A.   constitutional.

B.   oligarchic.

C.   totalitarian.

D.   democratic.

A.   72

B.   32

C.   12

D.   52

A.   a citizen calling her representative to complain about potholes on local roads

B.   a group of citizens coming together to debate the pros and cons of higher taxes

C.   citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through a popular referendum

D.   a citizen deciding to contribute money to his preferred presidential candidate

A.   is the nation’s fifth-largest employer.

B.   is not allowed to directly employ any Americans.

C.   employs a very small number of Americans.

D.   is the nation’s largest employer.

A.   knowledge of the American political system.

B.   a lot of corporate connections.

C.   strongly held convictions.

D.   significant resources, such as money.

A.   decreased between 1960 and 1975 but increased between 1975 and 2015.

B.   remained relatively constant between 1960 and 2015.

C.   decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

D.   increased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

A.   15; 150

B.   4; 327

C.   4; 150

D.   15; 323

A.   less than a majority of citizens vote in every election.

B.   all candidates for office are highly educated.

C.   citizens are informed.

D.   all candidates for office are wealthy.

A.   not experienced any regional shifts.

B.   shifted as a result of people leaving urban areas and moving to rural areas.

C.   shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest.

D.   shifted as a result of people leaving the South and Southwest and moving to the Northeast and Midwest.

A.   increased; remained relatively constant

B.   increased; decreased

C.   remained relatively constant; decreased

D.   decreased; increased

A.   the powers of the executive branch between two individuals: the president and the vice president.

B.   the national government into two branches.

C.   the legislature into two chambers.

D.   the federal court system into two levels: the Supreme Court and the appellate courts.

A.   the Declaration of Independence.

B.   a carefully worded resolution calling on the Congress to send commissioners to Philadelphia at a later time to improve and reform the Articles of Confederation.

C.   the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

D.   the adoption of the Star Spangled Banner as the country’s national anthem.

A.   not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

B.   explicitly stated in Article I of the Constitution.

C.   explicitly stated in Article II of the Constitution.

D.   explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment.

A.   the opportunity to elect its own governors.

B.   an equal number of votes in the Electoral College.

C.   a veto over constitutional amendments.

D.   an equal number of senators but linking representation in the House of Representatives to population.

A.   as few representatives as possible.

B.   representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree.

C.   representatives who would reflect commercial interests.

D.   representatives who were significantly more educated and wealthier than the majority of the public.

A.   Charles Beard, Daniel Shays, and Paul Revere

B.   James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

C.   James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

D.   John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson

A.   a deficit that was incurred as a result of the French and Indian War

B.   the cost of war against Napoleon in Europe

C.   the expenses incurred in colonizing South Africa

D.   the extensive roads and canals built by the British in North America

A.   a republic

B.   a mixed regime

C.   tyranny

D.   democracy

A.   It asserted that America was “first and foremost, a Christian nation.”

B.   It asserted that there were “unalienable rights” that could not be abridged by governments.

C.   It asserted that slavery was a “morally unjust” institution that should be outlawed.

D.   It asserted that laissez-faire capitalism would be the “supreme law of the land” in America.

A.   could be amended only through a national constitutional convention in which three-fourths of state governor’s approved of all changes.

B.   could be amended only with a unanimous vote of the Congress.

C.   could not be amended.

D.   could be amended with a simple majority vote of the Congress.

A.   Tenth Amendment

B.   Article I

C.   First Amendment

D.   Preamble

A.   necessary and proper clause

B.   due process clause

C.   commerce clause

D.   Tenth Amendment

A.   preventing the production of impure goods

B.   nationalizing the nation’s oil reserves

C.   chartering a national bank

D.   regulating the health and safety of the workplace

A.   Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.

B.   Supreme Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia.

C.   full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

D.   supremacy clause of the Constitution.

A.   The Court gave a very restricted definition of Congress’s delegated and implied powers.

B.   The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegated powers.

C.   The Court announced that dual federalism did not conform to the framers’ design.

D.   The Court declared that a national bank was unconstitutional.

A.   home rule

B.   grant-in-aid

C.   preemption

D.   cooperative federalism

A.   1915

B.   1973

C.   1865

D.   1937

A.   to promote competition between the states

B.   to promote the development of commercial activity between and among the states

C.   to keep the states from going to war with each other

D.   to protect citizens from the abuses of state governments

A.   comity

B.   federalism

C.   dual sovereignty

D.   vesting

A.   means testing.

B.   indexing.

C.   preemption.

D.   general revenue sharing.

A.   de facto.

B.   de jure.

C.   organic.

D.   libertarian.

A.   journalists can be punished for reporting inaccurate information on political stories.

B.   journalists are held to a higher standard of libel than ordinary citizens.

C.   prior restraint is permitted in cases that involve national security.

D.   the press has no constitutional right to withhold information in court.

A.   Miller v. California

B.   Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

C.   District of Columbia v. Heller

D.   United States v. Williams

A.   writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper

B.   posting a comment to a social media website

C.   reading a poem out loud in the middle of a public park

D.   distributing leaflets while chanting slogans at a protest demonstration

A.   Thirty-one; 19

B.   Zero; 50

C.   Nineteen; 31

D.   Twenty-five; 25

A.   overturned significant portions of the Violence Against Women Act.

B.   struck down Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional.

C.   led Congress to pass a new law giving workers expanded rights to sue in cases where they learn of discriminatory treatment well after it has started.

D.   ruled that state-sponsored schools must be open to both men and women.

A.   clear and present danger

B.   speech plus

C.   strict scrutiny

D.   Lemon

A.   the internet

B.   radio

C.   newspapers

D.   television

A.   investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.

B.   a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.

C.   a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

D.   President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.

A.   the New York Times

B.   National Public Radio (NPR)

C.   the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)

D.   the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

A.   make their content available to the public at no cost.

B.   receive funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

C.   sell subscriptions to members of the public.

D.   report extensively on government officials and political issues.

A.   adversarial journalism.

B.   fake news.

C.   yellow journalism.

D.   nonprofit journalism.

A.   government grants.

B.   subscriptions.

C.   advertising.

D.   charitable donations.

A.   process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

B.   tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.

C.   fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

D.   bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.

A.   75

B.   40

C.   25

D.   55

A.   all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.

B.   broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

C.   all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

D.   all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.