The Necessary and Proper Clause, in combination with the enumerated power of Congress to regulate commerce and coin money, gives Congress the implied power to charter a national bank.
B.
The Supremacy Clause, in combination with the enumerated power of Congress to borrow money on the credit of the United States, gives Congress the implied power to establish banks in order to pay off war debts.
C.
The power to charter a bank is an enumerated power of Congress.
D.
The power to charter a bank is an implied power of the president.
Question #16
What was the second question before the Court?
A.
Can a state tax a federal institution?
B.
Can a federal institution tax a state government?
C.
Can the federal government tax nonprofit organizations?
D.
Can a bank be owned by members of Congress?
Question #17
What did Marshall mean in saying that “the power to tax is the power to destroy”?
A.
A federal income tax is an unconstitutional exercise of congressional power.
B.
High taxes are unconstitutional because they violate private-property rights.
C.
Taxes tend to hurt the poor more than they hurt businesses or the wealthy.
D.
A sufficiently high tax could ensure that no institution could survive.
Question #18
Why was Maryland’s tax on the national bank ultimately found to be unconstitutional?
A.
State governments do not have power over the national government.
B.
The tax would have bankrupted the national government.
C.
Taxes on all government-owned banks are unconstitutional.
D.
Maryland’s tax was not found to be unconstitutional.
Question #19
Which of the following terms captures what the case was really about?
A.
judicial review Incorrect
B.
federalism
C.
civil rights
D.
executive authority
Question #20
Washington has legalized the production, distribution, and use of marijuana within the state. With which of the following regulations does this policy conflict?
A.
health recommendations issued by the American Medical Association
B.
federal laws that make marijuana illegal
C.
local laws that make marijuana illegal
D.
state regulations that prohibit marijuana in the workplace
Question #21
Why are pot growers on Vashon Island concerned about transporting their product across Puget Sound?
A.
The waterways are patrolled by anti-drug vigilantes.
B.
The waterways are regulated by the Washington State Police.
C.
The waterways are regulated by federal agencies.
D.
The waterways are notorious areas of piracy and lawlessness.
Question #22
According to the decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, which of the following laws would have the final say in this issue?
A.
Seattle municipal laws regulating transportation
B.
international drug-trafficking laws
C.
U.S. laws regulating controlled substances
D.
Washington state laws regulating controlled substances
Question #23
What other policy areas might result in conflicts between state and national laws?
A.
Commerce Clause
B.
international trade
C.
grants-in-aid
D.
Net neutrality
Question #24
Which type of federalism is characterized by the national and state governments working independently of each other?
A.
dual
B.
marble cake
C.
coercive
D.
cooperative
Question #25
Which of the following characterizes the power of the national government during the age of dual federalism?
A.
unlimited by the Supreme Court
B.
relatively high in comparison to the states
C.
pertaining mainly to commerce, defense, and international trade
D.
working together with the states
Question #26
During the age of dual federalism, the Supreme Court limited the power of the national government through its interpretation of which portion of the Constitution?
A.
the Full Faith and Credit Clause
B.
the Necessary and Proper Clause
C.
the Commerce Clause
D.
the Supremacy Clause
Question #27
The federal government became more involved in state and local matters through which of the following measures?
A.
the use of grants-in-aid
B.
hiring bureaucrats to take over state and local governments
C.
creating new state and local programs
D.
creating federally funded public schools
Question #28
The issue that acted as a catalyst in the shift toward cooperative federalism was PRIMARILY of what nature?
A.
economic and financial
B.
expansion of executive power
C.
civil rights
D.
a matter of national defense in the buildup to World War II
Question #29
Incentives provided by grants-in-aid act as a substitute for which of the following? Choose the BEST answer.
A.
states’ rights
B.
constitutional authority
C.
dual federalism
D.
the Commerce Clause
Question #30
President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation did which of the following?
A.
It successfully installed extra judges on the Supreme Court.
B.
It resulted in a deepening of the Great Depression.
C.
It lessened the power of the central government in relation to the power of the states.
D.
It ushered in an era during which the powers of the federal government were protected by the Supreme Court.
Question #31
What type of issues led to the shift from cooperative to coercive federalism? Choose the BEST answer.
A.
voting rights
B.
budgetary
C.
national defense
D.
social
Question #32
How did the national government ensure cooperation with its policies during the era of coercive federalism?
A.
through social programs aimed at increasing civil rights
B.
by limiting the reach of the Commerce Clause
C.
through federal grants-in-aid
D.
by threatening to remove funding from programs
Question #33
A federal policy that requires states to comply without receiving federal funds to cover the cost of the policy is an example of what?
A.
a block grant
B.
an unfunded mandate
C.
dual federalism
D.
cooperative federalism
Question #34
Proponents of new federalism support which of the following measures?
A.
maximizing the amount of unfunded mandates
B.
returning power to the states
C.
increasing the size of the federal government
D.
decreasing the federal deficit
Question #35
What is it called when the federal government delegates power to the states?
A.
dual federalism
B.
devolution
C.
grants-in-aid
D.
unfunded mandates
Question #36
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 contained which of the following provisions?
A.
It excluded children under 26 from their parents’ health insurance plans.
B.
It allowed insurance companies to discriminate against individuals with preexisting conditions.
C.
It limited Medicaid coverage.
D.
It mandated that all citizens have medical insurance.
Question #37
Why was the healthcare reform legislation challenged in court?
A.
Opponents of the law felt that the federal government had overstepped its authority.
B.
Opponents of the law felt that the reforms wouldn’t fix any of the problems with the healthcare system in the United States.
C.
Opponents of the law felt that the United States needed a nationwide single-payer healthcare system.
D.
Opponents of the law felt that there was nothing wrong with the healthcare system in the United States.
Question #38
A.
a commingling of national and state responsibilities
B.
a steady increase in the power of state governments
C.
a steady increase in the power of the federal government
D.
distinct policy jurisdictions between the federal and state governments
Question #39
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the nature of the modern federal system?
A.
It is characterized by a struggle to balance power between the federal and state governments.
B.
The debate over the balance of power between the federal and state governments has largely been resolved.
C.
The backlash from the states in response to growing national power has been greatly reduced.
D.
It is characterized by a power struggle that has overwhelmingly favored the states.
Question #40
How did the Civil War alter the relationship between the states and the national government?
A.
The states assumed greater responsibility over laws pertaining to civil liberties after the Civil War.
B.
The philosophical debate between the states and the national government over economic freedom was resolved.
C.
The philosophical debate between the states and national government over equal rights was sorted out.
D.
The national government assumed more power over significant governmental decisions and public policy after the Civil War.
Question #41
Which president was responsible for a shift toward the modern welfare state?
A.
Theodore Roosevelt
B.
Franklin Roosevelt
C.
Herbert Hoover
D.
Harry Truman
Question #42
Events such as the Civil War and the Great Depression have generally resulted in which of the following?
A.
fewer government agencies
B.
increased state power relative to the federal government
C.
a shrinking of the executive branch
D.
shifts in the balance of power toward the federal government
Question #43
What must happen before the national government will provide emergency relief to state and local governments?
A.
Public opinion must demand that leaders in Washington intervene.
B.
State and local governments must have depleted all their own resources to provide emergency services themselves.
C.
The national government must deem emergency relief politically necessary.
D.
State and local governments must request and approve emergency relief from the national government.
Question #44
The national government withholding highway funding from states until they comply with national laws represents an example of which of the following?
A.
unconstitutionality
B.
dual federalism
C.
coercive federalism
D.
state sovereignty
Question #45
According to his 1966 statement, President Johnson considered the establishment of which federal agency to be “an essential building block” for the future of the United States?
A.
the Federal Communications Commission
B.
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
C.
the Federal Aviation Administration
D.
the Department of Transportation
Question #46
Which of the following BEST explains the controversy over net neutrality during the Trump administration?
A.
Before the FCC ruling, state legislatures had passed their own legislation forbidding internet service providers from discriminating across web services.
B.
The Trump administration enforced a ruling that prohibited internet service providers from discriminating across websites and web services.
C.
The FCC used its power to regulate interstate commerce, as granted under the Commerce Clause, to effectively end the policy of net neutrality.
D.
The FCC sued states that allowed internet service providers to discriminate across websites and web services.
Question #47
A.
They lead to the creation of fewer government agencies.
B.
They tend to create stricter boundaries between states, counties, and towns.
C.
They create the potential for more government oversight and new regulations.
D.
They engender national disengagement from environmental protection efforts.
Question #48
Reagan’s vision of federalism differed from most other modern presidents’ visions in which of the following ways?
A.
He believed that state power should be secondary to that of the federal government.
B.
He endorsed unfunded mandates.
C.
He believed that a federal system should limit the scope of government in order to protect civil liberties.
D.
He believed that the federal government should play a significant role in the regulation of industry and transportation.
Question #49
Clinton’s 1998 executive order on federalism reflected ideas primarily attributed to which of the following?
A.
the anti-Federalists
B.
the Republican Party
C.
the Federalists
D.
the suffragists
Question #50
Why did President Clinton suspend Executive Order 13083?
A.
It was unconstitutional.
B.
He received pressure from Congress.
C.
He became a states’ rights advocate.
D.
He received pressure from state and local governments.
Question #51
Which of the following is considered a strength of a federal system?
A.
It depends on state compliance.
B.
It hinders policy development.
C.
It limits oversight and accountability.
D.
It provides more opportunities for political participation.
Question #52
Which of the following is considered a weakness of a federal system?
A.
It maintains local forms of representative government.
B.
It promotes the division of labor within government.
C.
It hinders policy development and leads to budgetary inefficiency.
D.
It discourages separatism and secession.
Question #53
Which of the following represents a major problem with decentralization?
A.
It creates an inability to experiment with different policy solutions.
B.
Policy development is universalistic.
C.
Federal and state governments must share power.
D.
It results in highly inefficient policies.
Question #54
According to James Madison, a tyranny of the majority could be avoided in which of the following ways?
A.
by limiting the sphere of government
B.
by decreasing political participation
C.
by having a diversity of views
D.
by having fewer distinct groups in society
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