Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 3
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Question #1
Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?
A.
Germicide
B.
Fungicide
C.
Bactericide
D.
Sporicide
Question #2
Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is _______.
A.
ionization
B.
antisepsis
C.
disinfection
D.
sanitization
Question #3
Base pairs in DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
A.
sulfhydryl
B.
hydrogen
C.
peptide
D.
nonpolar covalent
Question #4
Biofilm infections are harder to treat than the same free-living organisms because _______.
A.
the organisms in the biofilm degrade the antibiotics at a much faster rate than their free-living counterparts
B.
bacteria in a biofilm exist only on synthetic surfaces such as catheters, so they cannot be treated with antibiotics
C.
when part of a biofilm community, the bacterial cells express different genes thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility
D.
organisms in a biofilm develop antibiotic resistance more rapidly than free-living cells
Question #5
Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?
A.
Chlorhexidine
B.
Iodophor
C.
3% hydrogen peroxide
D.
Glutaraldehyde
E.
Betadine (povidone-iodine)
Question #6
A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule is a __________.
A.
genotype
B.
gene
C.
chromosome
D.
phenotype
Question #7
RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA ________.
A.
has uracil
B.
does not have thymine
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
is typically one strand of nucleotides
E.
has ribose
Question #8
The specific sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the _______ whereas the complementary sequence of three bases in tRNA that binds to the mRNA is best known as the _______.
A.
codon; DNA triplet
B.
gene; complement
C.
codon; anticodon
D.
anticodon; codon
Question #9
Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's microbiota often cause ________.
A.
superinfections
B.
nephrotoxicity
C.
drug toxicity
D.
allergic reactions
E.
mutation
Question #10
Three consecutive bases in the DNA of a gene represent the code for one _______.
A.
pyrimidine
B.
amino acid
C.
purine
D.
protein
E.
nucleotide
Question #11
The duplication of a cell's DNA is called _______.
A.
mitosis
B.
mutation
C.
replication
D.
translation
E.
transcription
Question #12
The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.
A.
sporicidal time
B.
thermal death point (TDP)
C.
None of the choices are correct
D.
thermal death time (TDT)
E.
death phase point
Question #13
If the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATA ETH EBI GRA T?
A.
Missense
B.
Nonsense
C.
Silent
D.
Deletion
E.
Insertion
Question #14
The sum total of genetic material of a cell is referred to as its ________.
A.
DNA
B.
phenotype
C.
chromosome
D.
genome
Question #15
Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include ______.
A.
chloroplast DNA
B.
plasmids
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
chromosomes
E.
mitochondrial DNA
Question #16
A method for sterilizing milk, called ________ treatment, uses 134°C for 1 to 2 seconds.
A.
batch pasteurization
B.
pasteurization
C.
flash pasteurization
D.
ultra high temperature
Question #17
The method of removing vegetative microbial life forms from inanimate objects is termed _______.
A.
decontamination
B.
antisepsis
C.
degerming
D.
sterilization
E.
disinfection
Question #18
Surfactants work by ________.
A.
blocking transport into the organism
B.
coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment
C.
disrupting membrane integrity
D.
blocking transport out from the organism
Question #19
Gram-negative rods are often treated with _________.
A.
vancomycin
B.
isoniazid
C.
synercid
D.
aminoglycosides
E.
penicillin G
Question #20
Sulfonamides _______.
A.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
B.
damage cell membranes
C.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
D.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
E.
block folic acid synthesis
Question #21
A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.
A.
disinfection
B.
sanitization
C.
antisepsis
D.
sterilization.
E.
degermation
Question #22
During DNA replication, synthesis of the leading strand of DNA differs from the synthesis of the lagging strand in that ________.
A.
only the lagging strand requires a primer for each of the Okazaki fragments; the leading strand does not require a primer to begin synthesis of the daughter strand
B.
the leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, whereas the lagging strand extends away from the fork and is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments
C.
the leading strand is made in the 5'-3' direction by DNA polymerase III, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction, 3'-5'
D.
the leading strand is synthesized away from the fork and is made in short segments called Okazaki fragments whereas the lagging strand extends continuously toward the replication fork
Question #23
What type of mutation alters the base, but not the amino acid being coded for?
A.
Silent
B.
Back
C.
Nonsense
D.
Point
E.
Missense
Question #24
The nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the _______.
A.
intron
B.
exon
C.
promoter
D.
operon
E.
operator
Question #25
The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is ______.
A.
antisepsis
B.
ionization
C.
sterilization
D.
sanitization
E.
disinfection
Question #26
The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is ________.
A.
metronidazole
B.
nystatin
C.
sulfa drugs
D.
amphotericin B
E.
griseofulvin
Question #27
Placing organisms at 4oC is _______.
A.
decontamination
B.
sterilization
C.
bacteriostatic
D.
None of the choices are correct
E.
bactericidal
Question #28
Which of the following is not true of an organism's genotype?
A.
Are regulatory genes controlling gene expression
B.
Are genes coding for RNA
C.
Are structural genes coding for proteins
D.
Is inherited
E.
Are the expressed traits governed by the genes
Question #29
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all _______.
A.
have an expanded spectrum of activity
B.
target the cell wall
C.
are semisynthetic
D.
have resistance to the action of penicillinase
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #30
The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called _______.
A.
prebiotics
B.
lantibiotics
C.
prophylaxis
D.
synergism
E.
competitive inhibition
Question #31
_______ is a control method that removes microorganisms rather than inhibiting or killing them.
A.
Radiation
B.
Disinfection
C.
Boiling
D.
Filtration
E.
Sterilization
Question #32
The drug used for several protozoan infections is ________.
A.
nystatin
B.
amphotericin B
C.
sulfa drugs
D.
metronidazole
E.
griseofulvin
Question #33
DNA Polymerase III ________.
A.
unzips the DNA helix
B.
adds new bases and proofreads new DNA
C.
joins Okazaki fragments
D.
removes primer
E.
synthesizes primer
Question #34
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.
A.
sanitization
B.
antisepsis
C.
degermation
D.
disinfection
E.
sterilization
Question #35
Some microbial control agents are able to _______ cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state (three-dimensional configuration) of the proteins.
A.
activate
B.
denature
C.
dissolve
D.
bind
Question #36
A three base sequence on mRNA is called a(n) _______.
A.
anticodon
B.
intron
C.
exon
D.
codon
Question #37
The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.
A.
death phase point
B.
thermal death point (TDP)
C.
thermal death time (TDT)
D.
sporicidal time
Question #38
Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _______ infections.
A.
bacterial
B.
helminthic
C.
protozoan
D.
fungal
E.
viral
Question #39
A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the _______.
A.
therapeutic index (TI)
B.
Kirby-Bauer
C.
MIC
D.
E-test
E.
antibiogram
Question #40
DNA Polymerase I ________.
A.
removes primers
B.
adds bases to new DNA chain
C.
unzips DNA
D.
synthesizes RNA primer
Question #41
A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?
A.
Antibiogram
B.
E-test
C.
Therapeutic index (TI)
D.
MIC
E.
Kirby-Bauer
Question #42
Micafungin and caspofungin are antifungal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis. They belong to the group of drugs known as _______.
A.
allylamines
B.
azoles
C.
echinocandins
D.
macrolide polyenes
Question #43
The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called _______.
A.
primer RNA
B.
ribosomal RNA
C.
messenger RNA
D.
ribozymes
E.
transfer RNA
Question #44
Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat _______.
A.
herpes zoster virus
B.
respiratory syncytial virus
C.
HIV
D.
influenza A virus
E.
hepatitis C virus
Question #45
All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except ________.
A.
adenine pairs with thymine
B.
form pairs by hydrogen bonding
C.
cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines
D.
they are only present in the form of purines
E.
guanine pairs with uracil
Question #46
A.
occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm
B.
requires RNA polymerase
C.
requires a template DNA strand
D.
occurs before translation
E.
proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction of the growing mRNA molecule
Question #47
The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is _______.
A.
disinfection
B.
antisepsis
C.
sanitization
D.
sterilization
E.
degermation
Question #48
HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from ________.
A.
air
B.
liquids
C.
human tissues
D.
All of the choices are correct
E.
medical instruments
Question #49
The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called ________.
A.
biotechnology
B.
genetic engineering
C.
gene probes
D.
recombinant DNA
E.
gel electrophoresis
Question #50
The gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing an operon is called the _______.
A.
regulator
B.
structural locus
C.
terminator
D.
operator
E.
promoter
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