West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Electron transport chain

B. Krebs cycle

C. Glycolysis

D. Transition reaction

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C. generation of ATP

D. production of reduced coenzymes

E. production of carbon dioxide

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Erythropoetic

B. Exergonic

C. Endergonic

D. Ergonomic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Gluconeogenesis

B. Decarboxylation

C. Glycogenolysis

D. Oxidation

E. Carbonification

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. Glycolysis

C. Protein synthesis

D. Electron transport system

E. The Krebs cycle

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Glucose

B. Oxygen

C. Magic

D. Carbon dioxide

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Glycolysis

B. Electron transport system

C. Formation of acetyl-CoA

D. Protein synthesis

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. NADH and FADH2

B. H+

C. FADH2

D. All of these are electron acceptors

E. NADH

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B. generation of ATP

C. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D. production of carbon dioxide

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. golgi complex

B. endoplasmic reticulum

C. nucleolus

D. cytoplasm

E. mitochondria

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. osmosis

B. active transport

C. protein synthesis

D. contraction

E. cell division

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Glycolysis

B. Transition reaction

C. Electron transport chain

D. Krebs cycle

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. None of these choices

B. The addition of protons

C. The addition of electrons

D. The removal of electrons

E. The removal of protons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Deamination

B. Phosphorylation

C. Emancipation

D. transcription

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Skin

B. Esophagus

C. Mouth lining

D. Blood-brain barrier

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neurons and mast cells.

B. neurons and somites.

C. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D. neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Transitional

B. Simple squamous

D. Stratified columnar

E. Stratified squamous

F. Simple cuboidal

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. white blood cells.

B. lymph.

C. plasma.

D. red blood cells.

E. albumin.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Tendons

B. Epidermis

C. Blood

D. Bone

E. Cartilage

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple cuboidal epithelium

B. Simple columnar epithelium

C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D. Simple squamous epithelium

E. Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Nervous

B. Muscle

C. Epithelial

D. Connective

E. Adipose

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Connective

B. Adipose

C. Epithelial

D. Nervous

E. Muscle

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Sweat

B. Saliva

C. Breastmilk

D. Hormones

E. Bile

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B. is used to form glands.

C. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

D. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E. All of these Answer choices are correct.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Skeletal

B. Smooth

C. Cardiac

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. cerebral ganglia

B. limbic system

C. dura mater

D. choroid plexus

E. arachnoid membrane

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. chemical synapses

B. mechanically-gated channels

C. voltage-gated channels

D. electrical synapses

E. ligand-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Decreased stimulus strength

B. Decreased temperature

C. Lower amplitude of action potential

D. More myelin sheathing

E. Increased diameter of axon

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It exhibits low permeability

B. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C. The sodium ions are negatively charged

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –40 to –90 mV

B. None of these choices

C. +5 to 100 mV

D. –25 to –70 mV

E. –90 to 5 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation only

B. Reuptake at axon terminal only

C. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. EPSPs

B. IPSPs

C. either EPSPs or IPSPs

D. All the choices are correct

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Electrical refractory period

B. Resting membrane potential

C. Threshold potential

D. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E. Receptor potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D. Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B. none of these choices occur.

C. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. K+ into the cell

B. Na+ into the cell

C. K+ out of the cell

D. Na+ out of the cell

Question #38

A. in the synaptic cleft.

B. at the trigger zone.

C. in the dendrites.

D. in the neuroplasm.

E. in the neuron nucleus

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B. Firing of a second action potential

C. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

D. Release of neurotransmitter

E. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Na+

B. K¬+

C. Ca2+

D. Fe2+

E. Cl-

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D. none of these choices

E. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. does not affect the polarity of

B. repolarizes

C. hyperpolarizes

D. moves across channels in

E. depolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. All are functions of the nervous system

B. Integrative function

C. Motor function

D. Sensory function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. axon

B. schwann cells

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. dendrite

E. choroid plexus

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Anchoring junctions

B. Gap junctions

C. Desmosomes

D. Tight junctions

Question #47

A. Absolute refractory period

B. Latent period

C. Relative refractory period

D. All of these choices

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. free radicals

B. neutrons

C. protons

D. ions

E. electrons

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. choroid plexus

B. nodes of Ranvier

C. axon

D. dendrite

E. Schwann cells

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Dopamine

B. Norepinephrine

C. Serotonin

D. Epinephrine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B. All of these choices are correct.

C. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D. exhibits a membrane potential.

E. includes most cells of the body.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

C. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E. runs out of neurotransmitter.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. excite a presynaptic potential

B. continue a temporal summation

C. inhibit a presynaptic potential

D. stop a spatial summation

E. remove a neurotransmitter

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon

B. Cell body

C. Axon Terminal

D. Dendrites

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Summation

B. IPSPs

C. Long Term Potentiation

D. Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebrum

B. Medulla Oblongata

C. Corpus Callosum

D. Cerebellum

E. Pons

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Anterior ramus

B. Brachial plexus

C. Meningeal branch

D. Rami communicantes

E. Posterior ramus

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Corpus callosum

B. Pyramids

C. Association tracts

D. Sulci

E. Projection tracts

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Association tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Stria medullaris

D. Mammillothalamic tracts

E. Association tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Myelencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Diencephalon

D. Telencephalon

E. Rhombencephelon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. subarachnoid space

B. arachnoid granulations

C. 3rd ventricle

D. choroid plexus

E. lateral ventricles

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. arachnoid membrane

B. choroid plexus

C. dura mater

D. cerebral ganglia

E. limbic system

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. delta waves.

C. beta waves.

D. P waves.

E. theta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. posterior gray horn.

B. central canal.

C. anterior white commissure.

D. lateral gray horn.

E. dorsal root ganglion.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Unipolar

B. Astrocytes

C. Uniaxial

D. Purkinje

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Choroid plexuses

B. Aqueduct of the midbrain

C. Interventricular foramina

D. Lateral apertures

E. Brachial plexuses

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. lateral olivary nuclei

B. red nuclei

C. basal nuclei

D. vestibular nuclei

E. autonomic ganglia

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Dura mater

B. Blood brain barrier

C. Arachnoid mater

D. Cerebrospinal fluid

E. All of these choices

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 2 only

B. Both 2 & 3

C. Both 1 & 2

D. 3 only

E. 1 only

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. theta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. beta waves.

E. P waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. CT

B. X-ray

C. PET

D. Ultrasound

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. spinocerebellar

B. pyramidal

C. corticospinal

D. reticulospinal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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