Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1
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Question #1
Which of the following is considered anaerobic?
A.
Krebs cycle
B.
Transition reaction
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Electron transport chain
Question #2
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
All of these occur in the Krebs cycle
B.
production of carbon dioxide
C.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
D.
generation of ATP
E.
production of reduced coenzymes
Question #3
Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?
A.
Exergonic
B.
Endergonic
C.
Erythropoetic
D.
Ergonomic
Question #4
Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?
A.
Decarboxylation
B.
Glycogenolysis
C.
Gluconeogenesis
D.
Carbonification
E.
Oxidation
Question #5
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
A.
Electron transport system
B.
The Krebs cycle
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
E.
Protein synthesis
Question #6
C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?
A.
Glucose
B.
Carbon dioxide
C.
Magic
D.
Oxygen
Question #7
Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?
A.
Protein synthesis
B.
Electron transport system
C.
Formation of acetyl-CoA
D.
Glycolysis
Question #8
Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?
A.
H+
B.
NADH
C.
FADH2
D.
All of these are electron acceptors
E.
NADH and FADH2
Question #9
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.
production of carbon dioxide
B.
generation of ATP
C.
formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
D.
Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+
Question #10
The Electron Transport System is located in the
A.
nucleolus
B.
mitochondria
C.
endoplasmic reticulum
D.
cytoplasm
E.
golgi complex
Question #11
A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:
A.
cell division
B.
active transport
C.
contraction
D.
protein synthesis
E.
osmosis
Question #12
The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called
A.
Transition reaction
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
Electron transport chain
Question #13
Oxidation is
A.
The removal of protons
B.
The removal of electrons
C.
The addition of electrons
D.
The addition of protons
E.
None of these choices
Question #14
The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:
A.
Deamination
B.
transcription
C.
Phosphorylation
D.
Emancipation
Question #15
Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.
Skin
B.
Mouth lining
C.
Esophagus
D.
Blood-brain barrier
Question #16
The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
A.
neurons and somites.
B.
neuroglial cells and myofibers.
C.
neurons and mast cells.
D.
neuroglial cells and neurons.
Question #17
Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
A.
B.
Simple squamous
C.
Transitional
D.
Stratified squamous
E.
Stratified columnar
F.
Simple cuboidal
Question #18
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
A.
plasma.
B.
red blood cells.
C.
albumin.
D.
lymph.
E.
white blood cells.
Question #19
Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?
A.
Bone
B.
Epidermis
C.
Blood
D.
Tendons
E.
Cartilage
Question #20
This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
A.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B.
Simple columnar epithelium
C.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
D.
Simple squamous epithelium
E.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Question #21
All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for
A.
Muscle
B.
Connective
C.
Epithelial
D.
Adipose
E.
Nervous
Question #22
Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?
A.
Nervous
B.
Epithelial
C.
Connective
D.
Muscle
E.
Adipose
Question #23
Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except
A.
Saliva
B.
Bile
C.
Sweat
D.
Hormones
E.
Breastmilk
Question #24
Epithelial tissue
A.
is used to form glands.
B.
is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
C.
is used as a covering of body surfaces.
D.
All of these Answer choices are correct.
E.
usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.
Question #25
Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?
A.
Smooth
B.
Skeletal
C.
Cardiac
Question #26
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the
A.
arachnoid membrane
B.
limbic system
C.
choroid plexus
D.
cerebral ganglia
E.
dura mater
Question #27
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
A.
electrical synapses
B.
mechanically-gated channels
C.
chemical synapses
D.
ligand-gated channels
E.
voltage-gated channels
Question #28
Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?
A.
Decreased temperature
B.
Lower amplitude of action potential
C.
Increased diameter of axon
D.
More myelin sheathing
E.
Decreased stimulus strength
Question #29
Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because
A.
It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
B.
The sodium ions are negatively charged
C.
It exhibits low permeability
D.
All of the above are correct
Question #30
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
A.
–25 to –70 mV
B.
–40 to –90 mV
C.
None of these choices
D.
+5 to 100 mV
E.
–90 to 5 mV
Question #31
In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
A.
EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
B.
EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
C.
IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
D.
EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
E.
IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
Question #32
Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A.
Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion
B.
Enzymatic degradation only
C.
Reuptake at axon terminal only
D.
Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal
Question #33
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
A.
water-filled channels in its membrane
B.
EPSPs
C.
All the choices are correct
D.
either EPSPs or IPSPs
E.
IPSPs
Question #34
The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:
A.
Resting membrane potential
B.
Threshold potential
C.
Receptor potential
D.
Electrical refractory period
E.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Question #35
Saltatory conduction
A.
Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
B.
Occurs only in myelinated axons
C.
Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential
D.
Can occur in unmyelinated axons
Question #36
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
A.
voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
B.
none of these choices occur.
C.
ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
D.
ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
E.
voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
Question #37
During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.
A.
Na+ out of the cell
B.
K+ into the cell
C.
Na+ into the cell
D.
K+ out of the cell
Question #38
When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs
A.
in the synaptic cleft.
B.
in the neuroplasm.
C.
in the neuron nucleus
D.
in the dendrites.
E.
at the trigger zone.
Question #39
What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?
A.
Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump
B.
Release of neurotransmitter
C.
Firing of a second action potential
D.
K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels
E.
Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
Question #40
The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:
A.
Na+
B.
Fe2+
C.
Ca2+
D.
Cl-
E.
K¬+
Question #41
Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?
A.
Chemical synapse
B.
Electrical synapse
Question #42
IPSP stands for
A.
inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
B.
inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
C.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
D.
inhibitory presynaptic potential.
E.
none of these choices
Question #43
An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
does not affect the polarity of
B.
depolarizes
C.
hyperpolarizes
D.
moves across channels in
E.
repolarizes
Question #44
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
A.
Sensory function
B.
All are functions of the nervous system
C.
Motor function
D.
Integrative function
Question #45
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
dendrite
C.
schwann cells
D.
nodes of Ranvier
E.
axon
Question #46
Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Desmosomes
B.
Tight junctions
C.
Gap junctions
D.
Anchoring junctions
Question #47
A.
Latent period
B.
All of these choices
C.
Relative refractory period
D.
Absolute refractory period
Question #48
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.
A.
protons
B.
neutrons
C.
free radicals
D.
ions
E.
electrons
Question #49
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
nodes of Ranvier
C.
dendrite
D.
Schwann cells
E.
axon
Question #50
Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?
A.
Serotonin
B.
Dopamine
C.
Epinephrine
D.
Norepinephrine
Question #51
A polarized cell
A.
includes most cells of the body.
B.
All of these choices are correct.
C.
exhibits a membrane potential.
D.
includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
E.
has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
Question #52
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
A.
stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
B.
recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
C.
fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
D.
runs out of neurotransmitter.
E.
fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
Question #53
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
A.
continue a temporal summation
B.
stop a spatial summation
C.
remove a neurotransmitter
D.
inhibit a presynaptic potential
E.
excite a presynaptic potential
Question #54
Which projection of the neuron receives signals?
A.
Cell body
B.
Dendrites
C.
Axon Terminal
D.
Axon
Question #55
Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?
A.
Substrate Phosphorylation
B.
Long Term Potentiation
C.
Summation
D.
IPSPs
Question #56
Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?
A.
Corpus Callosum
B.
Cerebrum
C.
Pons
D.
Cerebellum
E.
Medulla Oblongata
Question #57
This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
A.
Anterior ramus
B.
Rami communicantes
C.
Posterior ramus
D.
Brachial plexus
E.
Meningeal branch
Question #58
Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
A.
Pyramids
B.
Projection tracts
C.
Sulci
D.
Association tracts
E.
Corpus callosum
Question #59
Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?
A.
Projection tracts
B.
Association tracts
C.
Commissural tracts
D.
None of the above
E.
All of the above
Question #60
Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?
A.
Commissural tracts
B.
Stria medullaris
C.
Mammillothalamic tracts
D.
Projection tracts
E.
Association tracts
Question #61
Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?
A.
Rhombencephelon
B.
Mesencephalon
C.
Diencephalon
D.
Myelencephalon
E.
Telencephalon
Question #62
Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?
A.
choroid plexus
B.
lateral ventricles
C.
arachnoid granulations
D.
3rd ventricle
E.
subarachnoid space
Question #63
Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:
A.
limbic system
B.
arachnoid membrane
C.
cerebral ganglia
D.
choroid plexus
E.
dura mater
Question #64
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
P waves.
B.
alpha waves.
C.
delta waves.
D.
theta waves.
E.
beta waves.
Question #65
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the
A.
dorsal root ganglion.
B.
posterior gray horn.
C.
anterior white commissure.
D.
central canal.
E.
lateral gray horn.
Question #66
The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.
A.
Unipolar
B.
Purkinje
C.
Astrocytes
D.
Uniaxial
Question #67
These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
A.
Lateral apertures
B.
Interventricular foramina
C.
Aqueduct of the midbrain
D.
Brachial plexuses
E.
Choroid plexuses
Question #68
These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.
A.
vestibular nuclei
B.
lateral olivary nuclei
C.
red nuclei
D.
autonomic ganglia
E.
basal nuclei
Question #69
This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.
A.
Cerebrospinal fluid
B.
Dura mater
C.
All of these choices
D.
Arachnoid mater
E.
Blood brain barrier
Question #70
What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration
A.
2 only
B.
3 only
C.
Both 2 & 3
D.
Both 1 & 2
E.
1 only
Question #71
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.
alpha waves.
B.
theta waves.
C.
delta waves.
D.
beta waves.
E.
P waves.
Question #72
Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?
A.
PET
B.
X-ray
C.
Ultrasound
D.
CT
Question #73
Which tract carries sensory information?
A.
spinocerebellar
B.
corticospinal
C.
pyramidal
D.
reticulospinal
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