A.   Barrel shaped rib cage

B.   Longer legs

C.   Stabilized foot arch

D.   Longer toes

A.   Australopithecus afarensis

B.   Sahelenthropus tchadensis

C.   Homo sapiens

D.   Homo erectus

A.   950 cc average brain size

B.   Long, low braincase

C.   Sagittal keel

D.   Thinner browridge that ancestors

A.   The Dmanisi were very small in stature and lacked the features we originally believed Homo erectus needed in order to travel long distances outside of Africa.

B.   The Dmanisi were still using Oldowan tools, but anthropologists believed Homo erectus needed to use more advanced tools in order to meet their energy budget.

C.   The Dmanisi were found to be advanced hunters, which negated the theory that Homo erectus migrated because they were following animals they scavenged from.

D.   The Dmanisi were found in Georgia outside of Africa and date back to 1.8 mya, which pushes the date of migration by Homo erectus back nearly 1 million years.

A.   Magdelanian

B.   Oldowan

C.   acheulean

D.   Mousterian

A.   Omomyoids

B.   Adapoids

C.   Procunsul

D.   Plesiadapiforms

A.   Swept back cheeks

B.   Relatively small brain size compared to Homo sapiens

C.   Projected mid face

D.   Double arched brow

A.   Neanderthals had bodies of equal size to Homo sapiens, which allowed them to effectively compete for resources in a mild climate

B.   Neanderthals had short and stocky bodies that allowed them to retain heat in an arctic environment

C.   Neanderthals had short and stocky bodies that allowed them to reduce heat in a sub-tropical environment

D.   Neanderthals had bodies that were lighter and leaner than Homo sapiens, which allowed them to retain more heat in an arctic environment

A.   A Levallois tool making technique that allowed Neanderthals to control the size and shape of their stone tools

B.   Leather working instruments that showed Neanderthals were manipulating animals pelts in order to making clothing and shoes

C.   Burials where Neanderthal bodies were placed in the fetal position and covered in flowers, reflecting a potential for spirituality

D.   Advanced use of hunting and trapping materials that showed Neanderthals exploited small game resources as well as oceanic resources

A.   Bodo cranium

B.   Herto cranium

C.   Turkana boy

D.   Kabwe cranium

A.   wooden spears

B.   Fossil bones

C.   Atylatl

D.   bows and arrows

A.   Suggest that motherhood is learned

B.   show that rhesus monkeys do not get attached to their infants like other mammals.

C.   to show that the benefits of motherhood do not outweigh the costs.

D.   imply that there is a biological component to the behavior of motherhood.

A.   dental arcade

B.   dental enamel

C.   dental attrition

D.   dental formula

A.   Endothermic

B.   Produce milk for their young

C.   Exothermic

D.   Have live young

A.   Whether a male can protect all the females and children in the group single handedly

B.   Whether the climate is conducive to mating

C.   Whether the primates are nocturnal

D.   If the male’s participation in child rearing increases the likelihood the child will survive.

A.   canines, incisors, premolars

B.   canine, incisors, premolars, molars

C.   Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

D.   incisors, premolars, canines, molars

A.   Political strategies by male chimpanzees

B.   Ability to learn English words and communicate them verbally

C.   Grieving and mourning among mother chimpanzees

D.   Collective problem solving strategies among apes

A.   Sagittal crest, Flared zygomatics and Huge molars

B.   Sagittal keel and Nuchal torus

C.   Sagittal crest, Flared zygomatics and Nuchal torus

D.   Sagittal crest, Sagittal keel and Nuchal torus

A.   Flared zygomatics, Sagittal keel and Huge molars

B.   Flared zygomatics, Sagittal crest and Huge molars

C.   Sagittal keel and delicate mandible

D.   Flared zygomatics, Sagittal keel and delicate mandible

A.   She had large, thick molars and sexually dimorphic canines

B.   She was not capable of bipedalism

C.   Her legs were longer than her arms, but her arms were still long enough to brachiate

D.   Her brain size was roughly 440 cubic centimeters

A.   An endocast allowed us to learn about the maturation rate of Australopithecus afarensis

B.   She was an infant, and infant fossils are less common in the fossil record

C.   Selam was an elderly fossil, which showed us how early Australopithecines started aging

D.   Selam's fossil contained her entire skull and spinal cord