A.   oligarchic.

B.   totalitarian.

C.   democratic.

D.   constitutional.

A.   72

B.   12

C.   52

D.   32

A.   citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through a popular referendum

B.   a group of citizens coming together to debate the pros and cons of higher taxes

C.   a citizen deciding to contribute money to his preferred presidential candidate

D.   a citizen calling her representative to complain about potholes on local roads

A.   is the nation’s largest employer.

B.   is the nation’s fifth-largest employer.

C.   is not allowed to directly employ any Americans.

D.   employs a very small number of Americans.

A.   significant resources, such as money.

B.   a lot of corporate connections.

C.   knowledge of the American political system.

D.   strongly held convictions.

A.   decreased between 1960 and 1975 but increased between 1975 and 2015.

B.   remained relatively constant between 1960 and 2015.

C.   increased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

D.   decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

A.   15; 150

B.   4; 327

C.   4; 150

D.   15; 323

A.   all candidates for office are highly educated.

B.   less than a majority of citizens vote in every election.

C.   all candidates for office are wealthy.

D.   citizens are informed.

A.   shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest.

B.   shifted as a result of people leaving the South and Southwest and moving to the Northeast and Midwest.

C.   not experienced any regional shifts.

D.   shifted as a result of people leaving urban areas and moving to rural areas.

A.   increased; remained relatively constant

B.   remained relatively constant; decreased

C.   increased; decreased

D.   decreased; increased

A.   the legislature into two chambers.

B.   the federal court system into two levels: the Supreme Court and the appellate courts.

C.   the powers of the executive branch between two individuals: the president and the vice president.

D.   the national government into two branches.

A.   a carefully worded resolution calling on the Congress to send commissioners to Philadelphia at a later time to improve and reform the Articles of Confederation.

B.   the adoption of the Star Spangled Banner as the country’s national anthem.

C.   the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

D.   the Declaration of Independence.

A.   explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment.

B.   explicitly stated in Article II of the Constitution.

C.   not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

D.   explicitly stated in Article I of the Constitution.

A.   an equal number of votes in the Electoral College.

B.   an equal number of senators but linking representation in the House of Representatives to population.

C.   a veto over constitutional amendments.

D.   the opportunity to elect its own governors.

A.   as few representatives as possible.

B.   representatives who would reflect commercial interests.

C.   representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree.

D.   representatives who were significantly more educated and wealthier than the majority of the public.

A.   James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

B.   James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

C.   Charles Beard, Daniel Shays, and Paul Revere

D.   John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson

A.   the extensive roads and canals built by the British in North America

B.   the cost of war against Napoleon in Europe

C.   a deficit that was incurred as a result of the French and Indian War

D.   the expenses incurred in colonizing South Africa

A.   democracy

B.   a republic

C.   tyranny

D.   a mixed regime

A.   It asserted that slavery was a “morally unjust” institution that should be outlawed.

B.   It asserted that America was “first and foremost, a Christian nation.”

C.   It asserted that there were “unalienable rights” that could not be abridged by governments.

D.   It asserted that laissez-faire capitalism would be the “supreme law of the land” in America.

A.   could be amended with a simple majority vote of the Congress.

B.   could not be amended.

C.   could be amended only with a unanimous vote of the Congress.

D.   could be amended only through a national constitutional convention in which three-fourths of state governor’s approved of all changes.

A.   Article I

B.   Preamble

C.   First Amendment

D.   Tenth Amendment

A.   Tenth Amendment

B.   commerce clause

C.   due process clause

D.   necessary and proper clause

A.   nationalizing the nation’s oil reserves

B.   chartering a national bank

C.   preventing the production of impure goods

D.   regulating the health and safety of the workplace

A.   Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.

B.   full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

C.   Supreme Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia.

D.   supremacy clause of the Constitution.

A.   The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegated powers.

B.   The Court declared that a national bank was unconstitutional.

C.   The Court gave a very restricted definition of Congress’s delegated and implied powers.

D.   The Court announced that dual federalism did not conform to the framers’ design.

A.   home rule

B.   preemption

C.   grant-in-aid

D.   cooperative federalism

A.   1915

B.   1937

C.   1973

D.   1865

A.   to keep the states from going to war with each other

B.   to promote competition between the states

C.   to protect citizens from the abuses of state governments

D.   to promote the development of commercial activity between and among the states

A.   comity

B.   vesting

C.   dual sovereignty

D.   federalism

A.   means testing.

B.   indexing.

C.   preemption.

D.   general revenue sharing.

A.   organic.

B.   libertarian.

C.   de facto.

D.   de jure.

A.   journalists are held to a higher standard of libel than ordinary citizens.

B.   the press has no constitutional right to withhold information in court.

C.   journalists can be punished for reporting inaccurate information on political stories.

D.   prior restraint is permitted in cases that involve national security.

A.   Miller v. California

B.   United States v. Williams

C.   District of Columbia v. Heller

D.   Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

A.   distributing leaflets while chanting slogans at a protest demonstration

B.   writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper

C.   reading a poem out loud in the middle of a public park

D.   posting a comment to a social media website

A.   Zero; 50

B.   Thirty-one; 19

C.   Twenty-five; 25

D.   Nineteen; 31

A.   struck down Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional.

B.   led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.

C.   overturned significant portions of the Violence Against Women Act.

D.   ruled that state-sponsored schools must be open to both men and women.

A.   Lemon

B.   clear and present danger

C.   strict scrutiny

D.   speech plus

A.   radio

B.   television

C.   newspapers

D.   the internet

A.   investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.

B.   President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.

C.   a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.

D.   a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

A.   National Public Radio (NPR)

B.   the New York Times

C.   the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)

D.   the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

A.   report extensively on government officials and political issues.

B.   sell subscriptions to members of the public.

C.   receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

D.   make their content available to the public at no cost.

A.   nonprofit journalism.

B.   yellow journalism.

C.   fake news.

D.   adversarial journalism.

A.   subscriptions.

B.   advertising.

C.   charitable donations.

D.   government grants.

A.   process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

B.   bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.

C.   tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.

D.   fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

A.   25

B.   55

C.   40

D.   75

A.   all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

B.   all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.

C.   all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.

D.   broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.