A.   Changes in the size and shape of the continents over time has impacted climate by redistributing warm and cold water around the world.

B.   Continental drift killed off the majority of insects on earth, causing primates to have to find new resources.

C.   Changes in the distribution of the continents lead to a decline in forested areas and an incline in open grasslands and savannahs during the Oligocene.

D.   Changes in the distribution of the continents lead to a decline in tropical rainforests and and incline in flowering and deciduous trees during the Paleocene.

A.   Angiosperm exploitation theory

B.   Visually oriented predation theory

C.   Arboreal theory

D.   Arboreal – Predation – Angiosperm Exploitation theory

A.   Omomyoids

B.   Adapoids

C.   Plesiadapiforms

D.   Procunsul

A.   Ape due to the bowl shaped pelvis.

B.   Human due to the flexible knee.

C.   Human due to the forward facing iliac blades.

D.   Ape due to the parallel femurs and forward facing iliac blades.

A.   The bipedal human foot contains a plantar aponeurosis for elasticity

B.   Ape feet have short toes to help with balance

C.   Ape feet have a divergent and opposable big toe

D.   The bipedal human foot contains an arch for shock absorption

A.   Early humans became bipedal to free up their hands to make weapons

B.   Early humans became bipedal to free up their hands in order to carry food

C.   Early humans became bipedal because it is more efficient for crossing savannahs than quadrapedalism.

D.   Early humans became bipedal to minimize the amount of sun on the individual’s back

A.   She was not capable of bipedalism

B.   Her brain size was roughly 440 cubic centimeters

C.   Her legs were longer than her arms, but her arms were still long enough to brachiate

D.   She had large, thick molars and sexually dimorphic canines

A.   An endocast allowed us to learn about the maturation rate of Australopithecus afarensis

B.   Selam's fossil contained her entire skull and spinal cord

C.   She was an infant, and infant fossils are less common in the fossil record

D.   Selam was an elderly fossil, which showed us how early Australopithecines started aging

A.   A dramatic increase in average cranial volume from 440 cubic centimeters to 700 cubic centimeters

B.   Thicker brow ridge than its ancestors

C.   Wider finger pads for precision grip

D.   Decrease in facial prognathism

A.   Australopithecines began hunting, which helped their brains grow.

B.   Homo habilis began consuming larger amount of food, which allowed their brains to increase in size.

C.   Since Homo habilis had wider finger pads for greater precision dexterity, the brain needed to evolve to allow for greater creativity.

D.   The climate had remained relatively stable in Africa for millions of years until about 2.5 million years ago, when climate began to fluctuate very rapidly.

A.   Longer toes

B.   Longer legs

C.   Barrel shaped rib cage

D.   Stabilized foot arch

A.   Australopithecus afarensis

B.   Sahelenthropus tchadensis

C.   Homo erectus

D.   Homo sapiens

A.   Thinner browridge that ancestors

B.   Sagittal keel

C.   Long, low braincase

D.   950 cc average brain size

A.   The Dmanisi were still using Oldowan tools, but anthropologists believed Homo erectus needed to use more advanced tools in order to meet their energy budget.

B.   The Dmanisi were very small in stature and lacked the features we originally believed Homo erectus needed in order to travel long distances outside of Africa.

C.   The Dmanisi were found in Georgia outside of Africa and date back to 1.8 mya, which pushes the date of migration by Homo erectus back nearly 1 million years.

D.   The Dmanisi were found to be advanced hunters, which negated the theory that Homo erectus migrated because they were following animals they scavenged from.

A.   Sagittal keel

B.   Sahelenthropus tchadensis

C.   Acheulean

D.   Homo erectus