West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis

B. Transition reaction

C. Electron transport chain

D. Krebs cycle

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. generation of ATP

D. production of reduced coenzymes

E. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Exergonic

B. Ergonomic

C. Endergonic

D. Erythropoetic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Decarboxylation

B. Oxidation

C. Gluconeogenesis

D. Carbonification

E. Glycogenolysis

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Electron transport system

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Glycolysis

D. Protein synthesis

E. The Krebs cycle

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon dioxide

C. Magic

D. Glucose

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Glycolysis

B. Protein synthesis

C. Formation of acetyl-CoA

D. Electron transport system

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. H+

B. NADH and FADH2

C. All of these are electron acceptors

D. FADH2

E. NADH

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. generation of ATP

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. nucleolus

B. mitochondria

C. cytoplasm

D. golgi complex

E. endoplasmic reticulum

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. active transport

B. cell division

C. osmosis

D. protein synthesis

E. contraction

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Transition reaction

B. Krebs cycle

C. Glycolysis

D. Electron transport chain

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. None of these choices

B. The addition of protons

C. The addition of electrons

D. The removal of electrons

E. The removal of protons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Phosphorylation

B. Deamination

C. Emancipation

D. transcription

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Esophagus

B. Blood-brain barrier

C. Skin

D. Mouth lining

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neurons and somites.

B. neurons and mast cells.

C. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D. neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Stratified squamous

C. Simple squamous

D. Stratified columnar

E. Transitional

F. Simple cuboidal

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. lymph.

B. plasma.

C. albumin.

D. red blood cells.

E. white blood cells.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Blood

B. Tendons

C. Cartilage

D. Epidermis

E. Bone

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Stratified squamous epithelium

B. Simple squamous epithelium

C. Simple columnar epithelium

D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Adipose

B. Connective

C. Epithelial

D. Muscle

E. Nervous

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Muscle

B. Connective

C. Adipose

D. Nervous

E. Epithelial

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Bile

B. Hormones

C. Breastmilk

D. Saliva

E. Sweat

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

C. All of these Answer choices are correct.

D. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

E. is used to form glands.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Cardiac

C. Skeletal

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. limbic system

B. arachnoid membrane

C. cerebral ganglia

D. choroid plexus

E. dura mater

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. voltage-gated channels

B. electrical synapses

C. chemical synapses

D. ligand-gated channels

E. mechanically-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Increased diameter of axon

B. Decreased temperature

C. More myelin sheathing

D. Lower amplitude of action potential

E. Decreased stimulus strength

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B. The sodium ions are negatively charged

C. It exhibits low permeability

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. None of these choices

B. +5 to 100 mV

C. –40 to –90 mV

D. –90 to 5 mV

E. –25 to –70 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

E. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B. Reuptake at axon terminal only

C. Enzymatic degradation only

D. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. IPSPs

B. EPSPs

C. either EPSPs or IPSPs

D. All the choices are correct

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Threshold potential

B. Receptor potential

C. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

D. Resting membrane potential

E. Electrical refractory period

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

C. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D. Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B. none of these choices occur.

C. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

D. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. Na+ out of the cell

B. K+ into the cell

C. Na+ into the cell

D. K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the neuroplasm.

B. in the neuron nucleus

C. in the dendrites.

D. at the trigger zone.

E. in the synaptic cleft.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Release of neurotransmitter

B. Firing of a second action potential

C. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

E. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Na+

B. Ca2+

C. Cl-

D. Fe2+

E. K¬+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. none of these choices

B. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

D. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. moves across channels in

B. repolarizes

C. depolarizes

D. does not affect the polarity of

E. hyperpolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. All are functions of the nervous system

B. Motor function

C. Sensory function

D. Integrative function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. nodes of Ranvier

B. schwann cells

C. axon

D. choroid plexus

E. dendrite

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Anchoring junctions

B. Gap junctions

C. Desmosomes

D. Tight junctions

Question #47

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A. Latent period

B. Relative refractory period

C. Absolute refractory period

D. All of these choices

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. electrons

B. ions

C. free radicals

D. protons

E. neutrons

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. choroid plexus

B. nodes of Ranvier

C. dendrite

D. axon

E. Schwann cells

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Norepinephrine

B. Serotonin

C. Epinephrine

D. Dopamine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. All of these choices are correct.

B. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

C. includes most cells of the body.

D. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

E. exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. runs out of neurotransmitter.

B. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. stop a spatial summation

B. excite a presynaptic potential

C. continue a temporal summation

D. remove a neurotransmitter

E. inhibit a presynaptic potential

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon Terminal

B. Cell body

C. Dendrites

D. Axon

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Long Term Potentiation

B. Summation

C. IPSPs

D. Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Pons

B. Cerebellum

C. Cerebrum

D. Corpus Callosum

E. Medulla Oblongata

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Brachial plexus

B. Meningeal branch

C. Rami communicantes

D. Anterior ramus

E. Posterior ramus

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Corpus callosum

D. Sulci

E. Pyramids

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Projection tracts

B. Commissural tracts

C. Association tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Mammillothalamic tracts

B. Stria medullaris

C. Commissural tracts

D. Projection tracts

E. Association tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Telencephalon

D. Rhombencephelon

E. Myelencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. 3rd ventricle

B. choroid plexus

C. lateral ventricles

D. subarachnoid space

E. arachnoid granulations

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. choroid plexus

B. limbic system

C. arachnoid membrane

D. cerebral ganglia

E. dura mater

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. theta waves.

B. P waves.

C. beta waves.

D. alpha waves.

E. delta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. anterior white commissure.

B. posterior gray horn.

C. central canal.

D. lateral gray horn.

E. dorsal root ganglion.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Purkinje

B. Astrocytes

C. Unipolar

D. Uniaxial

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Aqueduct of the midbrain

B. Interventricular foramina

C. Lateral apertures

D. Choroid plexuses

E. Brachial plexuses

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. basal nuclei

B. red nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. vestibular nuclei

E. autonomic ganglia

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Dura mater

B. Blood brain barrier

C. Cerebrospinal fluid

D. All of these choices

E. Arachnoid mater

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. Both 2 & 3

B. 3 only

C. 1 only

D. 2 only

E. Both 1 & 2

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. delta waves.

C. theta waves.

D. P waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. X-ray

B. PET

C. Ultrasound

D. CT

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. spinocerebellar

B. corticospinal

C. reticulospinal

D. pyramidal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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