A.   research vessel

B.   repair vessel

C.   recumbent vehicle

D.   rocking vehicle

E.   rolling violently

A.   vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

B.   DNA analysis of marine organisms

C.   navigation to determine the position of the ship

D.   identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

E.   identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A.   Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

B.   The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

C.   The creation of NASA

D.   The sinking of the Titanic

E.   The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A.   Radar

B.   Lidar

C.   Aerial photography

D.   Echo sounder

E.   Satellites

A.   There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B.   There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C.   Ocean basins are very flat features.

D.   Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

A.   They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

B.   They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

C.   There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D.   The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

E.   Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

A.   They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

B.   The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

C.   The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

D.   Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

E.   Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

A.   the study of marine mammals

B.   the study of the depth of the ocean

C.   the study of ocean productivity

D.   the study of ocean currents

E.   the study of the temperature of the ocean

A.   7535 meters (24,721 feet)

B.   5 meters (16.4 feet)

C.   3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

D.   3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

E.   1507 meters (4944 feet)

A.   more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B.   less expensive and more accurate

C.   more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D.   less expensive and more detailed

A.   Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B.   Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C.   Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A.   seamount and transform fault on land

B.   ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C.   transform fault on land and tablemount

A.   Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B.   Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C.   Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A.   Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

C.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

D.   Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A.   Satellite altimetry

B.   Seismic reflection

C.   Multibeam echo sounder

D.   Precision depth recorder

E.   Side-scan sonar

A.   cartography

B.   bathymetry

C.   tomography

D.   hydrology

E.   navigation

A.   7400 meters

B.   4550 meters

C.   11,100 meters

D.   3000 meters

E.   5550 meters

A.   ocean currents

B.   extreme pressure at depth

C.   erosion and weathering

D.   plate tectonic processes

E.   biological activity

A.   calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

B.   density differences of ocean waters

C.   water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

D.   sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

E.   the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

A.   GLORIA

B.   Seabeam

C.   SeaWiFS

D.   SeaMARC

E.   precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A.   Geosat

B.   Jason-1

C.   Jason-2

D.   CryoSat-2

E.   TOPEX

A.   Ping

B.   Beep

C.   Echo

D.   Chirp

A.   salinity

B.   temperature and pressure

C.   pressure and salinity

D.   salinity, temperature and pressure

A.   5,000 feet per second

B.   4,945 feet per second

C.   4,925 feet per second

D.   4,970 feet per second

A.   1980s

B.   1950s

C.   1970s

D.   1960s

A.   Challenger

B.   Comet

C.   Meteor

D.   Odyssey

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Mediterranean Sea

C.   Red Sea

D.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   5

B.   7

C.   4

D.   3

E.   6

A.   Meteor

B.   Odyssey

C.   HMS Challenger

D.   Comet

A.   sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B.   satellite observation.

C.   drilling.

D.   light waves.

E.   direct observation.

A.   they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B.   the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

C.   they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

D.   they are inexpensive to build and launch

E.   they are affected by surface weather

A.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B.   continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

C.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

D.   continental mountains and abyssal plains.

E.   continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

A.   Precision depth recorder (PDR)

B.   Sea MARC

C.   GLORIA

D.   SeaBeam

E.   Global positioning system (GPS)

A.   meters

B.   millimeters

C.   centimeters

D.   decimeters

E.   kilometers

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Sounding

B.   Seismic Reflection

C.   Multibeam Sonar

D.   Magnetometer

E.   Side-scan Sonar

A.   Meter

B.   Mile

C.   Foot

D.   Fathom

E.   League

A.   Seismic Reflection

B.   Side-scan Sonar

C.   Magnetometer

D.   Multibeam Sonar

E.   Sounding

A.   height of the sea surface

B.   location of faults on the ocean floor

C.   depth of seafloor sediments

D.   depth to the ocean floor

E.   seafloor age

A.   seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B.   biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

C.   ocean circulation and seawater salinity

D.   biological productivity and seawater salinity

A.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A.   trench and basin

B.   mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

C.   mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

D.   seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A.   tablemount and basin

B.   basin and trench

C.   tablemount and deep-sea fan

D.   mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A.   The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B.   The ocean depth is 6 m.

C.   The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D.   The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E.   The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

A.   It would take 0.23 s.

B.   It would take 2.15 s.

C.   It would take 0.46 s.

D.   It would take 0.93 s.

E.   It would take 700 s.

A.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

A.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

B.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

D.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

A.   somewhat frequently

B.   very frequently

C.   infrequently

A.   graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

B.   lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D.   graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

A.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

D.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

A.   a candle

B.   a balloon

C.   a large jar filled with water and sediment

D.   Silly Putty

E.   a can of soda

A.   brown algae

B.   water currents

C.   air bubbles

D.   suspended sediment

E.   microscopic floating marine life

A.   Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

B.   Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

C.   Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

D.   Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

E.   Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

A.   settling velocity

B.   wave size

C.   slosh speed

D.   shaking speed

E.   density stratification

A.   velocity profile

B.   graded bedding

C.   grand layering

D.   rip current

E.   layered stratum

A.   United States

B.   France

C.   Canada

D.   Ireland

E.   Iceland

A.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

B.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

C.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

D.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

E.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

A.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

B.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

C.   The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

D.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

E.   The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

A.   The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

B.   The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C.   The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D.   The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

E.   The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A.   west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B.   west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C.   east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D.   west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A.   narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

B.   narrow continental shelf and trench

C.   continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

D.   ridge and continental rise

A.   Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

B.   Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

C.   Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D.   Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

E.   Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A.   continental shelf

B.   delta

C.   along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

D.   abyssal plain

E.   deep-sea fans

A.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C.   Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins. Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D.   Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more). Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

A.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages. Trench formation at convergent boundaries. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

B.   The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time. Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C.   Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages Trench formation at convergent boundaries Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A.   An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B.   A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C.   A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

D.   An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

A.   Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B.   Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C.   Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D.   Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A.   far from an oceanic ridge

B.   near an offshore fault

C.   seismically active

D.   a continental borderland

E.   lacking a continental rise

A.   glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B.   submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C.   turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

D.   turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E.   large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

A.   Shelf

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Slope

D.   Rise

A.   Himalayan

B.   Andes

C.   Chilean

D.   Cascades

A.   Tablemountas

B.   Continental shelf

C.   Abyssal plains

D.   Continental rise

E.   Continental slope

A.   sideways

B.   upward

C.   no change

D.   downward

A.   L

B.   Y

C.   V

D.   T

E.   U

A.   5

B.   25

C.   15

D.   20

E.   10

A.   20

B.   60

C.   80

D.   100

E.   40

A.   Granite

B.   Peridotite

C.   Basalt

D.   Rhyolite

A.   Convergent

B.   Transform

C.   Divergent

A.   Oceanic-oceanic divergent

B.   Continental-continental convergent

C.   Oceanic-continental convergent

D.   Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A.   Deep-ocean basin

B.   Mid-ocean ridge

C.   Continental margins

A.   shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B.   rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

C.   abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

D.   abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

E.   slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A.   Sparse earthquake activity

B.   Shallow coastal waters

C.   Deep-sea trenches

D.   Broad continental shelves

E.   No sediment accumulation

A.   Deep-sea trenches

B.   Volcanic and earthquake activity

C.   Chains of islands

D.   Broad continental shelves

E.   Thin sediment accumulation

A.   Continental rise

B.   Continental shelf

C.   Fracture zone

D.   Submarine canyon

E.   Continental slope

A.   trench.

B.   abyssal plain.

C.   continental rise.

D.   mid-ocean ridge.

E.   continental slope.

A.   white smokers.

B.   turbidity currents.

C.   graded bedding.

D.   turbidite deposits.

E.   deep sea fans.

A.   erosion by major rivers in the past.

B.   scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

C.   earthquake activity.

D.   deposition of terrestrial sediment.

E.   erosion by turbidity currents.

A.   Active margin

B.   Convergent active margin

C.   Rift valley

D.   Continental margin

E.   Transform active margin

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Shelf break

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental rise

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Turbidite deposits

B.   Graded bedding

C.   Deep-sea fans

D.   Abyssal plains

E.   Turbidity currents

A.   Continental rise

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental flood basalt

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   West Coast of Mexico

B.   East Coast of Japan

C.   Southern Coast of Alaska

D.   East Coast of the United States

E.   West Coast of Chile

A.   Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

B.   Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C.   Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D.   The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

E.   Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

A.   one-half to one degree

B.   two to five degrees

C.   a tenth of a degree

D.   one to two degrees

E.   greater than five degrees

A.   A soap box derby course

B.   A beginners ski hill

C.   An Olympic toboggan track

D.   A large parking lot

E.   The continental slope

A.   Continental rise

B.   Continental slope

C.   Continental shelf

D.   Abyssal plain

E.   Shoreline

A.   Continental rise

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Continental slope

D.   Shoreline

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B.   Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

C.   Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D.   Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

E.   Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

A.   Nonconformities

B.   Sandstone Layering

C.   Turbidity Currents

D.   Suspension Deposits

E.   Graded Bedding

A.   volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

B.   subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D.   the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

A.   Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

B.   Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C.   Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D.   Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

A.   continental borderland

B.   continental rise

C.   continental shelf

D.   continental slope

E.   abyssal plain

A.   the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B.   rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

C.   turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D.   the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

E.   sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

A.   the continental shelf

B.   the continental slope and rise

C.   abyssal plains

D.   shallow islands in tropical seas

E.   submarine fans

A.   Atlantic

B.   Arctic

C.   Indian

D.   Pacific

E.   Southern

A.   Aleutian

B.   Mariana

C.   Kuril

D.   Middle America

E.   Peru-Chile

A.   Mariana

B.   Aleutian

C.   Middle America

D.   Peru-Chile

E.   Kuril

A.   Atlantic Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Arctic Ocean

E.   Indian Ocean

A.   Tablemount

B.   Seamount

C.   Abyssal hill

A.   Atlantic Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Pacific Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Seahills

C.   Seaknobs

D.   Seamounds

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Rise

C.   Shelf

D.   Slope

A.   one-fifth

B.   one-quarter

C.   one-third

D.   one-half

A.   Southern Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Indian Ocean

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   rift valley

C.   island arc

D.   hotspot

E.   transform fault

A.   rift valley

B.   island arc

C.   hotspot

D.   mid-ocean ridge

E.   transform fault

A.   continental shelves.

B.   abyssal hills.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   abyssal plains.

E.   continental slopes.

A.   the presence of convergent active margins.

B.   its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

C.   the absence of convergent active margins.

D.   the presence of seamounts.

E.   All of the answers are correct.

A.   submarine canyons.

B.   tablemounts.

C.   oceanic ridges.

D.   seamounts.

E.   oceanic trenches.

A.   seamounts.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   tablemounts.

A.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B.   oceanic ridges.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   seamounts.

E.   oceanic trenches.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   mid-ocean ridges.

C.   hydrothermal vents.

D.   spreading centers.

E.   fracture zones.

A.   Seamount

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Tablemount

D.   Abyssal plain

E.   Submarine canyon

A.   Ocean trench

B.   Volcanic arc

C.   Continental arc

D.   Passive margin

E.   Island arc

A.   seismic

B.   metamorphic

C.   sedimentary

D.   volcanic

E.   erosional

A.   volcanic

B.   seismic

C.   sedimentary

D.   metamorphic

E.   erosional

A.   guyots

B.   seamounts

C.   islands

D.   nemataths

E.   seaknolls

A.   seamounts

B.   guyots

C.   nemataths

D.   islands

E.   seaknolls

A.   guyots

B.   nemataths

C.   seamounts

D.   seaknolls

E.   islands

A.   nematath

B.   island

C.   guyot

D.   seaknoll

E.   abyssal hill

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   Arctic Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Southern Ocean

E.   Pacific Ocean

A.   Suspension settling

B.   Melting icebergs

C.   Undersea streams

D.   Black smokers

E.   Precipitation

A.   15,000 to 20,000

B.   5,000 to 10,000

C.   < 5,000

D.   > 20,000

E.   10,000 to 15,000

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   At divergent plate boundaries

B.   At transform plate boundaries

C.   At the intraplate abyssal plains

D.   At convergent plate boundaries

E.   At submarine canyons

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   Ring of Fire

C.   mid-ocean ridges

D.   continental volcanic arcs

A.   Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

B.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C.   turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

D.   volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

A.   Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

B.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C.   continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D.   volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   mid-ocean ridges.

C.   Ring of Fire.

D.   turbidity currents

A.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a rift valley.

B.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A.   Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B.   Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

C.   Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D.   The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

A.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D.   Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A.   along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

B.   along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C.   along the mid-ocean ridge axis

D.   along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

E.   along the fracture zones

A.   Alpine Fault

B.   San Andreas Fault

C.   Juan De Fuca

D.   Hawaii

E.   Mendocino

A.   The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C.   Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction. Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A.   The Alps

B.   Alaska

C.   New Zealand

D.   California

E.   near Egypt

A.   African and Indian

B.   Eurasian and North American

C.   The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

D.   Arabian and African

E.   Nazca and South American

A.   A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

B.   Volcanoes and trench

C.   Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D.   Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B.   The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A.   Submarine canyon

B.   Volcanic arc

C.   Rift valley

D.   Trench

E.   Oceanic rise

A.   White smoker

B.   Black smoker

C.   Hot springs

D.   Warm-water vents

E.   Geothermal heat pump

A.   3000-4000 m below sea level

B.   4000-5000 m below sea level

C.   5000-6000 m below sea level

D.   0-1000 m above sea level

E.   1000-2000 m above sea level

A.   parts of continents separated from continents

B.   formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C.   parts of volcanic island arcs

D.   formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

E.   volcanic in origin

A.   hydrothermal vent

B.   fracture zone

C.   seismic fissure

D.   central rift valley

E.   transform fault

A.   Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B.   Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C.   Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D.   Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A.   Alpine Fault

B.   Dead Sea Fault

C.   San Andreas Fault

D.   Mendocino Fracture

A.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Hydrogen sulfate

B.   Oxygen

C.   Hydrogen sulfide

D.   Nitrogen

A.   65

B.   60

C.   50

D.   85

E.   75

A.   46,000

B.   55,000

C.   60,000

D.   50,000

E.   40,000

A.   29%

B.   23%

C.   33%

D.   44%

E.   39%

A.   basaltic

B.   andesitic

C.   rhyolitic

D.   granitic

A.   1 mile

B.   5 miles

C.   3 miles

D.   2 miles

E.   4 miles

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   island arc

C.   deep sea trench

D.   transform fault

E.   hotspot

A.   island arc

B.   transform fault

C.   hotspot

D.   mid-ocean ridge

E.   deep sea trench

A.   transform plate boundaries

B.   convergent plate boundaries

C.   convergent and divergent plate boundaries

D.   convergent and transform plate boundaries

E.   divergent plate boundaries

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Precipitation

B.   Melting icebergs

C.   Undersea streams

D.   Suspension settling

E.   Turbidity currents

A.   metamorphic

B.   collisional

C.   volcanic

D.   sedimentary

E.   erosional

A.   The shallowest slope below sea level

B.   The long and flat part below sea level

C.   The steep segment above sea level

D.   The gentle slope above sea level

E.   The steep deepest part below sea level

A.   The steep deepest part below sea level

B.   The shallowest slope below sea level

C.   The steep segment above sea level

D.   The gentle slope above sea level

E.   The long and flat part below sea level

A.   The shallowest slope below sea level

B.   The gentle slope above sea level

C.   The long and flat part below sea level

D.   The steep deepest part below sea level

E.   The steep segment above sea level

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   transform faults.

C.   fracture zones.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   hydrothermal vents.

A.   convergent plate boundaries.

B.   deep-sea trenches.

C.   fracture zones.

D.   transform faults.

E.   oceanic rises.

A.   turbidity currents.

B.   abyssal hills.

C.   black smokers.

D.   white smokers.

E.   cold seeps.

A.   associated with turbidity currents.

B.   influenced by underwater boundary currents.

C.   perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

D.   in the same direction as the ridge offset.

E.   in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A.   perpendicular to the ridge axis.

B.   located in submarine canyons.

C.   parallel to the rift valley.

D.   associated with hydrothermal vents.

A.   Rift valley

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Oceanic rise

D.   Oceanic ridge

E.   Seafloor spreading

A.   Rift valley

B.   Pillow basalts

C.   Trenches

D.   Metal sulfide deposits

E.   Seamounts

A.   Hydrothermal vent

B.   Black smoker

C.   White smoker

D.   Deep focus earthquake

E.   Rift valley

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Seaknolls

C.   Transform fault

D.   Guyots

E.   Nemataths

A.   Guyots

B.   Nemataths

C.   Transform fault

D.   Fracture zone

E.   Seaknolls

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Transform fault

C.   Neither

A.   Neither

B.   Transform fault

C.   Fracture zone

A.   95%

B.   85%

C.   75%

D.   90%

E.   65%

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.