West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Krebs cycle

B. Electron transport chain

C. Glycolysis

D. Transition reaction

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of reduced coenzymes

B. generation of ATP

C. production of carbon dioxide

D. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

E. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Endergonic

B. Ergonomic

C. Erythropoetic

D. Exergonic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Glycogenolysis

B. Gluconeogenesis

C. Carbonification

D. Decarboxylation

E. Oxidation

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. The Krebs cycle

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Protein synthesis

D. Electron transport system

E. Glycolysis

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Glucose

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Oxygen

D. Magic

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Protein synthesis

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Glycolysis

D. Electron transport system

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. NADH

B. H+

C. NADH and FADH2

D. FADH2

E. All of these are electron acceptors

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. generation of ATP

D. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. endoplasmic reticulum

B. golgi complex

C. nucleolus

D. mitochondria

E. cytoplasm

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. active transport

B. osmosis

C. protein synthesis

D. cell division

E. contraction

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Electron transport chain

B. Krebs cycle

C. Transition reaction

D. Glycolysis

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The removal of protons

B. The addition of protons

C. The addition of electrons

D. None of these choices

E. The removal of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Deamination

B. Emancipation

C. transcription

D. Phosphorylation

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Skin

B. Blood-brain barrier

C. Mouth lining

D. Esophagus

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B. neurons and mast cells.

C. neurons and somites.

D. neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Stratified squamous

C. Transitional

D. Simple cuboidal

E. Stratified columnar

F. Simple squamous

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. albumin.

B. white blood cells.

C. lymph.

D. red blood cells.

E. plasma.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Cartilage

B. Epidermis

C. Blood

D. Bone

E. Tendons

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

B. Simple cuboidal epithelium

C. Stratified squamous epithelium

D. Simple squamous epithelium

E. Simple columnar epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Epithelial

B. Nervous

C. Adipose

D. Muscle

E. Connective

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Epithelial

B. Adipose

C. Nervous

D. Connective

E. Muscle

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Saliva

B. Breastmilk

C. Bile

D. Sweat

E. Hormones

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B. All of these Answer choices are correct.

C. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E. is used to form glands.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Cardiac

C. Skeletal

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. choroid plexus

B. arachnoid membrane

C. limbic system

D. cerebral ganglia

E. dura mater

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. electrical synapses

B. chemical synapses

C. ligand-gated channels

D. voltage-gated channels

E. mechanically-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Decreased stimulus strength

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. Decreased temperature

D. Lower amplitude of action potential

E. More myelin sheathing

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B. The sodium ions are negatively charged

C. It exhibits low permeability

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –40 to –90 mV

B. –25 to –70 mV

C. –90 to 5 mV

D. +5 to 100 mV

E. None of these choices

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation only

B. Reuptake at axon terminal only

C. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. EPSPs

B. IPSPs

C. either EPSPs or IPSPs

D. All the choices are correct

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Electrical refractory period

B. Threshold potential

C. Resting membrane potential

D. Receptor potential

E. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Occurs only in myelinated axons

B. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

D. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E. none of these choices occur.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. K+ into the cell

B. K+ out of the cell

C. Na+ out of the cell

D. Na+ into the cell

Question #38

A. in the dendrites.

B. in the neuron nucleus

C. in the neuroplasm.

D. at the trigger zone.

E. in the synaptic cleft.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Release of neurotransmitter

C. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D. Firing of a second action potential

E. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Ca2+

B. K¬+

C. Na+

D. Cl-

E. Fe2+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Electrical synapse

B. Chemical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B. none of these choices

C. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. depolarizes

B. hyperpolarizes

C. repolarizes

D. moves across channels in

E. does not affect the polarity of

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Integrative function

B. Sensory function

C. All are functions of the nervous system

D. Motor function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. nodes of Ranvier

B. dendrite

C. axon

D. schwann cells

E. choroid plexus

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Anchoring junctions

B. Gap junctions

C. Tight junctions

D. Desmosomes

Question #47

A. Latent period

B. All of these choices

C. Relative refractory period

D. Absolute refractory period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. neutrons

B. protons

C. ions

D. free radicals

E. electrons

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. dendrite

B. Schwann cells

C. axon

D. nodes of Ranvier

E. choroid plexus

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Serotonin

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Dopamine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B. exhibits a membrane potential.

C. includes most cells of the body.

D. All of these choices are correct.

E. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. runs out of neurotransmitter.

C. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. continue a temporal summation

B. inhibit a presynaptic potential

C. remove a neurotransmitter

D. stop a spatial summation

E. excite a presynaptic potential

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Dendrites

B. Axon

C. Axon Terminal

D. Cell body

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. IPSPs

B. Substrate Phosphorylation

C. Summation

D. Long Term Potentiation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Pons

B. Cerebellum

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Corpus Callosum

E. Cerebrum

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Rami communicantes

B. Anterior ramus

C. Posterior ramus

D. Brachial plexus

E. Meningeal branch

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Pyramids

D. Corpus callosum

E. Sulci

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Association tracts

B. Commissural tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Stria medullaris

B. Association tracts

C. Commissural tracts

D. Projection tracts

E. Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Rhombencephelon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Diencephalon

E. Telencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. choroid plexus

B. lateral ventricles

C. arachnoid granulations

D. subarachnoid space

E. 3rd ventricle

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. cerebral ganglia

B. limbic system

C. arachnoid membrane

D. choroid plexus

E. dura mater

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. theta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. P waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. anterior white commissure.

B. posterior gray horn.

C. central canal.

D. dorsal root ganglion.

E. lateral gray horn.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Uniaxial

B. Astrocytes

C. Purkinje

D. Unipolar

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Aqueduct of the midbrain

B. Lateral apertures

C. Choroid plexuses

D. Interventricular foramina

E. Brachial plexuses

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. autonomic ganglia

B. vestibular nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. basal nuclei

E. red nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Dura mater

B. All of these choices

C. Blood brain barrier

D. Cerebrospinal fluid

E. Arachnoid mater

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 2 only

B. Both 1 & 2

C. 1 only

D. 3 only

E. Both 2 & 3

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. beta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. theta waves.

E. P waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. CT

B. PET

C. X-ray

D. Ultrasound

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. reticulospinal

B. spinocerebellar

C. corticospinal

D. pyramidal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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