A.   oligarchic.

B.   democratic.

C.   totalitarian.

D.   constitutional.

A.   72

B.   32

C.   52

D.   12

A.   citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through a popular referendum

B.   a group of citizens coming together to debate the pros and cons of higher taxes

C.   a citizen deciding to contribute money to his preferred presidential candidate

D.   a citizen calling her representative to complain about potholes on local roads

A.   employs a very small number of Americans.

B.   is the nation’s fifth-largest employer.

C.   is the nation’s largest employer.

D.   is not allowed to directly employ any Americans.

A.   knowledge of the American political system.

B.   strongly held convictions.

C.   significant resources, such as money.

D.   a lot of corporate connections.

A.   decreased between 1960 and 1975 but increased between 1975 and 2015.

B.   remained relatively constant between 1960 and 2015.

C.   increased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

D.   decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

A.   15; 150

B.   15; 323

C.   4; 327

D.   4; 150

A.   less than a majority of citizens vote in every election.

B.   all candidates for office are highly educated.

C.   citizens are informed.

D.   all candidates for office are wealthy.

A.   shifted as a result of people leaving the South and Southwest and moving to the Northeast and Midwest.

B.   not experienced any regional shifts.

C.   shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest.

D.   shifted as a result of people leaving urban areas and moving to rural areas.

A.   decreased; increased

B.   remained relatively constant; decreased

C.   increased; decreased

D.   increased; remained relatively constant

A.   the federal court system into two levels: the Supreme Court and the appellate courts.

B.   the legislature into two chambers.

C.   the powers of the executive branch between two individuals: the president and the vice president.

D.   the national government into two branches.

A.   the adoption of the Star Spangled Banner as the country’s national anthem.

B.   the Declaration of Independence.

C.   the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

D.   a carefully worded resolution calling on the Congress to send commissioners to Philadelphia at a later time to improve and reform the Articles of Confederation.

A.   explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment.

B.   explicitly stated in Article II of the Constitution.

C.   explicitly stated in Article I of the Constitution.

D.   not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

A.   an equal number of votes in the Electoral College.

B.   a veto over constitutional amendments.

C.   an equal number of senators but linking representation in the House of Representatives to population.

D.   the opportunity to elect its own governors.

A.   representatives who would reflect commercial interests.

B.   representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree.

C.   as few representatives as possible.

D.   representatives who were significantly more educated and wealthier than the majority of the public.

A.   James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

B.   John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson

C.   Charles Beard, Daniel Shays, and Paul Revere

D.   James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

A.   the extensive roads and canals built by the British in North America

B.   a deficit that was incurred as a result of the French and Indian War

C.   the expenses incurred in colonizing South Africa

D.   the cost of war against Napoleon in Europe

A.   democracy

B.   tyranny

C.   a republic

D.   a mixed regime

A.   It asserted that slavery was a “morally unjust” institution that should be outlawed.

B.   It asserted that America was “first and foremost, a Christian nation.”

C.   It asserted that there were “unalienable rights” that could not be abridged by governments.

D.   It asserted that laissez-faire capitalism would be the “supreme law of the land” in America.

A.   could be amended only with a unanimous vote of the Congress.

B.   could not be amended.

C.   could be amended only through a national constitutional convention in which three-fourths of state governor’s approved of all changes.

D.   could be amended with a simple majority vote of the Congress.

A.   First Amendment

B.   Preamble

C.   Article I

D.   Tenth Amendment

A.   necessary and proper clause

B.   commerce clause

C.   due process clause

D.   Tenth Amendment

A.   preventing the production of impure goods

B.   chartering a national bank

C.   nationalizing the nation’s oil reserves

D.   regulating the health and safety of the workplace

A.   full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

B.   Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.

C.   supremacy clause of the Constitution.

D.   Supreme Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia.

A.   The Court announced that dual federalism did not conform to the framers’ design.

B.   The Court declared that a national bank was unconstitutional.

C.   The Court gave a very restricted definition of Congress’s delegated and implied powers.

D.   The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegated powers.

A.   cooperative federalism

B.   home rule

C.   grant-in-aid

D.   preemption

A.   1973

B.   1937

C.   1865

D.   1915

A.   to promote competition between the states

B.   to keep the states from going to war with each other

C.   to promote the development of commercial activity between and among the states

D.   to protect citizens from the abuses of state governments

A.   comity

B.   dual sovereignty

C.   vesting

D.   federalism

A.   indexing.

B.   means testing.

C.   general revenue sharing.

D.   preemption.

A.   organic.

B.   libertarian.

C.   de jure.

D.   de facto.

A.   journalists are held to a higher standard of libel than ordinary citizens.

B.   the press has no constitutional right to withhold information in court.

C.   prior restraint is permitted in cases that involve national security.

D.   journalists can be punished for reporting inaccurate information on political stories.

A.   Miller v. California

B.   United States v. Williams

C.   District of Columbia v. Heller

D.   Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

A.   posting a comment to a social media website

B.   reading a poem out loud in the middle of a public park

C.   distributing leaflets while chanting slogans at a protest demonstration

D.   writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper

A.   Nineteen; 31

B.   Thirty-one; 19

C.   Twenty-five; 25

D.   Zero; 50

A.   led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.

B.   struck down Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional.

C.   ruled that state-sponsored schools must be open to both men and women.

D.   overturned significant portions of the Violence Against Women Act.

A.   Lemon

B.   speech plus

C.   strict scrutiny

D.   clear and present danger

A.   the internet

B.   newspapers

C.   television

D.   radio

A.   investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.

B.   President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.

C.   a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.

D.   a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

A.   the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)

B.   National Public Radio (NPR)

C.   the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

D.   the New York Times

A.   sell subscriptions to members of the public.

B.   receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

C.   report extensively on government officials and political issues.

D.   make their content available to the public at no cost.

A.   adversarial journalism.

B.   fake news.

C.   nonprofit journalism.

D.   yellow journalism.

A.   subscriptions.

B.   advertising.

C.   charitable donations.

D.   government grants.

A.   bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.

B.   tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.

C.   process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

D.   fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

A.   55

B.   40

C.   75

D.   25

A.   all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

B.   all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.

C.   broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

D.   all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.