Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 3
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Question #1
Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?
A.
Germicide
B.
Sporicide
C.
Bactericide
D.
Fungicide
Question #2
Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is _______.
A.
ionization
B.
sanitization
C.
antisepsis
D.
disinfection
Question #3
Base pairs in DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
A.
hydrogen
B.
nonpolar covalent
C.
sulfhydryl
D.
peptide
Question #4
Biofilm infections are harder to treat than the same free-living organisms because _______.
A.
when part of a biofilm community, the bacterial cells express different genes thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility
B.
bacteria in a biofilm exist only on synthetic surfaces such as catheters, so they cannot be treated with antibiotics
C.
the organisms in the biofilm degrade the antibiotics at a much faster rate than their free-living counterparts
D.
organisms in a biofilm develop antibiotic resistance more rapidly than free-living cells
Question #5
Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?
A.
Iodophor
B.
Glutaraldehyde
C.
3% hydrogen peroxide
D.
Chlorhexidine
E.
Betadine (povidone-iodine)
Question #6
A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule is a __________.
A.
chromosome
B.
phenotype
C.
genotype
D.
gene
Question #7
RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA ________.
A.
does not have thymine
B.
is typically one strand of nucleotides
C.
has ribose
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
has uracil
Question #8
The specific sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the _______ whereas the complementary sequence of three bases in tRNA that binds to the mRNA is best known as the _______.
A.
anticodon; codon
B.
gene; complement
C.
codon; DNA triplet
D.
codon; anticodon
Question #9
Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's microbiota often cause ________.
A.
mutation
B.
superinfections
C.
nephrotoxicity
D.
allergic reactions
E.
drug toxicity
Question #10
Three consecutive bases in the DNA of a gene represent the code for one _______.
A.
amino acid
B.
purine
C.
pyrimidine
D.
nucleotide
E.
protein
Question #11
The duplication of a cell's DNA is called _______.
A.
mutation
B.
transcription
C.
translation
D.
replication
E.
mitosis
Question #12
The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.
A.
death phase point
B.
None of the choices are correct
C.
sporicidal time
D.
thermal death time (TDT)
E.
thermal death point (TDP)
Question #13
If the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATA ETH EBI GRA T?
A.
Deletion
B.
Nonsense
C.
Silent
D.
Missense
E.
Insertion
Question #14
The sum total of genetic material of a cell is referred to as its ________.
A.
genome
B.
DNA
C.
phenotype
D.
chromosome
Question #15
Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include ______.
A.
chloroplast DNA
B.
plasmids
C.
chromosomes
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
mitochondrial DNA
Question #16
A method for sterilizing milk, called ________ treatment, uses 134°C for 1 to 2 seconds.
A.
flash pasteurization
B.
batch pasteurization
C.
pasteurization
D.
ultra high temperature
Question #17
The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed _______.
A.
decontamination
B.
degerming
C.
antisepsis
D.
sterilization
E.
disinfection
Question #18
Surfactants work by ________.
A.
coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment
B.
disrupting membrane integrity
C.
blocking transport into the organism
D.
blocking transport out from the organism
Question #19
Gram-negative rods are often treated with _________.
A.
synercid
B.
vancomycin
C.
aminoglycosides
D.
isoniazid
E.
penicillin G
Question #20
Sulfonamides _______.
A.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
B.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
C.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
D.
damage cell membranes
E.
block folic acid synthesis
Question #21
A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.
A.
sanitization
B.
degermation
C.
antisepsis
D.
disinfection
E.
sterilization.
Question #22
During DNA replication, synthesis of the leading strand of DNA differs from the synthesis of the lagging strand in that ________.
A.
the leading strand is made in the 5'-3' direction by DNA polymerase III, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction, 3'-5'
B.
the leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, whereas the lagging strand extends away from the fork and is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments
C.
only the lagging strand requires a primer for each of the Okazaki fragments; the leading strand does not require a primer to begin synthesis of the daughter strand
D.
the leading strand is synthesized away from the fork and is made in short segments called Okazaki fragments whereas the lagging strand extends continuously toward the replication fork
Question #23
What type of mutation alters the base, but not the amino acid being coded for?
A.
Silent
B.
Missense
C.
Back
D.
Point
E.
Nonsense
Question #24
The nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the _______.
A.
promoter
B.
operon
C.
operator
D.
intron
E.
exon
Question #25
The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is ______.
A.
sanitization
B.
ionization
C.
sterilization
D.
antisepsis
E.
disinfection
Question #26
The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is ________.
A.
amphotericin B
B.
griseofulvin
C.
sulfa drugs
D.
nystatin
E.
metronidazole
Question #27
Placing organisms at 4oC is _______.
A.
bacteriostatic
B.
None of the choices are correct
C.
bactericidal
D.
sterilization
E.
decontamination
Question #28
Which of the following is not true of an organism's genotype?
A.
Is inherited
B.
Are structural genes coding for proteins
C.
Are the expressed traits governed by the genes
D.
Are genes coding for RNA
E.
Are regulatory genes controlling gene expression
Question #29
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all _______.
A.
have resistance to the action of penicillinase
B.
target the cell wall
C.
are semisynthetic
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
have an expanded spectrum of activity
Question #30
The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called _______.
A.
prophylaxis
B.
synergism
C.
prebiotics
D.
competitive inhibition
E.
lantibiotics
Question #31
_______ is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them.
A.
Filtration
B.
Sterilization
C.
Radiation
D.
Boiling
E.
Disinfection
Question #32
The drug used for several protozoan infections is ________.
A.
griseofulvin
B.
amphotericin B
C.
metronidazole
D.
nystatin
E.
sulfa drugs
Question #33
DNA Polymerase III ________.
A.
adds new bases and proofreads new DNA
B.
removes primer
C.
synthesizes primer
D.
unzips the DNA helix
E.
joins Okazaki fragments
Question #34
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.
A.
sanitization
B.
degermation
C.
antisepsis
D.
disinfection
E.
sterilization
Question #35
Some microbial control agents are able to _______ cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state (three-dimensional configuration) of the proteins.
A.
denature
B.
activate
C.
dissolve
D.
bind
Question #36
A three base sequence on mRNA is called a(n) _______.
A.
exon
B.
anticodon
C.
intron
D.
codon
Question #37
The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.
A.
sporicidal time
B.
thermal death time (TDT)
C.
death phase point
D.
thermal death point (TDP)
Question #38
Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _______ infections.
A.
bacterial
B.
helminthic
C.
fungal
D.
viral
E.
protozoan
Question #39
A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the _______.
A.
MIC
B.
E-test
C.
therapeutic index (TI)
D.
Kirby-Bauer
E.
antibiogram
Question #40
DNA Polymerase I ________.
A.
unzips DNA
B.
adds bases to new DNA chain
C.
removes primers
D.
synthesizes RNA primer
Question #41
A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?
A.
Antibiogram
B.
E-test
C.
Kirby-Bauer
D.
Therapeutic index (TI)
E.
MIC
Question #42
Micafungin and caspofungin are antifungal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis. They belong to the group of drugs known as _______.
A.
macrolide polyenes
B.
echinocandins
C.
azoles
D.
allylamines
Question #43
The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called _______.
A.
ribozymes
B.
ribosomal RNA
C.
primer RNA
D.
transfer RNA
E.
messenger RNA
Question #44
Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat _______.
A.
influenza A virus
B.
respiratory syncytial virus
C.
HIV
D.
hepatitis C virus
E.
herpes zoster virus
Question #45
All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except ________.
A.
guanine pairs with uracil
B.
they are only present in the form of purines
C.
form pairs by hydrogen bonding
D.
adenine pairs with thymine
E.
cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines
Question #46
A.
proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction of the growing mRNA molecule
B.
occurs before translation
C.
requires a template DNA strand
D.
requires RNA polymerase
E.
occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Question #47
The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is _______.
A.
disinfection
B.
sanitization
C.
degermation
D.
sterilization
E.
antisepsis
Question #48
HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from ________.
A.
human tissues
B.
liquids
C.
medical instruments
D.
All of the choices are correct
E.
air
Question #49
The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called ________.
A.
gel electrophoresis
B.
genetic engineering
C.
recombinant DNA
D.
gene probes
E.
biotechnology
Question #50
The gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing an operon is called the _______.
A.
terminator
B.
operator
C.
structural locus
D.
promoter
E.
regulator
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