A.   rocking vehicle

B.   repair vessel

C.   rolling violently

D.   research vessel

E.   recumbent vehicle

A.   DNA analysis of marine organisms

B.   identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

C.   identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

D.   vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

E.   navigation to determine the position of the ship

A.   Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

B.   The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

C.   The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

D.   The creation of NASA

E.   The sinking of the Titanic

A.   Echo sounder

B.   Aerial photography

C.   Radar

D.   Satellites

E.   Lidar

A.   There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B.   Ocean basins are very flat features.

C.   Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D.   There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A.   Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B.   The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C.   They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

D.   There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

E.   They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

A.   The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B.   Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

C.   Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

D.   They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

E.   The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A.   the study of marine mammals

B.   the study of the temperature of the ocean

C.   the study of the depth of the ocean

D.   the study of ocean currents

E.   the study of ocean productivity

A.   1507 meters (4944 feet)

B.   5 meters (16.4 feet)

C.   7535 meters (24,721 feet)

D.   3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

E.   3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

A.   more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B.   less expensive and more accurate

C.   less expensive and more detailed

D.   more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A.   Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B.   Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C.   Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A.   ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

B.   seamount and transform fault on land

C.   transform fault on land and tablemount

A.   Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B.   Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C.   Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

A.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B.   Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C.   Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships. Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D.   Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A.   Seismic reflection

B.   Multibeam echo sounder

C.   Side-scan sonar

D.   Precision depth recorder

E.   Satellite altimetry

A.   bathymetry

B.   navigation

C.   hydrology

D.   cartography

E.   tomography

A.   11,100 meters

B.   4550 meters

C.   5550 meters

D.   3000 meters

E.   7400 meters

A.   ocean currents

B.   extreme pressure at depth

C.   plate tectonic processes

D.   biological activity

E.   erosion and weathering

A.   the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B.   calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

C.   density differences of ocean waters

D.   water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

E.   sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

A.   Seabeam

B.   SeaMARC

C.   SeaWiFS

D.   GLORIA

E.   precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A.   Jason-2

B.   TOPEX

C.   Jason-1

D.   CryoSat-2

E.   Geosat

A.   Ping

B.   Chirp

C.   Beep

D.   Echo

A.   salinity

B.   salinity, temperature and pressure

C.   temperature and pressure

D.   pressure and salinity

A.   4,970 feet per second

B.   4,925 feet per second

C.   5,000 feet per second

D.   4,945 feet per second

A.   1950s

B.   1980s

C.   1960s

D.   1970s

A.   Comet

B.   Odyssey

C.   Challenger

D.   Meteor

A.   Red Sea

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Mediterranean Sea

A.   6

B.   5

C.   3

D.   7

E.   4

A.   Odyssey

B.   Comet

C.   HMS Challenger

D.   Meteor

A.   sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B.   light waves.

C.   satellite observation.

D.   direct observation.

E.   drilling.

A.   they can only "see" small areas of the seafloor at one time

B.   the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

C.   they can't cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

D.   they are inexpensive to build and launch

E.   they are affected by surface weather

A.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B.   continental mountains and abyssal plains.

C.   continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

D.   continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

E.   some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A.   GLORIA

B.   Sea MARC

C.   Precision depth recorder (PDR)

D.   Global positioning system (GPS)

E.   SeaBeam

A.   millimeters

B.   decimeters

C.   kilometers

D.   centimeters

E.   meters

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   Sounding

B.   Magnetometer

C.   Multibeam Sonar

D.   Side-scan Sonar

E.   Seismic Reflection

A.   League

B.   Meter

C.   Fathom

D.   Mile

E.   Foot

A.   Sounding

B.   Magnetometer

C.   Seismic Reflection

D.   Multibeam Sonar

E.   Side-scan Sonar

A.   seafloor age

B.   depth of seafloor sediments

C.   height of the sea surface

D.   location of faults on the ocean floor

E.   depth to the ocean floor

A.   ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B.   biological productivity and seawater salinity

C.   seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

D.   biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

C.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

D.   by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E.   by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A.   seamount and mid-ocean ridge

B.   mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

C.   trench and basin

D.   mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

A.   tablemount and basin

B.   mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

C.   tablemount and deep-sea fan

D.   basin and trench

A.   The ocean depth is 6 m.

B.   The ocean depth is 1507 m.

C.   The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

D.   The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E.   The ocean depth is 4521 m.

A.   It would take 0.23 s.

B.   It would take 0.93 s.

C.   It would take 0.46 s.

D.   It would take 700 s.

E.   It would take 2.15 s.

A.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

B.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

D.   dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

A.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B.   Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

D.   Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A.   somewhat frequently

B.   very frequently

C.   infrequently

A.   lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B.   graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C.   lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D.   graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

A.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C.   repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

D.   repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A.   a balloon

B.   a large jar filled with water and sediment

C.   a can of soda

D.   a candle

E.   Silly Putty

A.   suspended sediment

B.   microscopic floating marine life

C.   water currents

D.   air bubbles

E.   brown algae

A.   Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

B.   Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

C.   Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

D.   Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

E.   Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

A.   shaking speed

B.   settling velocity

C.   density stratification

D.   slosh speed

E.   wave size

A.   graded bedding

B.   velocity profile

C.   rip current

D.   layered stratum

E.   grand layering

A.   United States

B.   Canada

C.   Iceland

D.   France

E.   Ireland

A.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

B.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

C.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

D.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

E.   The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

A.   The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

B.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

C.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

D.   The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E.   The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A.   The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

B.   The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

C.   The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

D.   The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

E.   The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

A.   west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

B.   east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C.   west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D.   west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A.   narrow continental shelf and trench

B.   narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

C.   continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

D.   ridge and continental rise

A.   Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

B.   Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

C.   Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

D.   Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

E.   Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A.   delta

B.   along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

C.   continental shelf

D.   deep-sea fans

E.   abyssal plain

A.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B.   Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins. Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

C.   Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more). Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D.   Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline. Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A.   Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Trench formation at convergent boundaries

B.   The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge. Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time. Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages Trench formation at convergent boundaries Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

D.   Major climate changes, such as ice ages. Trench formation at convergent boundaries. The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A.   An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B.   A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

C.   An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D.   A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A.   Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

B.   Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C.   Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise. Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don't occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood). The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D.   Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor. Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons. The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A.   far from an oceanic ridge

B.   seismically active

C.   near an offshore fault

D.   a continental borderland

E.   lacking a continental rise

A.   large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

B.   turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

C.   submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

D.   turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E.   glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Rise

C.   Slope

D.   Shelf

A.   Chilean

B.   Andes

C.   Cascades

D.   Himalayan

A.   Tablemountas

B.   Continental slope

C.   Continental rise

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Abyssal plains

A.   sideways

B.   upward

C.   downward

D.   no change

A.   T

B.   Y

C.   L

D.   V

E.   U

A.   15

B.   20

C.   25

D.   10

E.   5

A.   40

B.   20

C.   80

D.   60

E.   100

A.   Basalt

B.   Granite

C.   Rhyolite

D.   Peridotite

A.   Divergent

B.   Convergent

C.   Transform

A.   Continental-continental convergent

B.   Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C.   Oceanic-oceanic convergent

D.   Oceanic-continental convergent

A.   Continental margins

B.   Deep-ocean basin

C.   Mid-ocean ridge

A.   rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

B.   abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

C.   shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

D.   slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

E.   abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A.   Broad continental shelves

B.   No sediment accumulation

C.   Sparse earthquake activity

D.   Deep-sea trenches

E.   Shallow coastal waters

A.   Thin sediment accumulation

B.   Deep-sea trenches

C.   Broad continental shelves

D.   Chains of islands

E.   Volcanic and earthquake activity

A.   Submarine canyon

B.   Continental shelf

C.   Continental rise

D.   Continental slope

E.   Fracture zone

A.   mid-ocean ridge.

B.   abyssal plain.

C.   continental rise.

D.   continental slope.

E.   trench.

A.   turbidite deposits.

B.   deep sea fans.

C.   white smokers.

D.   graded bedding.

E.   turbidity currents.

A.   earthquake activity.

B.   scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

C.   erosion by turbidity currents.

D.   deposition of terrestrial sediment.

E.   erosion by major rivers in the past.

A.   Continental margin

B.   Active margin

C.   Rift valley

D.   Transform active margin

E.   Convergent active margin

A.   Continental rise

B.   Continental slope

C.   Shelf break

D.   Abyssal hill

E.   Continental shelf

A.   Deep-sea fans

B.   Turbidity currents

C.   Graded bedding

D.   Abyssal plains

E.   Turbidite deposits

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Continental rise

C.   Continental flood basalt

D.   Continental slope

E.   Continental shelf

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A.   East Coast of Japan

B.   West Coast of Mexico

C.   Southern Coast of Alaska

D.   East Coast of the United States

E.   West Coast of Chile

A.   Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

B.   Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C.   The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

D.   Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

E.   Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

A.   one-half to one degree

B.   two to five degrees

C.   one to two degrees

D.   a tenth of a degree

E.   greater than five degrees

A.   An Olympic toboggan track

B.   A large parking lot

C.   A beginners ski hill

D.   A soap box derby course

E.   The continental slope

A.   Shoreline

B.   Continental slope

C.   Continental rise

D.   Continental shelf

E.   Abyssal plain

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Continental rise

C.   Continental shelf

D.   Shoreline

E.   Continental slope

A.   Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

B.   Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

C.   Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

D.   Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

E.   Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

A.   Suspension Deposits

B.   Graded Bedding

C.   Nonconformities

D.   Turbidity Currents

E.   Sandstone Layering

A.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B.   volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C.   the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

D.   the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E.   subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A.   Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

B.   Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

C.   Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

D.   Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

A.   abyssal plain

B.   continental shelf

C.   continental rise

D.   continental slope

E.   continental borderland

A.   rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

B.   the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

C.   sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D.   turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

E.   the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

A.   the continental shelf

B.   submarine fans

C.   abyssal plains

D.   shallow islands in tropical seas

E.   the continental slope and rise

A.   Indian

B.   Arctic

C.   Pacific

D.   Southern

E.   Atlantic

A.   Middle America

B.   Aleutian

C.   Peru-Chile

D.   Mariana

E.   Kuril

A.   Mariana

B.   Middle America

C.   Kuril

D.   Peru-Chile

E.   Aleutian

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Arctic Ocean

E.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Seamount

C.   Tablemount

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Pacific Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Arctic Ocean

E.   Atlantic Ocean

A.   Seahills

B.   Seaknobs

C.   Seamounds

D.   Seaknolls

A.   Abyssal plain

B.   Shelf

C.   Slope

D.   Rise

A.   one-fifth

B.   one-third

C.   one-quarter

D.   one-half

A.   Pacific Ocean

B.   Southern Ocean

C.   Atlantic Ocean

D.   Indian Ocean

A.   hotspot

B.   mid-ocean ridge

C.   transform fault

D.   island arc

E.   rift valley

A.   island arc

B.   rift valley

C.   hotspot

D.   mid-ocean ridge

E.   transform fault

A.   abyssal plains.

B.   continental slopes.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   continental shelves.

E.   abyssal hills.

A.   the absence of convergent active margins.

B.   All of the answers are correct.

C.   the presence of seamounts.

D.   its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

E.   the presence of convergent active margins.

A.   seamounts.

B.   submarine canyons.

C.   oceanic trenches.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   tablemounts.

A.   seamounts.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   tablemounts.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A.   tablemounts.

B.   oceanic trenches.

C.   oceanic ridges.

D.   seamounts.

E.   abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   fracture zones.

C.   hydrothermal vents.

D.   mid-ocean ridges.

E.   spreading centers.

A.   Abyssal hill

B.   Submarine canyon

C.   Seamount

D.   Abyssal plain

E.   Tablemount

A.   Continental arc

B.   Passive margin

C.   Volcanic arc

D.   Ocean trench

E.   Island arc

A.   metamorphic

B.   sedimentary

C.   erosional

D.   volcanic

E.   seismic

A.   erosional

B.   metamorphic

C.   volcanic

D.   seismic

E.   sedimentary

A.   guyots

B.   seaknolls

C.   nemataths

D.   islands

E.   seamounts

A.   seaknolls

B.   nemataths

C.   guyots

D.   seamounts

E.   islands

A.   seamounts

B.   islands

C.   guyots

D.   seaknolls

E.   nemataths

A.   seaknoll

B.   guyot

C.   abyssal hill

D.   island

E.   nematath

A.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A.   Indian Ocean

B.   Arctic Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Atlantic Ocean

E.   Pacific Ocean

A.   Black smokers

B.   Melting icebergs

C.   Precipitation

D.   Suspension settling

E.   Undersea streams

A.   > 20,000

B.   10,000 to 15,000

C.   15,000 to 20,000

D.   < 5,000

E.   5,000 to 10,000

A.   Arctic Ocean

B.   Atlantic Ocean

C.   Southern Ocean

D.   Pacific Ocean

E.   Indian Ocean

A.   At transform plate boundaries

B.   At convergent plate boundaries

C.   At divergent plate boundaries

D.   At the intraplate abyssal plains

E.   At submarine canyons

A.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A.   mid-ocean ridges

B.   Submarine canyons

C.   continental volcanic arcs

D.   Ring of Fire

A.   volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C.   Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D.   turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A.   volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B.   Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C.   Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D.   continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A.   Submarine canyons

B.   mid-ocean ridges.

C.   Ring of Fire.

D.   turbidity currents

A.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

B.   Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin. It is most likely a rift valley. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a rift valley.

D.   It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A.   Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B.   The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C.   Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D.   Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

A.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

B.   Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

D.   Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other. Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates. Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A.   along the mid-ocean ridge axis

B.   along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C.   along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D.   along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

E.   along the fracture zones

A.   Alpine Fault

B.   Hawaii

C.   Juan De Fuca

D.   San Andreas Fault

E.   Mendocino

A.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B.   The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C.   Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones. A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D.   Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis. Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction. Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A.   The Alps

B.   New Zealand

C.   Alaska

D.   California

E.   near Egypt

A.   Nazca and South American

B.   The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

C.   African and Indian

D.   Eurasian and North American

E.   Arabian and African

A.   Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

B.   Volcanoes and trench

C.   A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

D.   Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A.   The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D.   The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents. The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A.   Volcanic arc

B.   Submarine canyon

C.   Rift valley

D.   Oceanic rise

E.   Trench

A.   Warm-water vents

B.   Black smoker

C.   Hot springs

D.   White smoker

E.   Geothermal heat pump

A.   1000-2000 m above sea level

B.   3000-4000 m below sea level

C.   0-1000 m above sea level

D.   4000-5000 m below sea level

E.   5000-6000 m below sea level

A.   volcanic in origin

B.   formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C.   parts of volcanic island arcs

D.   formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

E.   parts of continents separated from continents

A.   transform fault

B.   central rift valley

C.   fracture zone

D.   hydrothermal vent

E.   seismic fissure

A.   Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

B.   Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C.   Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D.   Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

A.   Alpine Fault

B.   Mendocino Fracture

C.   San Andreas Fault

D.   Dead Sea Fault

A.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B.   Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C.   Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A.   Nitrogen

B.   Hydrogen sulfate

C.   Oxygen

D.   Hydrogen sulfide

A.   75

B.   50

C.   60

D.   65

E.   85

A.   55,000

B.   50,000

C.   46,000

D.   40,000

E.   60,000

A.   29%

B.   44%

C.   39%

D.   33%

E.   23%

A.   andesitic

B.   granitic

C.   rhyolitic

D.   basaltic

A.   3 miles

B.   4 miles

C.   1 mile

D.   5 miles

E.   2 miles

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   island arc

C.   deep sea trench

D.   hotspot

E.   transform fault

A.   mid-ocean ridge

B.   deep sea trench

C.   transform fault

D.   hotspot

E.   island arc

A.   convergent and transform plate boundaries

B.   convergent plate boundaries

C.   convergent and divergent plate boundaries

D.   divergent plate boundaries

E.   transform plate boundaries

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   Melting icebergs

B.   Turbidity currents

C.   Suspension settling

D.   Precipitation

E.   Undersea streams

A.   volcanic

B.   collisional

C.   erosional

D.   sedimentary

E.   metamorphic

A.   The gentle slope above sea level

B.   The long and flat part below sea level

C.   The steep segment above sea level

D.   The steep deepest part below sea level

E.   The shallowest slope below sea level

A.   The long and flat part below sea level

B.   The shallowest slope below sea level

C.   The steep deepest part below sea level

D.   The gentle slope above sea level

E.   The steep segment above sea level

A.   The steep segment above sea level

B.   The long and flat part below sea level

C.   The gentle slope above sea level

D.   The shallowest slope below sea level

E.   The steep deepest part below sea level

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A.   deep-sea trenches.

B.   hydrothermal vents.

C.   transform faults.

D.   oceanic ridges.

E.   fracture zones.

A.   transform faults.

B.   oceanic rises.

C.   deep-sea trenches.

D.   fracture zones.

E.   convergent plate boundaries.

A.   cold seeps.

B.   white smokers.

C.   turbidity currents.

D.   abyssal hills.

E.   black smokers.

A.   perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B.   in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

C.   in the same direction as the ridge offset.

D.   associated with turbidity currents.

E.   influenced by underwater boundary currents.

A.   located in submarine canyons.

B.   perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C.   associated with hydrothermal vents.

D.   parallel to the rift valley.

A.   Oceanic ridge

B.   Abyssal hill

C.   Rift valley

D.   Seafloor spreading

E.   Oceanic rise

A.   Rift valley

B.   Seamounts

C.   Pillow basalts

D.   Metal sulfide deposits

E.   Trenches

A.   Black smoker

B.   White smoker

C.   Rift valley

D.   Hydrothermal vent

E.   Deep focus earthquake

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Guyots

C.   Transform fault

D.   Nemataths

E.   Fracture zone

A.   Seaknolls

B.   Fracture zone

C.   Nemataths

D.   Transform fault

E.   Guyots

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Transform fault

C.   Neither

A.   Fracture zone

B.   Neither

C.   Transform fault

A.   95%

B.   85%

C.   75%

D.   90%

E.   65%

A.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B.   The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C.   Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D.   The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E.   The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.