A.   rolling violently

B.   rocking vehicle

C.   research vessel

D.   recumbent vehicle

E.   repair vessel

A.   navigation to determine the position of the ship

B.   DNA analysis of marine organisms

C.   identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

D.   identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

E.   vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

A.   The sinking of the Titanic

B.   Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C.   The creation of NASA

D.   The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

E.   The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

A.   Echo sounder

B.   Aerial photography

C.   Radar

D.   Lidar

E.   Satellites

A.   Ocean basins are very flat features.

B.   Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

C.   There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D.   There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A.   The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

B.   They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

C.   There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D.   Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

E.   They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

A.   Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

B.   The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

C.   The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

D.   Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

E.   They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

A.   the study of marine mammals

B.   the study of ocean productivity

C.   the study of the temperature of the ocean

D.   the study of the depth of the ocean

E.   the study of ocean currents

A.   1507 meters (4944 feet)

B.   5 meters (16.4 feet)

C.   3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D.   7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E.   3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

A.   more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B.   less expensive and more detailed

C.   more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D.   less expensive and more accurate

A.   Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B.   Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C.   Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A.   transform fault on land and tablemount

B.   ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C.   seamount and transform fault on land

A.   Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B.   Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C.   Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A.   Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D.   Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A.   Multibeam echo sounder

B.   Precision depth recorder

C.   Side-scan sonar

D.   Seismic reflection

E.   Satellite altimetry

A.   cartography

B.   hydrology

C.   bathymetry

D.   navigation

E.   tomography

A.   4550 meters

B.   3000 meters

C.   5550 meters

D.   7400 meters

E.   11,100 meters

A.   plate tectonic processes

B.   erosion and weathering

C.   biological activity

D.   extreme pressure at depth

E.   ocean currents

A.   water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B.   the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

C.   sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

D.   calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

E.   density differences of ocean waters

A.   SeaWiFS

B.   Seabeam

C.   SeaMARC

D.   precision-depth recorder (PDR)

E.   GLORIA

A.   CryoSat-2

B.   Geosat

C.   Jason-2

D.   TOPEX

E.   Jason-1

A.   Chirp

B.   Beep

C.   Ping

D.   Echo

A.   temperature and pressure

B.   pressure and salinity

C.   salinity, temperature and pressure

D.   salinity

A.   4,925 feet per second

B.   4,945 feet per second

C.   5,000 feet per second

D.   4,970 feet per second

A.   1960s

B.   1970s

C.   1950s

D.   1980s

A.   Comet

B.   Meteor

C.   Odyssey

D.   Challenger

A.   Atlantic Ocean

B.   Red Sea

C.   Mediterranean Sea

D.   Pacific Ocean

A.   5

B.   3

C.   6

D.   4

E.   7

A.   Meteor

B.   Odyssey

C.   HMS Challenger

D.   Comet

A.   drilling.

B.   direct observation.

C.   light waves.

D.   sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

E.   satellite observation.

A.   they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

B.   they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

C.   the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

D.   they are inexpensive to build and launch

E.   they are affected by surface weather

A.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

B.   continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

C.   continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

D.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E.   continental mountains and abyssal plains.

A.   Precision depth recorder (PDR)

B.   GLORIA

C.   Sea MARC

D.   Global positioning system (GPS)

E.   SeaBeam

A.   meters

B.   decimeters

C.   kilometers

D.   millimeters

E.   centimeters

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Seismic Reflection

B.   Sounding

C.   Magnetometer

D.   Multibeam Sonar

E.   Side-scan Sonar

A.   Meter

B.   Mile

C.   League

D.   Foot

E.   Fathom

A.   Seismic Reflection

B.   Sounding

C.   Magnetometer

D.   Multibeam Sonar

E.   Side-scan Sonar

A.   depth to the ocean floor

B.   depth of seafloor sediments

C.   location of faults on the ocean floor

D.   seafloor age

E.   height of the sea surface

A.   seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B.   biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

C.   biological productivity and seawater salinity

D.   ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

D.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

E.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A.   mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

B.   trench and basin

C.   mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

D.   seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A.   basin and trench

B.   tablemount and deep-sea fan

C.   mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D.   tablemount and basin

A.   The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B.   The ocean depth is 6 m.

C.   The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

D.   The ocean depth is 1507 m.

E.   The ocean depth is 9042 m.

A.   It would take 0.23 s.

B.   It would take 0.46 s.

C.   It would take 700 s.

D.   It would take 2.15 s.

E.   It would take 0.93 s.

A.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

B.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

C.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

D.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A.   somewhat frequently

B.   very frequently

C.   infrequently

A.   lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B.   lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

D.   graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

A.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A.   a large jar filled with water and sediment

B.   Silly Putty

C.   a can of soda

D.   a candle

E.   a balloon

A.   water currents

B.   suspended sediment

C.   microscopic floating marine life

D.   air bubbles

E.   brown algae

A.   Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

B.   Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

C.   Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

D.   Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

E.   Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

A.   density stratification

B.   wave size

C.   settling velocity

D.   shaking speed

E.   slosh speed

A.   grand layering

B.   graded bedding

C.   velocity profile

D.   layered stratum

E.   rip current

A.   United States

B.   Iceland

C.   Canada

D.   Ireland

E.   France

A.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

B.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

C.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

D.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

E.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

A.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

B.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C.   The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E.   The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A.   The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

B.   The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

C.   The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

D.   The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E.   The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

A.   west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B.   west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C.   west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

D.   east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A.   continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B.   narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

C.   narrow continental shelf and trench

D.   ridge and continental rise

A.   Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

B.   Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

C.   Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D.   Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

E.   Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

A.   delta

B.   deep-sea fans

C.   abyssal plain

D.   along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

E.   continental shelf

A.   Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins. Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

B.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C.   Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more). Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages. Trench formation at convergent boundaries. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

B.   The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time. Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C.   Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages Trench formation at convergent boundaries Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A.   An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B.   A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C.   An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D.   A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A.   Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B.   Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C.   Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D.   Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A.   near an offshore fault

B.   far from an oceanic ridge

C.   seismically active

D.   lacking a continental rise

E.   a continental borderland

A.   turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

B.   large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

C.   glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D.   submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

E.   turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

A.   Shelf

B.   Rise

C.   Abyssal plain

D.   Slope

A.   Himalayan

B.   Andes

C.   Cascades

D.   Chilean

A.   Continental slope

B.   Tablemountas

C.   Abyssal plains

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Continental rise

A.   upward

B.   sideways

C.   no change

D.   downward

A.   U

B.   V

C.   L

D.   T

E.   Y

A.   15

B.   5

C.   25

D.   10

E.   20

A.   80

B.   60

C.   20

D.   40

E.   100

A.   Rhyolite

B.   Peridotite

C.   Basalt

D.   Granite

A.   Divergent

B.   Convergent

C.   Transform

A.   Oceanic-oceanic convergent

B.   Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C.   Continental-continental convergent

D.   Oceanic-continental convergent

A.   Deep-ocean basin

B.   Continental margins

C.   Mid-ocean ridge

A.   shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B.   abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

C.   rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

D.   slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

E.   abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A.   Broad continental shelves

B.   Deep-sea trenches

C.   No sediment accumulation

D.   Sparse earthquake activity

E.   Shallow coastal waters

A.   Volcanic and earthquake activity

B.   Broad continental shelves

C.   Thin sediment accumulation

D.   Chains of islands

E.   Deep-sea trenches

A.   Submarine canyon

B.   Continental slope

C.   Continental rise

D.   Fracture zone

E.   Continental shelf

A.   trench.

B.   abyssal plain.

C.   continental rise.

D.   mid-ocean ridge.

E.   continental slope.

A.   turbidite deposits.

B.   white smokers.

C.   turbidity currents.

D.   graded bedding.

E.   deep sea fans.

A.   scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B.   erosion by turbidity currents.

C.   deposition of terrestrial sediment.

D.   earthquake activity.

E.   erosion by major rivers in the past.

A.   Rift valley

B.   Transform active margin

C.   Convergent active margin

D.   Continental margin

E.   Active margin

A.   Continental slope

B.   Continental rise

C.   Shelf break

D.   Abyssal hill

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Graded bedding

B.   Turbidity currents

C.   Deep-sea fans

D.   Abyssal plains

E.   Turbidite deposits

A.   Continental shelf

B.   Continental flood basalt

C.   Continental rise

D.   Continental slope

E.   Abyssal plain

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   East Coast of the United States

B.   Southern Coast of Alaska

C.   West Coast of Chile

D.   East Coast of Japan

E.   West Coast of Mexico

A.   The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B.   Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

C.   Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D.   Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E.   Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

A.   two to five degrees

B.   one to two degrees

C.   greater than five degrees

D.   one-half to one degree

E.   a tenth of a degree

A.   A large parking lot

B.   A beginners ski hill

C.   An Olympic toboggan track

D.   The continental slope

E.   A soap box derby course

A.   Shoreline

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental rise

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Shoreline

C.   Continental shelf

D.   Continental rise

E.   Continental slope

A.   Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B.   Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

C.   Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D.   Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E.   Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

A.   Nonconformities

B.   Sandstone Layering

C.   Suspension Deposits

D.   Turbidity Currents

E.   Graded Bedding

A.   volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

B.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

C.   subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D.   the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A.   Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B.   Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C.   Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D.   Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A.   continental slope

B.   continental borderland

C.   continental rise

D.   continental shelf

E.   abyssal plain

A.   the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B.   the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

C.   turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D.   sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

E.   rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

A.   the continental shelf

B.   the continental slope and rise

C.   abyssal plains

D.   submarine fans

E.   shallow islands in tropical seas

A.   Indian

B.   Atlantic

C.   Pacific

D.   Southern

E.   Arctic

A.   Middle America

B.   Kuril

C.   Peru-Chile

D.   Mariana

E.   Aleutian

A.   Middle America

B.   Mariana

C.   Aleutian

D.   Kuril

E.   Peru-Chile

A.   Southern Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Arctic Ocean

E.   Indian Ocean

A.   Tablemount

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Seamount

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Atlantic Ocean

C.   Arctic Ocean

D.   Indian Ocean

E.   Southern Ocean

A.   Seaknobs

B.   Seahills

C.   Seaknolls

D.   Seamounds

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Rise

C.   Slope

D.   Shelf

A.   one-fifth

B.   one-quarter

C.   one-third

D.   one-half

A.   Atlantic Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Pacific Ocean

A.   transform fault

B.   mid-ocean ridge

C.   hotspot

D.   island arc

E.   rift valley

A.   transform fault

B.   island arc

C.   rift valley

D.   mid-ocean ridge

E.   hotspot

A.   abyssal plains.

B.   continental shelves.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   abyssal hills.

E.   continental slopes.

A.   All of the answers are correct.

B.   the absence of convergent active margins.

C.   the presence of seamounts.

D.   its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

E.   the presence of convergent active margins.

A.   submarine canyons.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   seamounts.

D.   tablemounts.

E.   oceanic ridges.

A.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   oceanic ridges.

D.   tablemounts.

E.   seamounts.

A.   oceanic ridges.

B.   seamounts.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E.   oceanic trenches.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   mid-ocean ridges.

C.   hydrothermal vents.

D.   fracture zones.

E.   spreading centers.

A.   Seamount

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Submarine canyon

D.   Tablemount

E.   Abyssal hill

A.   Volcanic arc

B.   Ocean trench

C.   Island arc

D.   Continental arc

E.   Passive margin

A.   erosional

B.   volcanic

C.   seismic

D.   sedimentary

E.   metamorphic

A.   metamorphic

B.   sedimentary

C.   volcanic

D.   seismic

E.   erosional

A.   islands

B.   nemataths

C.   guyots

D.   seamounts

E.   seaknolls

A.   seaknolls

B.   seamounts

C.   guyots

D.   islands

E.   nemataths

A.   guyots

B.   nemataths

C.   seamounts

D.   seaknolls

E.   islands

A.   abyssal hill

B.   seaknoll

C.   nematath

D.   guyot

E.   island

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Southern Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Pacific Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   Melting icebergs

B.   Undersea streams

C.   Precipitation

D.   Black smokers

E.   Suspension settling

A.   10,000 to 15,000

B.   5,000 to 10,000

C.   > 20,000

D.   < 5,000

E.   15,000 to 20,000

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Arctic Ocean

C.   Indian Ocean

D.   Southern Ocean

E.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   At transform plate boundaries

B.   At convergent plate boundaries

C.   At the intraplate abyssal plains

D.   At divergent plate boundaries

E.   At submarine canyons

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   mid-ocean ridges

C.   continental volcanic arcs

D.   Ring of Fire

A.   turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

B.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C.   volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D.   Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

A.   volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B.   Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C.   continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A.   mid-ocean ridges.

B.   Ring of Fire.

C.   turbidity currents

D.   Submarine canyons

A.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a rift valley.

C.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A.   Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B.   Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

C.   The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

D.   Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

A.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

B.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

D.   Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A.   along the fracture zones

B.   along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

C.   along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D.   along the ridge axis where two plates converge

E.   along the mid-ocean ridge axis

A.   San Andreas Fault

B.   Alpine Fault

C.   Mendocino

D.   Hawaii

E.   Juan De Fuca

A.   Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C.   The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction. Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A.   The Alps

B.   Alaska

C.   New Zealand

D.   near Egypt

E.   California

A.   Arabian and African

B.   Eurasian and North American

C.   Nazca and South American

D.   The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E.   African and Indian

A.   Volcanoes and trench

B.   Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

C.   Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D.   A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C.   The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A.   Volcanic arc

B.   Trench

C.   Rift valley

D.   Submarine canyon

E.   Oceanic rise

A.   White smoker

B.   Geothermal heat pump

C.   Hot springs

D.   Black smoker

E.   Warm-water vents

A.   1000-2000 m above sea level

B.   4000-5000 m below sea level

C.   5000-6000 m below sea level

D.   0-1000 m above sea level

E.   3000-4000 m below sea level

A.   parts of continents separated from continents

B.   formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

C.   volcanic in origin

D.   parts of volcanic island arcs

E.   formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

A.   fracture zone

B.   central rift valley

C.   hydrothermal vent

D.   seismic fissure

E.   transform fault

A.   Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

B.   Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C.   Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D.   Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A.   Mendocino Fracture

B.   Dead Sea Fault

C.   San Andreas Fault

D.   Alpine Fault

A.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Hydrogen sulfate

B.   Nitrogen

C.   Oxygen

D.   Hydrogen sulfide

A.   75

B.   65

C.   50

D.   85

E.   60

A.   46,000

B.   50,000

C.   60,000

D.   55,000

E.   40,000

A.   33%

B.   44%

C.   39%

D.   29%

E.   23%

A.   rhyolitic

B.   basaltic

C.   granitic

D.   andesitic

A.   4 miles

B.   1 mile

C.   3 miles

D.   2 miles

E.   5 miles

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   hotspot

C.   island arc

D.   deep sea trench

E.   transform fault

A.   hotspot

B.   transform fault

C.   island arc

D.   deep sea trench

E.   mid-ocean ridge

A.   convergent plate boundaries

B.   convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C.   transform plate boundaries

D.   divergent plate boundaries

E.   convergent and transform plate boundaries

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Suspension settling

B.   Precipitation

C.   Turbidity currents

D.   Melting icebergs

E.   Undersea streams

A.   erosional

B.   volcanic

C.   collisional

D.   metamorphic

E.   sedimentary

A.   The steep deepest part below sea level

B.   The shallowest slope below sea level

C.   The steep segment above sea level

D.   The gentle slope above sea level

E.   The long and flat part below sea level

A.   The gentle slope above sea level

B.   The steep deepest part below sea level

C.   The long and flat part below sea level

D.   The steep segment above sea level

E.   The shallowest slope below sea level

A.   The shallowest slope below sea level

B.   The steep deepest part below sea level

C.   The gentle slope above sea level

D.   The long and flat part below sea level

E.   The steep segment above sea level

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   hydrothermal vents.

B.   fracture zones.

C.   deep-sea trenches.

D.   transform faults.

E.   oceanic ridges.

A.   convergent plate boundaries.

B.   fracture zones.

C.   deep-sea trenches.

D.   transform faults.

E.   oceanic rises.

A.   black smokers.

B.   cold seeps.

C.   white smokers.

D.   turbidity currents.

E.   abyssal hills.

A.   associated with turbidity currents.

B.   influenced by underwater boundary currents.

C.   in the same direction as the ridge offset.

D.   perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

E.   in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A.   perpendicular to the ridge axis.

B.   associated with hydrothermal vents.

C.   parallel to the rift valley.

D.   located in submarine canyons.

A.   Rift valley

B.   Seafloor spreading

C.   Oceanic rise

D.   Oceanic ridge

E.   Abyssal hill

A.   Metal sulfide deposits

B.   Pillow basalts

C.   Seamounts

D.   Trenches

E.   Rift valley

A.   Black smoker

B.   Rift valley

C.   White smoker

D.   Hydrothermal vent

E.   Deep focus earthquake

A.   Transform fault

B.   Fracture zone

C.   Guyots

D.   Nemataths

E.   Seaknolls

A.   Guyots

B.   Fracture zone

C.   Nemataths

D.   Transform fault

E.   Seaknolls

A.   Transform fault

B.   Neither

C.   Fracture zone

A.   Transform fault

B.   Fracture zone

C.   Neither

A.   90%

B.   95%

C.   85%

D.   65%

E.   75%

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.