A.   rocking vehicle

B.   recumbent vehicle

C.   research vessel

D.   repair vessel

E.   rolling violently

A.   identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B.   DNA analysis of marine organisms

C.   navigation to determine the position of the ship

D.   vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

E.   identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A.   The creation of NASA

B.   The sinking of the Titanic

C.   The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

D.   The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E.   Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

A.   Lidar

B.   Echo sounder

C.   Satellites

D.   Aerial photography

E.   Radar

A.   Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

B.   There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C.   There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D.   Ocean basins are very flat features.

A.   They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

B.   The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C.   Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

D.   There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

E.   They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

A.   They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

B.   Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

C.   Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

D.   The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E.   The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

A.   the study of the depth of the ocean

B.   the study of ocean currents

C.   the study of marine mammals

D.   the study of the temperature of the ocean

E.   the study of ocean productivity

A.   7535 meters (24,721 feet)

B.   3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C.   3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D.   5 meters (16.4 feet)

E.   1507 meters (4944 feet)

A.   more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B.   less expensive and more accurate

C.   more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D.   less expensive and more detailed

A.   Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B.   Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C.   Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A.   transform fault on land and tablemount

B.   seamount and transform fault on land

C.   ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A.   Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B.   Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

C.   Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B.   Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D.   Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A.   Satellite altimetry

B.   Multibeam echo sounder

C.   Precision depth recorder

D.   Side-scan sonar

E.   Seismic reflection

A.   bathymetry

B.   tomography

C.   navigation

D.   cartography

E.   hydrology

A.   4550 meters

B.   7400 meters

C.   5550 meters

D.   3000 meters

E.   11,100 meters

A.   plate tectonic processes

B.   ocean currents

C.   erosion and weathering

D.   extreme pressure at depth

E.   biological activity

A.   water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B.   sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

C.   calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D.   density differences of ocean waters

E.   the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

A.   Seabeam

B.   GLORIA

C.   SeaWiFS

D.   SeaMARC

E.   precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A.   CryoSat-2

B.   Jason-1

C.   Jason-2

D.   Geosat

E.   TOPEX

A.   Beep

B.   Ping

C.   Echo

D.   Chirp

A.   temperature and pressure

B.   salinity

C.   salinity, temperature and pressure

D.   pressure and salinity

A.   4,970 feet per second

B.   5,000 feet per second

C.   4,945 feet per second

D.   4,925 feet per second

A.   1970s

B.   1960s

C.   1980s

D.   1950s

A.   Comet

B.   Challenger

C.   Meteor

D.   Odyssey

A.   Red Sea

B.   Atlantic Ocean

C.   Pacific Ocean

D.   Mediterranean Sea

A.   6

B.   5

C.   3

D.   7

E.   4

A.   Comet

B.   HMS Challenger

C.   Meteor

D.   Odyssey

A.   light waves.

B.   sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

C.   direct observation.

D.   satellite observation.

E.   drilling.

A.   they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

B.   they are inexpensive to build and launch

C.   the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

D.   they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

E.   they are affected by surface weather

A.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

B.   continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

C.   continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E.   continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

A.   Sea MARC

B.   GLORIA

C.   SeaBeam

D.   Global positioning system (GPS)

E.   Precision depth recorder (PDR)

A.   kilometers

B.   decimeters

C.   millimeters

D.   centimeters

E.   meters

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Side-scan Sonar

B.   Multibeam Sonar

C.   Magnetometer

D.   Sounding

E.   Seismic Reflection

A.   Fathom

B.   Mile

C.   Meter

D.   League

E.   Foot

A.   Multibeam Sonar

B.   Magnetometer

C.   Side-scan Sonar

D.   Sounding

E.   Seismic Reflection

A.   location of faults on the ocean floor

B.   height of the sea surface

C.   depth of seafloor sediments

D.   seafloor age

E.   depth to the ocean floor

A.   ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B.   seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

C.   biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D.   biological productivity and seawater salinity

A.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

B.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

C.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A.   seamount and mid-ocean ridge

B.   mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

C.   mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D.   trench and basin

A.   tablemount and basin

B.   tablemount and deep-sea fan

C.   basin and trench

D.   mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A.   The ocean depth is 9042 m.

B.   The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

C.   The ocean depth is 6 m.

D.   The ocean depth is 4521 m.

E.   The ocean depth is 1507 m.

A.   It would take 0.93 s.

B.   It would take 0.46 s.

C.   It would take 2.15 s.

D.   It would take 700 s.

E.   It would take 0.23 s.

A.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

B.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

C.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

D.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

A.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

D.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A.   very frequently

B.   infrequently

C.   somewhat frequently

A.   graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

B.   lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D.   lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A.   a candle

B.   a balloon

C.   Silly Putty

D.   a large jar filled with water and sediment

E.   a can of soda

A.   suspended sediment

B.   microscopic floating marine life

C.   air bubbles

D.   water currents

E.   brown algae

A.   Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

B.   Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

C.   Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

D.   Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E.   Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

A.   slosh speed

B.   wave size

C.   density stratification

D.   shaking speed

E.   settling velocity

A.   rip current

B.   graded bedding

C.   layered stratum

D.   grand layering

E.   velocity profile

A.   Canada

B.   United States

C.   Ireland

D.   Iceland

E.   France

A.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

B.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

D.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

E.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

A.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

B.   The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

C.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

D.   The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

E.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

A.   The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

B.   The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C.   The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D.   The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E.   The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A.   west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B.   west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

C.   east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D.   west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

A.   continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B.   narrow continental shelf and trench

C.   ridge and continental rise

D.   narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A.   Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

B.   Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

C.   Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

D.   Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

E.   Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A.   along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

B.   abyssal plain

C.   deep-sea fans

D.   continental shelf

E.   delta

A.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B.   Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins. Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

C.   Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more). Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

A.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages. Trench formation at convergent boundaries. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

B.   The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time. Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C.   Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages Trench formation at convergent boundaries Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A.   An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B.   A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C.   An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

D.   A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A.   Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B.   Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C.   Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D.   Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A.   lacking a continental rise

B.   a continental borderland

C.   near an offshore fault

D.   seismically active

E.   far from an oceanic ridge

A.   turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

B.   large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

C.   glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D.   turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E.   submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

A.   Shelf

B.   Rise

C.   Abyssal plain

D.   Slope

A.   Himalayan

B.   Andes

C.   Cascades

D.   Chilean

A.   Tablemountas

B.   Continental shelf

C.   Abyssal plains

D.   Continental rise

E.   Continental slope

A.   upward

B.   downward

C.   no change

D.   sideways

A.   T

B.   V

C.   Y

D.   U

E.   L

A.   5

B.   10

C.   15

D.   25

E.   20

A.   20

B.   40

C.   80

D.   60

E.   100

A.   Peridotite

B.   Rhyolite

C.   Granite

D.   Basalt

A.   Divergent

B.   Transform

C.   Convergent

A.   Oceanic-continental convergent

B.   Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C.   Continental-continental convergent

D.   Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A.   Continental margins

B.   Mid-ocean ridge

C.   Deep-ocean basin

A.   rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

B.   shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C.   abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

D.   abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

E.   slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A.   Sparse earthquake activity

B.   Broad continental shelves

C.   No sediment accumulation

D.   Shallow coastal waters

E.   Deep-sea trenches

A.   Deep-sea trenches

B.   Chains of islands

C.   Broad continental shelves

D.   Volcanic and earthquake activity

E.   Thin sediment accumulation

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Submarine canyon

C.   Continental shelf

D.   Continental slope

E.   Continental rise

A.   abyssal plain.

B.   continental slope.

C.   trench.

D.   mid-ocean ridge.

E.   continental rise.

A.   turbidity currents.

B.   graded bedding.

C.   turbidite deposits.

D.   white smokers.

E.   deep sea fans.

A.   scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B.   earthquake activity.

C.   erosion by turbidity currents.

D.   erosion by major rivers in the past.

E.   deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A.   Transform active margin

B.   Active margin

C.   Rift valley

D.   Convergent active margin

E.   Continental margin

A.   Continental slope

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Continental shelf

D.   Shelf break

E.   Continental rise

A.   Graded bedding

B.   Deep-sea fans

C.   Abyssal plains

D.   Turbidity currents

E.   Turbidite deposits

A.   Continental rise

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Continental flood basalt

D.   Continental slope

E.   Continental shelf

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   West Coast of Chile

B.   Southern Coast of Alaska

C.   West Coast of Mexico

D.   East Coast of the United States

E.   East Coast of Japan

A.   Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

B.   The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

C.   Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D.   Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

E.   Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

A.   one to two degrees

B.   one-half to one degree

C.   a tenth of a degree

D.   two to five degrees

E.   greater than five degrees

A.   The continental slope

B.   An Olympic toboggan track

C.   A soap box derby course

D.   A beginners ski hill

E.   A large parking lot

A.   Shoreline

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Continental rise

A.   Continental rise

B.   Continental slope

C.   Abyssal plain

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Shoreline

A.   Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

B.   Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

C.   Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

D.   Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

E.   Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

A.   Turbidity Currents

B.   Sandstone Layering

C.   Graded Bedding

D.   Suspension Deposits

E.   Nonconformities

A.   subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

B.   volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

E.   the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A.   Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B.   Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

C.   Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

D.   Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A.   abyssal plain

B.   continental rise

C.   continental shelf

D.   continental slope

E.   continental borderland

A.   the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B.   sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C.   the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

D.   rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

E.   turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

A.   the continental shelf

B.   abyssal plains

C.   submarine fans

D.   the continental slope and rise

E.   shallow islands in tropical seas

A.   Southern

B.   Arctic

C.   Atlantic

D.   Indian

E.   Pacific

A.   Kuril

B.   Peru-Chile

C.   Middle America

D.   Mariana

E.   Aleutian

A.   Mariana

B.   Kuril

C.   Middle America

D.   Peru-Chile

E.   Aleutian

A.   Southern Ocean

B.   Atlantic Ocean

C.   Indian Ocean

D.   Arctic Ocean

E.   Pacific Ocean

A.   Seamount

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Tablemount

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Southern Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   Seaknobs

B.   Seaknolls

C.   Seahills

D.   Seamounds

A.   Slope

B.   Shelf

C.   Abyssal plain

D.   Rise

A.   one-third

B.   one-fifth

C.   one-quarter

D.   one-half

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   transform fault

B.   rift valley

C.   hotspot

D.   island arc

E.   mid-ocean ridge

A.   transform fault

B.   mid-ocean ridge

C.   island arc

D.   rift valley

E.   hotspot

A.   continental shelves.

B.   continental slopes.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   abyssal hills.

E.   abyssal plains.

A.   the absence of convergent active margins.

B.   All of the answers are correct.

C.   the presence of convergent active margins.

D.   the presence of seamounts.

E.   its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

A.   oceanic ridges.

B.   tablemounts.

C.   submarine canyons.

D.   seamounts.

E.   oceanic trenches.

A.   oceanic trenches.

B.   oceanic ridges.

C.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D.   seamounts.

E.   tablemounts.

A.   seamounts.

B.   tablemounts.

C.   oceanic trenches.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A.   fracture zones.

B.   deep-sea trenches.

C.   hydrothermal vents.

D.   spreading centers.

E.   mid-ocean ridges.

A.   Seamount

B.   Submarine canyon

C.   Tablemount

D.   Abyssal plain

E.   Abyssal hill

A.   Passive margin

B.   Continental arc

C.   Island arc

D.   Ocean trench

E.   Volcanic arc

A.   erosional

B.   metamorphic

C.   volcanic

D.   seismic

E.   sedimentary

A.   sedimentary

B.   seismic

C.   erosional

D.   metamorphic

E.   volcanic

A.   nemataths

B.   islands

C.   seaknolls

D.   guyots

E.   seamounts

A.   guyots

B.   seaknolls

C.   seamounts

D.   nemataths

E.   islands

A.   seaknolls

B.   nemataths

C.   islands

D.   guyots

E.   seamounts

A.   seaknoll

B.   island

C.   guyot

D.   nematath

E.   abyssal hill

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Southern Ocean

C.   Indian Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   Undersea streams

B.   Melting icebergs

C.   Suspension settling

D.   Black smokers

E.   Precipitation

A.   < 5,000

B.   10,000 to 15,000

C.   15,000 to 20,000

D.   5,000 to 10,000

E.   > 20,000

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Southern Ocean

C.   Indian Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   At the intraplate abyssal plains

B.   At transform plate boundaries

C.   At submarine canyons

D.   At divergent plate boundaries

E.   At convergent plate boundaries

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   continental volcanic arcs

B.   mid-ocean ridges

C.   Ring of Fire

D.   Submarine canyons

A.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B.   turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

C.   Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D.   volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

A.   continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

B.   volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

C.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D.   Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   mid-ocean ridges.

C.   Ring of Fire.

D.   turbidity currents

A.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a rift valley.

C.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

A.   Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

B.   Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

C.   Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

D.   The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

A.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B.   Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A.   along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

B.   along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

C.   along the mid-ocean ridge axis

D.   along the fracture zones

E.   along the ridge axis where two plates converge

A.   San Andreas Fault

B.   Juan De Fuca

C.   Alpine Fault

D.   Hawaii

E.   Mendocino

A.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B.   The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C.   Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction. Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A.   California

B.   New Zealand

C.   near Egypt

D.   The Alps

E.   Alaska

A.   Nazca and South American

B.   Arabian and African

C.   African and Indian

D.   The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E.   Eurasian and North American

A.   Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

B.   Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

C.   Volcanoes and trench

D.   A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C.   The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A.   Oceanic rise

B.   Volcanic arc

C.   Rift valley

D.   Submarine canyon

E.   Trench

A.   Geothermal heat pump

B.   Black smoker

C.   White smoker

D.   Hot springs

E.   Warm-water vents

A.   4000-5000 m below sea level

B.   1000-2000 m above sea level

C.   0-1000 m above sea level

D.   5000-6000 m below sea level

E.   3000-4000 m below sea level

A.   parts of volcanic island arcs

B.   formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C.   parts of continents separated from continents

D.   formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

E.   volcanic in origin

A.   transform fault

B.   hydrothermal vent

C.   fracture zone

D.   central rift valley

E.   seismic fissure

A.   Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

B.   Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

C.   Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

D.   Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A.   Mendocino Fracture

B.   San Andreas Fault

C.   Alpine Fault

D.   Dead Sea Fault

A.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Hydrogen sulfate

B.   Oxygen

C.   Hydrogen sulfide

D.   Nitrogen

A.   50

B.   60

C.   65

D.   75

E.   85

A.   60,000

B.   40,000

C.   50,000

D.   46,000

E.   55,000

A.   39%

B.   44%

C.   33%

D.   29%

E.   23%

A.   rhyolitic

B.   basaltic

C.   andesitic

D.   granitic

A.   3 miles

B.   4 miles

C.   2 miles

D.   5 miles

E.   1 mile

A.   island arc

B.   mid-ocean ridge

C.   deep sea trench

D.   transform fault

E.   hotspot

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   transform fault

C.   island arc

D.   deep sea trench

E.   hotspot

A.   divergent plate boundaries

B.   transform plate boundaries

C.   convergent and transform plate boundaries

D.   convergent plate boundaries

E.   convergent and divergent plate boundaries

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Melting icebergs

B.   Undersea streams

C.   Suspension settling

D.   Turbidity currents

E.   Precipitation

A.   metamorphic

B.   collisional

C.   sedimentary

D.   erosional

E.   volcanic

A.   The gentle slope above sea level

B.   The steep deepest part below sea level

C.   The shallowest slope below sea level

D.   The long and flat part below sea level

E.   The steep segment above sea level

A.   The steep deepest part below sea level

B.   The long and flat part below sea level

C.   The shallowest slope below sea level

D.   The gentle slope above sea level

E.   The steep segment above sea level

A.   The gentle slope above sea level

B.   The steep segment above sea level

C.   The shallowest slope below sea level

D.   The steep deepest part below sea level

E.   The long and flat part below sea level

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   hydrothermal vents.

B.   deep-sea trenches.

C.   transform faults.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   fracture zones.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   transform faults.

C.   fracture zones.

D.   convergent plate boundaries.

E.   oceanic rises.

A.   black smokers.

B.   white smokers.

C.   turbidity currents.

D.   abyssal hills.

E.   cold seeps.

A.   perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B.   in the same direction as the ridge offset.

C.   associated with turbidity currents.

D.   influenced by underwater boundary currents.

E.   in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A.   associated with hydrothermal vents.

B.   perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C.   located in submarine canyons.

D.   parallel to the rift valley.

A.   Oceanic rise

B.   Seafloor spreading

C.   Oceanic ridge

D.   Abyssal hill

E.   Rift valley

A.   Rift valley

B.   Pillow basalts

C.   Metal sulfide deposits

D.   Seamounts

E.   Trenches

A.   Rift valley

B.   White smoker

C.   Hydrothermal vent

D.   Black smoker

E.   Deep focus earthquake

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Guyots

C.   Transform fault

D.   Fracture zone

E.   Nemataths

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Transform fault

C.   Guyots

D.   Nemataths

E.   Fracture zone

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Neither

C.   Transform fault

A.   Transform fault

B.   Neither

C.   Fracture zone

A.   95%

B.   90%

C.   85%

D.   65%

E.   75%

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.