West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Transition reaction

B. Glycolysis

C. Krebs cycle

D. Electron transport chain

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. production of reduced coenzymes

D. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E. generation of ATP

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Erythropoetic

B. Ergonomic

C. Exergonic

D. Endergonic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Decarboxylation

B. Gluconeogenesis

C. Carbonification

D. Glycogenolysis

E. Oxidation

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. Glycolysis

C. The Krebs cycle

D. Protein synthesis

E. Electron transport system

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Magic

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Glucose

D. Oxygen

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Electron transport system

B. Protein synthesis

C. Formation of acetyl-CoA

D. Glycolysis

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. NADH and FADH2

B. All of these are electron acceptors

C. NADH

D. H+

E. FADH2

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. generation of ATP

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. mitochondria

B. cytoplasm

C. endoplasmic reticulum

D. golgi complex

E. nucleolus

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. cell division

B. protein synthesis

C. osmosis

D. contraction

E. active transport

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Transition reaction

B. Electron transport chain

C. Krebs cycle

D. Glycolysis

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. None of these choices

B. The removal of protons

C. The addition of protons

D. The addition of electrons

E. The removal of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Emancipation

B. Deamination

C. Phosphorylation

D. transcription

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Esophagus

B. Skin

C. Mouth lining

D. Blood-brain barrier

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neurons and mast cells.

B. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C. neuroglial cells and neurons.

D. neurons and somites.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Simple squamous

B. Stratified squamous

C. Stratified columnar

D. Simple cuboidal

E. Transitional

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. plasma.

B. albumin.

C. red blood cells.

D. white blood cells.

E. lymph.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Tendons

B. Blood

C. Bone

D. Cartilage

E. Epidermis

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple squamous epithelium

B. Stratified squamous epithelium

C. Simple columnar epithelium

D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Adipose

B. Muscle

C. Epithelial

D. Nervous

E. Connective

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Muscle

B. Adipose

C. Nervous

D. Epithelial

E. Connective

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Hormones

B. Sweat

C. Saliva

D. Bile

E. Breastmilk

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B. All of these Answer choices are correct.

C. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D. is used to form glands.

E. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Cardiac

B. Skeletal

C. Smooth

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. limbic system

B. arachnoid membrane

C. cerebral ganglia

D. dura mater

E. choroid plexus

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. chemical synapses

B. voltage-gated channels

C. ligand-gated channels

D. mechanically-gated channels

E. electrical synapses

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. More myelin sheathing

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. Lower amplitude of action potential

D. Decreased temperature

E. Decreased stimulus strength

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It exhibits low permeability

B. The sodium ions are negatively charged

C. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. +5 to 100 mV

B. None of these choices

C. –90 to 5 mV

D. –25 to –70 mV

E. –40 to –90 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Reuptake at axon terminal only

B. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D. Enzymatic degradation only

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. All the choices are correct

B. either EPSPs or IPSPs

C. IPSPs

D. EPSPs

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Threshold potential

B. Receptor potential

C. Resting membrane potential

D. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E. Electrical refractory period

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Occurs only in myelinated axons

C. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

D. none of these choices occur.

E. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. Na+ into the cell

B. K+ into the cell

C. Na+ out of the cell

D. K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the neuroplasm.

B. in the dendrites.

C. in the neuron nucleus

D. in the synaptic cleft.

E. at the trigger zone.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B. Release of neurotransmitter

C. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D. Firing of a second action potential

E. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Cl-

B. K¬+

C. Na+

D. Ca2+

E. Fe2+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C. none of these choices

D. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. depolarizes

B. repolarizes

C. does not affect the polarity of

D. hyperpolarizes

E. moves across channels in

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Motor function

B. Sensory function

C. Integrative function

D. All are functions of the nervous system

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. dendrite

B. choroid plexus

C. axon

D. schwann cells

E. nodes of Ranvier

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Gap junctions

B. Tight junctions

C. Anchoring junctions

D. Desmosomes

Question #47

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A. Absolute refractory period

B. Latent period

C. All of these choices

D. Relative refractory period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. protons

B. electrons

C. ions

D. free radicals

E. neutrons

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. axon

B. Schwann cells

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. dendrite

E. choroid plexus

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Norepinephrine

B. Epinephrine

C. Serotonin

D. Dopamine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. All of these choices are correct.

B. exhibits a membrane potential.

C. includes most cells of the body.

D. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

E. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C. runs out of neurotransmitter.

D. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. continue a temporal summation

B. inhibit a presynaptic potential

C. remove a neurotransmitter

D. stop a spatial summation

E. excite a presynaptic potential

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon Terminal

B. Cell body

C. Dendrites

D. Axon

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Long Term Potentiation

B. Substrate Phosphorylation

C. IPSPs

D. Summation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebellum

B. Cerebrum

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Corpus Callosum

E. Pons

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Posterior ramus

B. Rami communicantes

C. Meningeal branch

D. Anterior ramus

E. Brachial plexus

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Corpus callosum

B. Projection tracts

C. Pyramids

D. Association tracts

E. Sulci

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Association tracts

B. Commissural tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Association tracts

B. Commissural tracts

C. Mammillothalamic tracts

D. Projection tracts

E. Stria medullaris

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Telencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Diencephalon

E. Rhombencephelon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. arachnoid granulations

B. subarachnoid space

C. lateral ventricles

D. 3rd ventricle

E. choroid plexus

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. cerebral ganglia

B. choroid plexus

C. dura mater

D. arachnoid membrane

E. limbic system

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. delta waves.

B. theta waves.

C. beta waves.

D. alpha waves.

E. P waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. central canal.

B. dorsal root ganglion.

C. posterior gray horn.

D. lateral gray horn.

E. anterior white commissure.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Astrocytes

B. Unipolar

C. Uniaxial

D. Purkinje

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Aqueduct of the midbrain

B. Lateral apertures

C. Choroid plexuses

D. Brachial plexuses

E. Interventricular foramina

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. autonomic ganglia

B. vestibular nuclei

C. basal nuclei

D. red nuclei

E. lateral olivary nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Dura mater

B. Blood brain barrier

C. All of these choices

D. Arachnoid mater

E. Cerebrospinal fluid

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. Both 1 & 2

B. Both 2 & 3

C. 3 only

D. 2 only

E. 1 only

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. P waves.

C. delta waves.

D. theta waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. Ultrasound

B. CT

C. X-ray

D. PET

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. pyramidal

B. reticulospinal

C. spinocerebellar

D. corticospinal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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