Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1
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Question #1
Which of the following is considered anaerobic?
A.
Electron transport chain
B.
Krebs cycle
C.
Transition reaction
D.
Glycolysis
Question #2
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
All of these occur in the Krebs cycle
B.
production of reduced coenzymes
C.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
D.
generation of ATP
E.
production of carbon dioxide
Question #3
Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?
A.
Exergonic
B.
Erythropoetic
C.
Ergonomic
D.
Endergonic
Question #4
Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?
A.
Carbonification
B.
Glycogenolysis
C.
Decarboxylation
D.
Oxidation
E.
Gluconeogenesis
Question #5
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
A.
Electron transport system
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Protein synthesis
D.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
E.
The Krebs cycle
Question #6
C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?
A.
Glucose
B.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Oxygen
D.
Magic
Question #7
Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?
A.
Protein synthesis
B.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Electron transport system
Question #8
Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?
A.
NADH and FADH2
B.
H+
C.
All of these are electron acceptors
D.
FADH2
E.
NADH
Question #9
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
generation of ATP
B.
Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+
C.
production of carbon dioxide
D.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
Question #10
The Electron Transport System is located in the
A.
golgi complex
B.
endoplasmic reticulum
C.
nucleolus
D.
mitochondria
E.
cytoplasm
Question #11
A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:
A.
osmosis
B.
protein synthesis
C.
contraction
D.
active transport
E.
cell division
Question #12
The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called
A.
Transition reaction
B.
Electron transport chain
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Krebs cycle
Question #13
Oxidation is
A.
The removal of protons
B.
The removal of electrons
C.
The addition of electrons
D.
None of these choices
E.
The addition of protons
Question #14
The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:
A.
transcription
B.
Deamination
C.
Phosphorylation
D.
Emancipation
Question #15
Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.
Blood-brain barrier
B.
Skin
C.
Mouth lining
D.
Esophagus
Question #16
The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
A.
neurons and mast cells.
B.
neuroglial cells and neurons.
C.
neuroglial cells and myofibers.
D.
neurons and somites.
Question #17
Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
A.
B.
Transitional
C.
Stratified squamous
D.
Stratified columnar
E.
Simple squamous
F.
Simple cuboidal
Question #18
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
A.
lymph.
B.
plasma.
C.
red blood cells.
D.
white blood cells.
E.
albumin.
Question #19
Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?
A.
Epidermis
B.
Cartilage
C.
Blood
D.
Bone
E.
Tendons
Question #20
This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
A.
Stratified squamous epithelium
B.
Simple columnar epithelium
C.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
D.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
E.
Simple squamous epithelium
Question #21
All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for
A.
Connective
B.
Epithelial
C.
Muscle
D.
Adipose
E.
Nervous
Question #22
Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?
A.
Muscle
B.
Nervous
C.
Connective
D.
Adipose
E.
Epithelial
Question #23
Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except
A.
Bile
B.
Breastmilk
C.
Sweat
D.
Hormones
E.
Saliva
Question #24
Epithelial tissue
A.
usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.
B.
is used as a covering of body surfaces.
C.
All of these Answer choices are correct.
D.
is used to form glands.
E.
is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
Question #25
Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?
A.
Smooth
B.
Cardiac
C.
Skeletal
Question #26
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the
A.
limbic system
B.
cerebral ganglia
C.
dura mater
D.
choroid plexus
E.
arachnoid membrane
Question #27
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
A.
mechanically-gated channels
B.
electrical synapses
C.
ligand-gated channels
D.
voltage-gated channels
E.
chemical synapses
Question #28
Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?
A.
More myelin sheathing
B.
Increased diameter of axon
C.
Lower amplitude of action potential
D.
Decreased stimulus strength
E.
Decreased temperature
Question #29
Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because
A.
It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
B.
The sodium ions are negatively charged
C.
It exhibits low permeability
D.
All of the above are correct
Question #30
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
A.
None of these choices
B.
–40 to –90 mV
C.
–25 to –70 mV
D.
+5 to 100 mV
E.
–90 to 5 mV
Question #31
In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
A.
EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
B.
IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
C.
EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
D.
IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
E.
EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
Question #32
Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A.
Reuptake at axon terminal only
B.
Enzymatic degradation only
C.
Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal
D.
Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion
Question #33
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
A.
All the choices are correct
B.
water-filled channels in its membrane
C.
IPSPs
D.
either EPSPs or IPSPs
E.
EPSPs
Question #34
The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:
A.
Threshold potential
B.
Electrical refractory period
C.
Resting membrane potential
D.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
E.
Receptor potential
Question #35
Saltatory conduction
A.
Can occur in unmyelinated axons
B.
Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
C.
Occurs only in myelinated axons
D.
Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential
Question #36
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
A.
ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
B.
voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
C.
ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
D.
voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
E.
none of these choices occur.
Question #37
During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.
A.
Na+ into the cell
B.
K+ into the cell
C.
K+ out of the cell
D.
Na+ out of the cell
Question #38
A.
at the trigger zone.
B.
in the neuroplasm.
C.
in the neuron nucleus
D.
in the dendrites.
E.
in the synaptic cleft.
Question #39
What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?
A.
Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
B.
K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels
C.
Firing of a second action potential
D.
Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump
E.
Release of neurotransmitter
Question #40
The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:
A.
Fe2+
B.
Ca2+
C.
K¬+
D.
Na+
E.
Cl-
Question #41
Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?
A.
Chemical synapse
B.
Electrical synapse
Question #42
IPSP stands for
A.
inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
B.
inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
C.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
D.
inhibitory presynaptic potential.
E.
none of these choices
Question #43
An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
moves across channels in
B.
does not affect the polarity of
C.
depolarizes
D.
repolarizes
E.
hyperpolarizes
Question #44
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
A.
Motor function
B.
Integrative function
C.
Sensory function
D.
All are functions of the nervous system
Question #45
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
axon
C.
schwann cells
D.
dendrite
E.
nodes of Ranvier
Question #46
Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Tight junctions
B.
Desmosomes
C.
Gap junctions
D.
Anchoring junctions
Question #47
A.
Latent period
B.
Relative refractory period
C.
Absolute refractory period
D.
All of these choices
Question #48
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.
A.
protons
B.
free radicals
C.
neutrons
D.
electrons
E.
ions
Question #49
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
Schwann cells
B.
dendrite
C.
nodes of Ranvier
D.
axon
E.
choroid plexus
Question #50
Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?
A.
Serotonin
B.
Epinephrine
C.
Norepinephrine
D.
Dopamine
Question #51
A polarized cell
A.
has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
B.
exhibits a membrane potential.
C.
All of these choices are correct.
D.
includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
E.
includes most cells of the body.
Question #52
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
A.
fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
B.
fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
C.
recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
D.
runs out of neurotransmitter.
E.
stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
Question #53
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
A.
continue a temporal summation
B.
inhibit a presynaptic potential
C.
stop a spatial summation
D.
remove a neurotransmitter
E.
excite a presynaptic potential
Question #54
Which projection of the neuron receives signals?
A.
Cell body
B.
Axon Terminal
C.
Dendrites
D.
Axon
Question #55
Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?
A.
Summation
B.
Substrate Phosphorylation
C.
Long Term Potentiation
D.
IPSPs
Question #56
Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?
A.
Cerebellum
B.
Pons
C.
Medulla Oblongata
D.
Cerebrum
E.
Corpus Callosum
Question #57
This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
A.
Anterior ramus
B.
Brachial plexus
C.
Posterior ramus
D.
Rami communicantes
E.
Meningeal branch
Question #58
Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
A.
Pyramids
B.
Corpus callosum
C.
Projection tracts
D.
Association tracts
E.
Sulci
Question #59
Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?
A.
Projection tracts
B.
Commissural tracts
C.
Association tracts
D.
None of the above
E.
All of the above
Question #60
Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?
A.
Mammillothalamic tracts
B.
Projection tracts
C.
Association tracts
D.
Stria medullaris
E.
Commissural tracts
Question #61
Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?
A.
Myelencephalon
B.
Rhombencephelon
C.
Telencephalon
D.
Mesencephalon
E.
Diencephalon
Question #62
Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?
A.
subarachnoid space
B.
3rd ventricle
C.
choroid plexus
D.
arachnoid granulations
E.
lateral ventricles
Question #63
Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:
A.
cerebral ganglia
B.
choroid plexus
C.
limbic system
D.
arachnoid membrane
E.
dura mater
Question #64
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
P waves.
B.
delta waves.
C.
theta waves.
D.
alpha waves.
E.
beta waves.
Question #65
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the
A.
anterior white commissure.
B.
central canal.
C.
dorsal root ganglion.
D.
posterior gray horn.
E.
lateral gray horn.
Question #66
The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.
A.
Unipolar
B.
Uniaxial
C.
Astrocytes
D.
Purkinje
Question #67
These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
A.
Interventricular foramina
B.
Aqueduct of the midbrain
C.
Brachial plexuses
D.
Lateral apertures
E.
Choroid plexuses
Question #68
These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.
A.
red nuclei
B.
vestibular nuclei
C.
basal nuclei
D.
autonomic ganglia
E.
lateral olivary nuclei
Question #69
This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.
A.
Cerebrospinal fluid
B.
All of these choices
C.
Arachnoid mater
D.
Blood brain barrier
E.
Dura mater
Question #70
What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration
A.
Both 1 & 2
B.
1 only
C.
2 only
D.
Both 2 & 3
E.
3 only
Question #71
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
P waves.
B.
beta waves.
C.
alpha waves.
D.
theta waves.
E.
delta waves.
Question #72
Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?
A.
Ultrasound
B.
PET
C.
CT
D.
X-ray
Question #73
Which tract carries sensory information?
A.
spinocerebellar
B.
pyramidal
C.
corticospinal
D.
reticulospinal
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