Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1
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Question #1
Which of the following is considered anaerobic?
A.
Electron transport chain
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
Transition reaction
Question #2
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
production of reduced coenzymes
B.
production of carbon dioxide
C.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
D.
All of these occur in the Krebs cycle
E.
generation of ATP
Question #3
Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?
A.
Ergonomic
B.
Endergonic
C.
Erythropoetic
D.
Exergonic
Question #4
Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?
A.
Oxidation
B.
Gluconeogenesis
C.
Decarboxylation
D.
Glycogenolysis
E.
Carbonification
Question #5
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
A.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Electron transport system
D.
Protein synthesis
E.
The Krebs cycle
Question #6
C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?
A.
Carbon dioxide
B.
Magic
C.
Oxygen
D.
Glucose
Question #7
Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?
A.
Protein synthesis
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
D.
Electron transport system
Question #8
Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?
A.
H+
B.
NADH
C.
All of these are electron acceptors
D.
NADH and FADH2
E.
FADH2
Question #9
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+
B.
generation of ATP
C.
production of carbon dioxide
D.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
Question #10
The Electron Transport System is located in the
A.
cytoplasm
B.
nucleolus
C.
endoplasmic reticulum
D.
golgi complex
E.
mitochondria
Question #11
A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:
A.
osmosis
B.
cell division
C.
protein synthesis
D.
active transport
E.
contraction
Question #12
The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called
A.
Electron transport chain
B.
Krebs cycle
C.
Transition reaction
D.
Glycolysis
Question #13
Oxidation is
A.
None of these choices
B.
The removal of electrons
C.
The addition of electrons
D.
The removal of protons
E.
The addition of protons
Question #14
The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:
A.
Emancipation
B.
Deamination
C.
Phosphorylation
D.
transcription
Question #15
Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.
Esophagus
B.
Blood-brain barrier
C.
Skin
D.
Mouth lining
Question #16
The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
A.
neuroglial cells and neurons.
B.
neuroglial cells and myofibers.
C.
neurons and somites.
D.
neurons and mast cells.
Question #17
Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
A.
B.
Transitional
C.
Simple cuboidal
D.
Simple squamous
E.
Stratified squamous
F.
Stratified columnar
Question #18
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
A.
lymph.
B.
albumin.
C.
plasma.
D.
red blood cells.
E.
white blood cells.
Question #19
Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?
A.
Tendons
B.
Blood
C.
Cartilage
D.
Epidermis
E.
Bone
Question #20
This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
A.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
C.
Simple columnar epithelium
D.
Simple squamous epithelium
E.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Question #21
All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for
A.
Muscle
B.
Connective
C.
Nervous
D.
Adipose
E.
Epithelial
Question #22
Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?
A.
Epithelial
B.
Adipose
C.
Muscle
D.
Nervous
E.
Connective
Question #23
Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except
A.
Breastmilk
B.
Bile
C.
Sweat
D.
Hormones
E.
Saliva
Question #24
Epithelial tissue
A.
usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.
B.
All of these Answer choices are correct.
C.
is used as a covering of body surfaces.
D.
is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
E.
is used to form glands.
Question #25
Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?
A.
Skeletal
B.
Smooth
C.
Cardiac
Question #26
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the
A.
cerebral ganglia
B.
arachnoid membrane
C.
dura mater
D.
choroid plexus
E.
limbic system
Question #27
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
A.
mechanically-gated channels
B.
chemical synapses
C.
voltage-gated channels
D.
ligand-gated channels
E.
electrical synapses
Question #28
Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?
A.
More myelin sheathing
B.
Lower amplitude of action potential
C.
Decreased stimulus strength
D.
Increased diameter of axon
E.
Decreased temperature
Question #29
Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because
A.
It exhibits low permeability
B.
The sodium ions are negatively charged
C.
It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
D.
All of the above are correct
Question #30
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
A.
–90 to 5 mV
B.
–25 to –70 mV
C.
+5 to 100 mV
D.
–40 to –90 mV
E.
None of these choices
Question #31
In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
A.
IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
B.
EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
C.
IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
D.
EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
E.
EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
Question #32
Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A.
Reuptake at axon terminal only
B.
Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal
C.
Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion
D.
Enzymatic degradation only
Question #33
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
A.
EPSPs
B.
IPSPs
C.
either EPSPs or IPSPs
D.
All the choices are correct
E.
water-filled channels in its membrane
Question #34
The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:
A.
Threshold potential
B.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
C.
Resting membrane potential
D.
Receptor potential
E.
Electrical refractory period
Question #35
Saltatory conduction
A.
Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
B.
Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential
C.
Can occur in unmyelinated axons
D.
Occurs only in myelinated axons
Question #36
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
A.
voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
B.
voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
C.
none of these choices occur.
D.
ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
E.
ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
Question #37
During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.
A.
K+ out of the cell
B.
K+ into the cell
C.
Na+ out of the cell
D.
Na+ into the cell
Question #38
A.
at the trigger zone.
B.
in the dendrites.
C.
in the neuroplasm.
D.
in the synaptic cleft.
E.
in the neuron nucleus
Question #39
What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?
A.
Firing of a second action potential
B.
Release of neurotransmitter
C.
Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump
D.
Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
E.
K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels
Question #40
The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:
A.
Cl-
B.
Fe2+
C.
Ca2+
D.
K¬+
E.
Na+
Question #41
Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?
A.
Chemical synapse
B.
Electrical synapse
Question #42
IPSP stands for
A.
inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
B.
inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
C.
inhibitory presynaptic potential.
D.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
E.
none of these choices
Question #43
An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
hyperpolarizes
B.
moves across channels in
C.
depolarizes
D.
repolarizes
E.
does not affect the polarity of
Question #44
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
A.
Integrative function
B.
All are functions of the nervous system
C.
Sensory function
D.
Motor function
Question #45
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
axon
C.
schwann cells
D.
dendrite
E.
nodes of Ranvier
Question #46
Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Desmosomes
B.
Anchoring junctions
C.
Tight junctions
D.
Gap junctions
Question #47
During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus
A.
Relative refractory period
B.
Absolute refractory period
C.
All of these choices
D.
Latent period
Question #48
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.
A.
electrons
B.
neutrons
C.
protons
D.
ions
E.
free radicals
Question #49
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
axon
C.
dendrite
D.
Schwann cells
E.
nodes of Ranvier
Question #50
Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?
A.
Dopamine
B.
Serotonin
C.
Epinephrine
D.
Norepinephrine
Question #51
A polarized cell
A.
includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
B.
All of these choices are correct.
C.
has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
D.
includes most cells of the body.
E.
exhibits a membrane potential.
Question #52
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
A.
fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
B.
runs out of neurotransmitter.
C.
stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
D.
recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
E.
fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
Question #53
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
A.
remove a neurotransmitter
B.
excite a presynaptic potential
C.
stop a spatial summation
D.
continue a temporal summation
E.
inhibit a presynaptic potential
Question #54
Which projection of the neuron receives signals?
A.
Cell body
B.
Axon
C.
Axon Terminal
D.
Dendrites
Question #55
Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?
A.
Substrate Phosphorylation
B.
IPSPs
C.
Summation
D.
Long Term Potentiation
Question #56
Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?
A.
Cerebrum
B.
Medulla Oblongata
C.
Corpus Callosum
D.
Pons
E.
Cerebellum
Question #57
This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
A.
Rami communicantes
B.
Posterior ramus
C.
Brachial plexus
D.
Meningeal branch
E.
Anterior ramus
Question #58
Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
A.
Sulci
B.
Projection tracts
C.
Corpus callosum
D.
Pyramids
E.
Association tracts
Question #59
Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?
A.
Projection tracts
B.
Commissural tracts
C.
Association tracts
D.
None of the above
E.
All of the above
Question #60
Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?
A.
Commissural tracts
B.
Mammillothalamic tracts
C.
Stria medullaris
D.
Projection tracts
E.
Association tracts
Question #61
Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?
A.
Telencephalon
B.
Myelencephalon
C.
Diencephalon
D.
Rhombencephelon
E.
Mesencephalon
Question #62
Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?
A.
subarachnoid space
B.
lateral ventricles
C.
choroid plexus
D.
3rd ventricle
E.
arachnoid granulations
Question #63
Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:
A.
choroid plexus
B.
limbic system
C.
cerebral ganglia
D.
arachnoid membrane
E.
dura mater
Question #64
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
alpha waves.
B.
theta waves.
C.
beta waves.
D.
delta waves.
E.
P waves.
Question #65
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the
A.
anterior white commissure.
B.
lateral gray horn.
C.
dorsal root ganglion.
D.
central canal.
E.
posterior gray horn.
Question #66
The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.
A.
Unipolar
B.
Uniaxial
C.
Purkinje
D.
Astrocytes
Question #67
These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
A.
Lateral apertures
B.
Aqueduct of the midbrain
C.
Choroid plexuses
D.
Brachial plexuses
E.
Interventricular foramina
Question #68
These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.
A.
basal nuclei
B.
vestibular nuclei
C.
autonomic ganglia
D.
lateral olivary nuclei
E.
red nuclei
Question #69
This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.
A.
Blood brain barrier
B.
Dura mater
C.
Cerebrospinal fluid
D.
All of these choices
E.
Arachnoid mater
Question #70
What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration
A.
2 only
B.
Both 1 & 2
C.
Both 2 & 3
D.
3 only
E.
1 only
Question #71
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
beta waves.
B.
delta waves.
C.
theta waves.
D.
P waves.
E.
alpha waves.
Question #72
Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?
A.
X-ray
B.
Ultrasound
C.
CT
D.
PET
Question #73
Which tract carries sensory information?
A.
pyramidal
B.
corticospinal
C.
reticulospinal
D.
spinocerebellar
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