A.   research vessel

B.   recumbent vehicle

C.   repair vessel

D.   rocking vehicle

E.   rolling violently

A.   DNA analysis of marine organisms

B.   identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

C.   vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

D.   navigation to determine the position of the ship

E.   identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A.   The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

B.   The creation of NASA

C.   Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

D.   The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

E.   The sinking of the Titanic

A.   Echo sounder

B.   Satellites

C.   Lidar

D.   Aerial photography

E.   Radar

A.   There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B.   Ocean basins are very flat features.

C.   There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

D.   Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

A.   Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B.   The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C.   They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

D.   They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

E.   There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

A.   Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B.   They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

C.   Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

D.   The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

E.   The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A.   the study of ocean currents

B.   the study of ocean productivity

C.   the study of the depth of the ocean

D.   the study of the temperature of the ocean

E.   the study of marine mammals

A.   1507 meters (4944 feet)

B.   5 meters (16.4 feet)

C.   3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

D.   7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E.   3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

A.   less expensive and more accurate

B.   more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C.   less expensive and more detailed

D.   more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A.   Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B.   Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

C.   Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A.   seamount and transform fault on land

B.   ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C.   transform fault on land and tablemount

A.   Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B.   Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C.   Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B.   Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D.   Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A.   Satellite altimetry

B.   Precision depth recorder

C.   Seismic reflection

D.   Side-scan sonar

E.   Multibeam echo sounder

A.   tomography

B.   bathymetry

C.   cartography

D.   navigation

E.   hydrology

A.   4550 meters

B.   11,100 meters

C.   5550 meters

D.   3000 meters

E.   7400 meters

A.   ocean currents

B.   extreme pressure at depth

C.   biological activity

D.   erosion and weathering

E.   plate tectonic processes

A.   the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B.   calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

C.   water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

D.   density differences of ocean waters

E.   sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

A.   SeaWiFS

B.   Seabeam

C.   precision-depth recorder (PDR)

D.   SeaMARC

E.   GLORIA

A.   TOPEX

B.   Geosat

C.   CryoSat-2

D.   Jason-1

E.   Jason-2

A.   Chirp

B.   Ping

C.   Beep

D.   Echo

A.   salinity

B.   pressure and salinity

C.   salinity, temperature and pressure

D.   temperature and pressure

A.   4,925 feet per second

B.   4,970 feet per second

C.   4,945 feet per second

D.   5,000 feet per second

A.   1980s

B.   1960s

C.   1950s

D.   1970s

A.   Odyssey

B.   Meteor

C.   Comet

D.   Challenger

A.   Red Sea

B.   Mediterranean Sea

C.   Pacific Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   4

B.   3

C.   5

D.   6

E.   7

A.   Comet

B.   Meteor

C.   Odyssey

D.   HMS Challenger

A.   direct observation.

B.   sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

C.   drilling.

D.   satellite observation.

E.   light waves.

A.   they are affected by surface weather

B.   they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

C.   they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

D.   they are inexpensive to build and launch

E.   the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B.   continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

C.   continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D.   continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

E.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A.   GLORIA

B.   Global positioning system (GPS)

C.   SeaBeam

D.   Precision depth recorder (PDR)

E.   Sea MARC

A.   kilometers

B.   meters

C.   decimeters

D.   centimeters

E.   millimeters

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Sounding

B.   Side-scan Sonar

C.   Multibeam Sonar

D.   Magnetometer

E.   Seismic Reflection

A.   League

B.   Mile

C.   Foot

D.   Fathom

E.   Meter

A.   Sounding

B.   Multibeam Sonar

C.   Seismic Reflection

D.   Side-scan Sonar

E.   Magnetometer

A.   depth of seafloor sediments

B.   depth to the ocean floor

C.   seafloor age

D.   location of faults on the ocean floor

E.   height of the sea surface

A.   ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B.   seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

C.   biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D.   biological productivity and seawater salinity

A.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A.   mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B.   trench and basin

C.   mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D.   seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A.   tablemount and deep-sea fan

B.   basin and trench

C.   tablemount and basin

D.   mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A.   The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B.   The ocean depth is 9042 m.

C.   The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D.   The ocean depth is 6 m.

E.   The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

A.   It would take 0.46 s.

B.   It would take 700 s.

C.   It would take 0.23 s.

D.   It would take 2.15 s.

E.   It would take 0.93 s.

A.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

B.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

A.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

B.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

C.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

D.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A.   somewhat frequently

B.   very frequently

C.   infrequently

A.   lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B.   graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C.   graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D.   lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A.   a large jar filled with water and sediment

B.   a can of soda

C.   a balloon

D.   Silly Putty

E.   a candle

A.   suspended sediment

B.   air bubbles

C.   water currents

D.   microscopic floating marine life

E.   brown algae

A.   Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

B.   Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

C.   Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

D.   Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

E.   Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

A.   settling velocity

B.   density stratification

C.   slosh speed

D.   wave size

E.   shaking speed

A.   velocity profile

B.   graded bedding

C.   rip current

D.   layered stratum

E.   grand layering

A.   Ireland

B.   United States

C.   France

D.   Canada

E.   Iceland

A.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

B.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

C.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

D.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

E.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

A.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

B.   The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

C.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

D.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

E.   The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

A.   The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

B.   The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

C.   The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D.   The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

E.   The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A.   west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B.   east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C.   west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D.   west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A.   continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B.   narrow continental shelf and trench

C.   ridge and continental rise

D.   narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A.   Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

B.   Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

C.   Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D.   Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

E.   Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

A.   along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

B.   deep-sea fans

C.   delta

D.   continental shelf

E.   abyssal plain

A.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C.   Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more). Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D.   Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins. Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages Trench formation at convergent boundaries Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

B.   Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Trench formation at convergent boundaries

C.   The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time. Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages. Trench formation at convergent boundaries. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A.   A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

B.   An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

C.   An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

D.   A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A.   Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B.   Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C.   Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D.   Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A.   seismically active

B.   near an offshore fault

C.   lacking a continental rise

D.   far from an oceanic ridge

E.   a continental borderland

A.   glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B.   submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C.   turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

D.   turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E.   large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

A.   Rise

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Shelf

D.   Slope

A.   Himalayan

B.   Chilean

C.   Cascades

D.   Andes

A.   Continental shelf

B.   Abyssal plains

C.   Continental slope

D.   Tablemountas

E.   Continental rise

A.   sideways

B.   no change

C.   downward

D.   upward

A.   L

B.   T

C.   V

D.   Y

E.   U

A.   20

B.   10

C.   15

D.   5

E.   25

A.   60

B.   80

C.   40

D.   20

E.   100

A.   Peridotite

B.   Basalt

C.   Rhyolite

D.   Granite

A.   Divergent

B.   Convergent

C.   Transform

A.   Oceanic-continental convergent

B.   Continental-continental convergent

C.   Oceanic-oceanic convergent

D.   Oceanic-oceanic divergent

A.   Continental margins

B.   Mid-ocean ridge

C.   Deep-ocean basin

A.   abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B.   shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C.   rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

D.   slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

E.   abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A.   Broad continental shelves

B.   No sediment accumulation

C.   Deep-sea trenches

D.   Shallow coastal waters

E.   Sparse earthquake activity

A.   Broad continental shelves

B.   Chains of islands

C.   Thin sediment accumulation

D.   Volcanic and earthquake activity

E.   Deep-sea trenches

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Continental rise

C.   Submarine canyon

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Continental slope

A.   continental slope.

B.   trench.

C.   mid-ocean ridge.

D.   abyssal plain.

E.   continental rise.

A.   graded bedding.

B.   turbidite deposits.

C.   turbidity currents.

D.   deep sea fans.

E.   white smokers.

A.   scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B.   earthquake activity.

C.   erosion by major rivers in the past.

D.   erosion by turbidity currents.

E.   deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A.   Convergent active margin

B.   Continental margin

C.   Active margin

D.   Transform active margin

E.   Rift valley

A.   Continental shelf

B.   Continental rise

C.   Shelf break

D.   Continental slope

E.   Abyssal hill

A.   Abyssal plains

B.   Turbidity currents

C.   Turbidite deposits

D.   Graded bedding

E.   Deep-sea fans

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Continental flood basalt

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Continental rise

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   Southern Coast of Alaska

B.   East Coast of Japan

C.   West Coast of Mexico

D.   East Coast of the United States

E.   West Coast of Chile

A.   The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B.   Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

C.   Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

D.   Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E.   Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

A.   a tenth of a degree

B.   one-half to one degree

C.   one to two degrees

D.   greater than five degrees

E.   two to five degrees

A.   A soap box derby course

B.   A beginners ski hill

C.   A large parking lot

D.   The continental slope

E.   An Olympic toboggan track

A.   Continental shelf

B.   Shoreline

C.   Continental slope

D.   Continental rise

E.   Abyssal plain

A.   Shoreline

B.   Continental shelf

C.   Continental rise

D.   Abyssal plain

E.   Continental slope

A.   Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

B.   Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

C.   Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D.   Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

E.   Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

A.   Sandstone Layering

B.   Suspension Deposits

C.   Turbidity Currents

D.   Graded Bedding

E.   Nonconformities

A.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B.   volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C.   subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E.   the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A.   Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B.   Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C.   Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

D.   Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

A.   continental shelf

B.   continental borderland

C.   continental slope

D.   continental rise

E.   abyssal plain

A.   the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B.   sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C.   turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D.   rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

E.   the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

A.   the continental shelf

B.   abyssal plains

C.   shallow islands in tropical seas

D.   the continental slope and rise

E.   submarine fans

A.   Pacific

B.   Atlantic

C.   Indian

D.   Southern

E.   Arctic

A.   Mariana

B.   Peru-Chile

C.   Kuril

D.   Middle America

E.   Aleutian

A.   Mariana

B.   Peru-Chile

C.   Middle America

D.   Kuril

E.   Aleutian

A.   Arctic Ocean

B.   Indian Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Pacific Ocean

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Tablemount

C.   Seamount

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   Seamounds

B.   Seaknolls

C.   Seahills

D.   Seaknobs

A.   Shelf

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Slope

D.   Rise

A.   one-half

B.   one-third

C.   one-quarter

D.   one-fifth

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Southern Ocean

A.   rift valley

B.   hotspot

C.   mid-ocean ridge

D.   island arc

E.   transform fault

A.   hotspot

B.   island arc

C.   transform fault

D.   rift valley

E.   mid-ocean ridge

A.   continental shelves.

B.   abyssal plains.

C.   continental slopes.

D.   abyssal hills.

E.   tablemounts.

A.   the presence of convergent active margins.

B.   All of the answers are correct.

C.   its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D.   the presence of seamounts.

E.   the absence of convergent active margins.

A.   oceanic ridges.

B.   tablemounts.

C.   oceanic trenches.

D.   submarine canyons.

E.   seamounts.

A.   oceanic ridges.

B.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   oceanic trenches.

E.   seamounts.

A.   oceanic ridges.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   seamounts.

E.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A.   hydrothermal vents.

B.   spreading centers.

C.   deep-sea trenches.

D.   mid-ocean ridges.

E.   fracture zones.

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Abyssal plain

C.   Seamount

D.   Submarine canyon

E.   Tablemount

A.   Volcanic arc

B.   Passive margin

C.   Ocean trench

D.   Continental arc

E.   Island arc

A.   erosional

B.   seismic

C.   volcanic

D.   sedimentary

E.   metamorphic

A.   sedimentary

B.   metamorphic

C.   volcanic

D.   erosional

E.   seismic

A.   seamounts

B.   islands

C.   nemataths

D.   seaknolls

E.   guyots

A.   guyots

B.   seamounts

C.   islands

D.   nemataths

E.   seaknolls

A.   islands

B.   nemataths

C.   seamounts

D.   guyots

E.   seaknolls

A.   abyssal hill

B.   island

C.   guyot

D.   nematath

E.   seaknoll

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Arctic Ocean

C.   Indian Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Southern Ocean

A.   Suspension settling

B.   Black smokers

C.   Precipitation

D.   Undersea streams

E.   Melting icebergs

A.   > 20,000

B.   5,000 to 10,000

C.   15,000 to 20,000

D.   < 5,000

E.   10,000 to 15,000

A.   Atlantic Ocean

B.   Southern Ocean

C.   Pacific Ocean

D.   Indian Ocean

E.   Arctic Ocean

A.   At the intraplate abyssal plains

B.   At transform plate boundaries

C.   At divergent plate boundaries

D.   At convergent plate boundaries

E.   At submarine canyons

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   continental volcanic arcs

C.   Ring of Fire

D.   mid-ocean ridges

A.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B.   turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

C.   volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D.   Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

A.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B.   continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

C.   Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D.   volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A.   Ring of Fire.

B.   turbidity currents

C.   Submarine canyons

D.   mid-ocean ridges.

A.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

B.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a rift valley.

A.   Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B.   The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C.   Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

D.   Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

A.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D.   Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A.   along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

B.   along the fracture zones

C.   along the mid-ocean ridge axis

D.   along the ridge axis where two plates converge

E.   along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A.   San Andreas Fault

B.   Mendocino

C.   Hawaii

D.   Alpine Fault

E.   Juan De Fuca

A.   Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B.   The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction. Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A.   near Egypt

B.   California

C.   The Alps

D.   Alaska

E.   New Zealand

A.   Eurasian and North American

B.   The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

C.   Arabian and African

D.   African and Indian

E.   Nazca and South American

A.   Volcanoes and trench

B.   A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

C.   Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D.   Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B.   The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A.   Volcanic arc

B.   Submarine canyon

C.   Trench

D.   Oceanic rise

E.   Rift valley

A.   Geothermal heat pump

B.   Warm-water vents

C.   Hot springs

D.   White smoker

E.   Black smoker

A.   0-1000 m above sea level

B.   4000-5000 m below sea level

C.   5000-6000 m below sea level

D.   1000-2000 m above sea level

E.   3000-4000 m below sea level

A.   parts of continents separated from continents

B.   volcanic in origin

C.   parts of volcanic island arcs

D.   formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

E.   formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

A.   central rift valley

B.   seismic fissure

C.   transform fault

D.   fracture zone

E.   hydrothermal vent

A.   Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B.   Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

C.   Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D.   Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A.   Dead Sea Fault

B.   San Andreas Fault

C.   Alpine Fault

D.   Mendocino Fracture

A.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Hydrogen sulfate

B.   Nitrogen

C.   Hydrogen sulfide

D.   Oxygen

A.   85

B.   75

C.   50

D.   65

E.   60

A.   50,000

B.   60,000

C.   46,000

D.   55,000

E.   40,000

A.   33%

B.   44%

C.   39%

D.   29%

E.   23%

A.   rhyolitic

B.   andesitic

C.   basaltic

D.   granitic

A.   5 miles

B.   3 miles

C.   2 miles

D.   4 miles

E.   1 mile

A.   hotspot

B.   deep sea trench

C.   island arc

D.   mid-ocean ridge

E.   transform fault

A.   deep sea trench

B.   hotspot

C.   mid-ocean ridge

D.   transform fault

E.   island arc

A.   convergent and divergent plate boundaries

B.   transform plate boundaries

C.   convergent plate boundaries

D.   divergent plate boundaries

E.   convergent and transform plate boundaries

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   Melting icebergs

B.   Precipitation

C.   Suspension settling

D.   Turbidity currents

E.   Undersea streams

A.   volcanic

B.   metamorphic

C.   sedimentary

D.   erosional

E.   collisional

A.   The steep deepest part below sea level

B.   The gentle slope above sea level

C.   The steep segment above sea level

D.   The long and flat part below sea level

E.   The shallowest slope below sea level

A.   The steep segment above sea level

B.   The long and flat part below sea level

C.   The gentle slope above sea level

D.   The shallowest slope below sea level

E.   The steep deepest part below sea level

A.   The long and flat part below sea level

B.   The steep segment above sea level

C.   The gentle slope above sea level

D.   The shallowest slope below sea level

E.   The steep deepest part below sea level

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   fracture zones.

B.   oceanic ridges.

C.   deep-sea trenches.

D.   transform faults.

E.   hydrothermal vents.

A.   transform faults.

B.   convergent plate boundaries.

C.   fracture zones.

D.   deep-sea trenches.

E.   oceanic rises.

A.   cold seeps.

B.   abyssal hills.

C.   white smokers.

D.   turbidity currents.

E.   black smokers.

A.   in the same direction as the ridge offset.

B.   in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

C.   associated with turbidity currents.

D.   influenced by underwater boundary currents.

E.   perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

A.   located in submarine canyons.

B.   perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C.   parallel to the rift valley.

D.   associated with hydrothermal vents.

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Seafloor spreading

C.   Oceanic rise

D.   Oceanic ridge

E.   Rift valley

A.   Trenches

B.   Metal sulfide deposits

C.   Pillow basalts

D.   Rift valley

E.   Seamounts

A.   Deep focus earthquake

B.   Hydrothermal vent

C.   Black smoker

D.   White smoker

E.   Rift valley

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Guyots

C.   Fracture zone

D.   Nemataths

E.   Transform fault

A.   Nemataths

B.   Guyots

C.   Fracture zone

D.   Seaknolls

E.   Transform fault

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Transform fault

C.   Neither

A.   Neither

B.   Fracture zone

C.   Transform fault

A.   95%

B.   75%

C.   85%

D.   90%

E.   65%

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.