West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis

B. Electron transport chain

C. Krebs cycle

D. Transition reaction

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of reduced coenzymes

B. generation of ATP

C. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E. production of carbon dioxide

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Erythropoetic

B. Ergonomic

C. Endergonic

D. Exergonic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Oxidation

B. Decarboxylation

C. Carbonification

D. Glycogenolysis

E. Gluconeogenesis

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. The Krebs cycle

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Glycolysis

D. Protein synthesis

E. Electron transport system

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Glucose

D. Magic

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Electron transport system

B. Glycolysis

C. Formation of acetyl-CoA

D. Protein synthesis

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. All of these are electron acceptors

B. H+

C. NADH

D. FADH2

E. NADH and FADH2

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of carbon dioxide

B. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. generation of ATP

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. endoplasmic reticulum

B. mitochondria

C. cytoplasm

D. nucleolus

E. golgi complex

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. osmosis

B. protein synthesis

C. active transport

D. contraction

E. cell division

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Glycolysis

B. Krebs cycle

C. Transition reaction

D. Electron transport chain

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. None of these choices

B. The removal of protons

C. The removal of electrons

D. The addition of protons

E. The addition of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. transcription

B. Emancipation

C. Deamination

D. Phosphorylation

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Blood-brain barrier

B. Mouth lining

C. Esophagus

D. Skin

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B. neurons and mast cells.

C. neuroglial cells and neurons.

D. neurons and somites.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Simple squamous

B. Stratified columnar

C. Transitional

D. Stratified squamous

F. Simple cuboidal

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. white blood cells.

B. lymph.

C. red blood cells.

D. plasma.

E. albumin.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Bone

B. Epidermis

C. Cartilage

D. Blood

E. Tendons

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple columnar epithelium

B. Simple squamous epithelium

C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D. Stratified squamous epithelium

E. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Muscle

B. Adipose

C. Connective

D. Nervous

E. Epithelial

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Epithelial

B. Nervous

C. Adipose

D. Connective

E. Muscle

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Saliva

B. Breastmilk

C. Hormones

D. Sweat

E. Bile

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

C. All of these Answer choices are correct.

D. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

E. is used to form glands.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Cardiac

C. Skeletal

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. limbic system

B. arachnoid membrane

C. cerebral ganglia

D. choroid plexus

E. dura mater

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. chemical synapses

B. electrical synapses

C. ligand-gated channels

D. voltage-gated channels

E. mechanically-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. More myelin sheathing

B. Lower amplitude of action potential

C. Increased diameter of axon

D. Decreased stimulus strength

E. Decreased temperature

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It exhibits low permeability

B. The sodium ions are negatively charged

C. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –40 to –90 mV

B. –25 to –70 mV

C. –90 to 5 mV

D. None of these choices

E. +5 to 100 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

D. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Reuptake at axon terminal only

B. Enzymatic degradation only

C. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. All the choices are correct

B. water-filled channels in its membrane

C. EPSPs

D. either EPSPs or IPSPs

E. IPSPs

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Threshold potential

B. Receptor potential

C. Electrical refractory period

D. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E. Resting membrane potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Occurs only in myelinated axons

C. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

D. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E. none of these choices occur.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. K+ into the cell

B. Na+ into the cell

C. K+ out of the cell

D. Na+ out of the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the synaptic cleft.

B. in the dendrites.

C. at the trigger zone.

D. in the neuroplasm.

E. in the neuron nucleus

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Release of neurotransmitter

C. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D. Firing of a second action potential

E. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Ca2+

B. Cl-

C. Na+

D. Fe2+

E. K¬+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E. none of these choices

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. does not affect the polarity of

B. moves across channels in

C. depolarizes

D. hyperpolarizes

E. repolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Motor function

B. All are functions of the nervous system

C. Sensory function

D. Integrative function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. schwann cells

B. choroid plexus

C. axon

D. dendrite

E. nodes of Ranvier

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Tight junctions

B. Desmosomes

C. Gap junctions

D. Anchoring junctions

Question #47

A. Latent period

B. Relative refractory period

C. Absolute refractory period

D. All of these choices

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. electrons

B. protons

C. neutrons

D. ions

E. free radicals

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. dendrite

B. axon

C. choroid plexus

D. nodes of Ranvier

E. Schwann cells

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Epinephrine

B. Serotonin

C. Norepinephrine

D. Dopamine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

C. includes most cells of the body.

D. All of these choices are correct.

E. exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. runs out of neurotransmitter.

B. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. continue a temporal summation

B. stop a spatial summation

C. inhibit a presynaptic potential

D. excite a presynaptic potential

E. remove a neurotransmitter

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon Terminal

B. Axon

C. Dendrites

D. Cell body

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Substrate Phosphorylation

B. Summation

C. IPSPs

D. Long Term Potentiation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebrum

B. Pons

C. Corpus Callosum

D. Medulla Oblongata

E. Cerebellum

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Brachial plexus

B. Meningeal branch

C. Anterior ramus

D. Posterior ramus

E. Rami communicantes

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Pyramids

C. Corpus callosum

D. Sulci

E. Projection tracts

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Association tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Commissural tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Projection tracts

B. Stria medullaris

C. Association tracts

D. Mammillothalamic tracts

E. Commissural tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Diencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Telencephalon

D. Rhombencephelon

E. Myelencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. subarachnoid space

B. 3rd ventricle

C. choroid plexus

D. lateral ventricles

E. arachnoid granulations

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. dura mater

B. cerebral ganglia

C. arachnoid membrane

D. choroid plexus

E. limbic system

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. P waves.

B. delta waves.

C. beta waves.

D. alpha waves.

E. theta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. posterior gray horn.

B. anterior white commissure.

C. central canal.

D. lateral gray horn.

E. dorsal root ganglion.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Uniaxial

B. Unipolar

C. Purkinje

D. Astrocytes

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Choroid plexuses

B. Lateral apertures

C. Interventricular foramina

D. Aqueduct of the midbrain

E. Brachial plexuses

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. vestibular nuclei

B. red nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. basal nuclei

E. autonomic ganglia

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Blood brain barrier

B. All of these choices

C. Cerebrospinal fluid

D. Dura mater

E. Arachnoid mater

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 2 only

B. 1 only

C. Both 1 & 2

D. 3 only

E. Both 2 & 3

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. beta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. P waves.

E. theta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. X-ray

B. PET

C. CT

D. Ultrasound

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. reticulospinal

B. spinocerebellar

C. corticospinal

D. pyramidal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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