A.   Changes in the size and shape of the continents over time has impacted climate by redistributing warm and cold water around the world.

B.   Changes in the distribution of the continents lead to a decline in tropical rainforests and and incline in flowering and deciduous trees during the Paleocene.

C.   Changes in the distribution of the continents lead to a decline in forested areas and an incline in open grasslands and savannahs during the Oligocene.

D.   Continental drift killed off the majority of insects on earth, causing primates to have to find new resources.

A.   Arboreal – Predation – Angiosperm Exploitation theory

B.   Visually oriented predation theory

C.   Arboreal theory

D.   Angiosperm exploitation theory

A.   Procunsul

B.   Adapoids

C.   Plesiadapiforms

D.   Omomyoids

A.   Ape due to the bowl shaped pelvis.

B.   Human due to the forward facing iliac blades.

C.   Human due to the flexible knee.

D.   Ape due to the parallel femurs and forward facing iliac blades.

A.   Ape feet have a divergent and opposable big toe

B.   Ape feet have short toes to help with balance

C.   The bipedal human foot contains an arch for shock absorption

D.   The bipedal human foot contains a plantar aponeurosis for elasticity

A.   Early humans became bipedal to free up their hands to make weapons

B.   Early humans became bipedal to minimize the amount of sun on the individual’s back

C.   Early humans became bipedal to free up their hands in order to carry food

D.   Early humans became bipedal because it is more efficient for crossing savannahs than quadrapedalism.

A.   Her brain size was roughly 440 cubic centimeters

B.   Her legs were longer than her arms, but her arms were still long enough to brachiate

C.   She was not capable of bipedalism

D.   She had large, thick molars and sexually dimorphic canines

A.   An endocast allowed us to learn about the maturation rate of Australopithecus afarensis

B.   Selam's fossil contained her entire skull and spinal cord

C.   Selam was an elderly fossil, which showed us how early Australopithecines started aging

D.   She was an infant, and infant fossils are less common in the fossil record

A.   A dramatic increase in average cranial volume from 440 cubic centimeters to 700 cubic centimeters

B.   Decrease in facial prognathism

C.   Wider finger pads for precision grip

D.   Thicker brow ridge than its ancestors

A.   Since Homo habilis had wider finger pads for greater precision dexterity, the brain needed to evolve to allow for greater creativity.

B.   The climate had remained relatively stable in Africa for millions of years until about 2.5 million years ago, when climate began to fluctuate very rapidly.

C.   Australopithecines began hunting, which helped their brains grow.

D.   Homo habilis began consuming larger amount of food, which allowed their brains to increase in size.

A.   Longer toes

B.   Barrel shaped rib cage

C.   Longer legs

D.   Stabilized foot arch

A.   Australopithecus afarensis

B.   Homo erectus

C.   Sahelenthropus tchadensis

D.   Homo sapiens

A.   950 cc average brain size

B.   Thinner browridge that ancestors

C.   Sagittal keel

D.   Long, low braincase

A.   The Dmanisi were found in Georgia outside of Africa and date back to 1.8 mya, which pushes the date of migration by Homo erectus back nearly 1 million years.

B.   The Dmanisi were very small in stature and lacked the features we originally believed Homo erectus needed in order to travel long distances outside of Africa.

C.   The Dmanisi were found to be advanced hunters, which negated the theory that Homo erectus migrated because they were following animals they scavenged from.

D.   The Dmanisi were still using Oldowan tools, but anthropologists believed Homo erectus needed to use more advanced tools in order to meet their energy budget.

A.   Acheulean

B.   Sahelenthropus tchadensis

C.   Sagittal keel

D.   Homo erectus