West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Krebs cycle

B. Glycolysis

C. Transition reaction

D. Electron transport chain

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of reduced coenzymes

B. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C. generation of ATP

D. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

E. production of carbon dioxide

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Endergonic

B. Erythropoetic

C. Ergonomic

D. Exergonic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Carbonification

B. Glycogenolysis

C. Decarboxylation

D. Oxidation

E. Gluconeogenesis

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Protein synthesis

B. Electron transport system

C. The Krebs cycle

D. Formation of acetyl-CoA

E. Glycolysis

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Glucose

C. Magic

D. Oxygen

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Electron transport system

B. Protein synthesis

C. Glycolysis

D. Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. NADH

B. H+

C. FADH2

D. All of these are electron acceptors

E. NADH and FADH2

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of carbon dioxide

B. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. generation of ATP

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. golgi complex

B. endoplasmic reticulum

C. cytoplasm

D. nucleolus

E. mitochondria

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. cell division

B. active transport

C. protein synthesis

D. osmosis

E. contraction

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Krebs cycle

B. Electron transport chain

C. Glycolysis

D. Transition reaction

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The addition of protons

B. The removal of protons

C. None of these choices

D. The removal of electrons

E. The addition of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Emancipation

B. transcription

C. Phosphorylation

D. Deamination

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Blood-brain barrier

B. Skin

C. Mouth lining

D. Esophagus

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B. neurons and somites.

C. neuroglial cells and neurons.

D. neurons and mast cells.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Simple squamous

B. Stratified squamous

C. Stratified columnar

D. Simple cuboidal

F. Transitional

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. red blood cells.

B. lymph.

C. albumin.

D. white blood cells.

E. plasma.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Blood

B. Tendons

C. Epidermis

D. Bone

E. Cartilage

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple columnar epithelium

B. Simple cuboidal epithelium

C. Stratified squamous epithelium

D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E. Simple squamous epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Connective

B. Nervous

C. Muscle

D. Epithelial

E. Adipose

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Muscle

B. Epithelial

C. Adipose

D. Connective

E. Nervous

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Sweat

B. Bile

C. Breastmilk

D. Hormones

E. Saliva

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B. is used to form glands.

C. All of these Answer choices are correct.

D. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Cardiac

B. Skeletal

C. Smooth

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. dura mater

B. limbic system

C. choroid plexus

D. arachnoid membrane

E. cerebral ganglia

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. ligand-gated channels

B. mechanically-gated channels

C. chemical synapses

D. voltage-gated channels

E. electrical synapses

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Decreased temperature

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. Lower amplitude of action potential

D. More myelin sheathing

E. Decreased stimulus strength

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B. It exhibits low permeability

C. The sodium ions are negatively charged

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –25 to –70 mV

B. –40 to –90 mV

C. +5 to 100 mV

D. None of these choices

E. –90 to 5 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

D. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B. Enzymatic degradation only

C. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D. Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. IPSPs

B. EPSPs

C. All the choices are correct

D. either EPSPs or IPSPs

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Electrical refractory period

B. Threshold potential

C. Receptor potential

D. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E. Resting membrane potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Occurs only in myelinated axons

B. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E. none of these choices occur.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. Na+ out of the cell

B. K+ out of the cell

C. Na+ into the cell

D. K+ into the cell

Question #38

A. in the neuron nucleus

B. in the synaptic cleft.

C. in the dendrites.

D. in the neuroplasm.

E. at the trigger zone.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

D. Release of neurotransmitter

E. Firing of a second action potential

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Fe2+

B. K¬+

C. Ca2+

D. Cl-

E. Na+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Electrical synapse

B. Chemical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D. none of these choices

E. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. repolarizes

B. depolarizes

C. does not affect the polarity of

D. hyperpolarizes

E. moves across channels in

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Motor function

B. Integrative function

C. All are functions of the nervous system

D. Sensory function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. choroid plexus

B. axon

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. schwann cells

E. dendrite

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Gap junctions

B. Tight junctions

C. Anchoring junctions

D. Desmosomes

Question #47

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A. Latent period

B. Relative refractory period

C. Absolute refractory period

D. All of these choices

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. electrons

B. ions

C. neutrons

D. protons

E. free radicals

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. nodes of Ranvier

B. Schwann cells

C. dendrite

D. axon

E. choroid plexus

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Serotonin

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Dopamine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. All of these choices are correct.

B. exhibits a membrane potential.

C. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D. includes most cells of the body.

E. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

E. runs out of neurotransmitter.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. excite a presynaptic potential

B. stop a spatial summation

C. continue a temporal summation

D. inhibit a presynaptic potential

E. remove a neurotransmitter

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon

B. Axon Terminal

C. Dendrites

D. Cell body

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Substrate Phosphorylation

B. IPSPs

C. Summation

D. Long Term Potentiation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Medulla Oblongata

B. Cerebrum

C. Cerebellum

D. Corpus Callosum

E. Pons

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Brachial plexus

B. Anterior ramus

C. Posterior ramus

D. Rami communicantes

E. Meningeal branch

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Sulci

C. Projection tracts

D. Corpus callosum

E. Pyramids

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Projection tracts

B. Association tracts

C. Commissural tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Stria medullaris

B. Mammillothalamic tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. Commissural tracts

E. Association tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Myelencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Diencephalon

D. Rhombencephelon

E. Telencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. arachnoid granulations

B. lateral ventricles

C. 3rd ventricle

D. subarachnoid space

E. choroid plexus

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. arachnoid membrane

B. limbic system

C. choroid plexus

D. dura mater

E. cerebral ganglia

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. theta waves.

C. beta waves.

D. P waves.

E. delta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. lateral gray horn.

B. posterior gray horn.

C. dorsal root ganglion.

D. central canal.

E. anterior white commissure.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Astrocytes

B. Unipolar

C. Purkinje

D. Uniaxial

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Interventricular foramina

B. Choroid plexuses

C. Aqueduct of the midbrain

D. Brachial plexuses

E. Lateral apertures

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. autonomic ganglia

B. red nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. vestibular nuclei

E. basal nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Blood brain barrier

B. Cerebrospinal fluid

C. Dura mater

D. All of these choices

E. Arachnoid mater

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 2 only

B. 1 only

C. Both 1 & 2

D. Both 2 & 3

E. 3 only

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. beta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. theta waves.

E. P waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. CT

B. PET

C. Ultrasound

D. X-ray

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. pyramidal

B. reticulospinal

C. spinocerebellar

D. corticospinal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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