West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Electron transport chain

B. Transition reaction

C. Krebs cycle

D. Glycolysis

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of reduced coenzymes

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D. generation of ATP

E. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Exergonic

B. Endergonic

C. Ergonomic

D. Erythropoetic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Glycogenolysis

B. Decarboxylation

C. Carbonification

D. Gluconeogenesis

E. Oxidation

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. The Krebs cycle

B. Glycolysis

C. Electron transport system

D. Formation of acetyl-CoA

E. Protein synthesis

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Oxygen

B. Magic

C. Glucose

D. Carbon dioxide

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. Glycolysis

C. Protein synthesis

D. Electron transport system

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. All of these are electron acceptors

B. FADH2

C. NADH and FADH2

D. NADH

E. H+

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D. generation of ATP

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. nucleolus

B. cytoplasm

C. golgi complex

D. mitochondria

E. endoplasmic reticulum

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. protein synthesis

B. cell division

C. osmosis

D. active transport

E. contraction

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Electron transport chain

B. Glycolysis

C. Krebs cycle

D. Transition reaction

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The removal of electrons

B. None of these choices

C. The removal of protons

D. The addition of electrons

E. The addition of protons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Phosphorylation

B. Deamination

C. Emancipation

D. transcription

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Blood-brain barrier

B. Skin

C. Esophagus

D. Mouth lining

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and neurons.

B. neurons and somites.

C. neurons and mast cells.

D. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Stratified columnar

C. Stratified squamous

D. Transitional

E. Simple squamous

F. Simple cuboidal

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. albumin.

B. lymph.

C. red blood cells.

D. white blood cells.

E. plasma.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Tendons

B. Bone

C. Cartilage

D. Epidermis

E. Blood

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Stratified squamous epithelium

B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C. Simple squamous epithelium

D. Simple cuboidal epithelium

E. Simple columnar epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Adipose

B. Connective

C. Muscle

D. Nervous

E. Epithelial

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Nervous

B. Epithelial

C. Adipose

D. Muscle

E. Connective

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Saliva

B. Bile

C. Breastmilk

D. Hormones

E. Sweat

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used to form glands.

B. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

C. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

D. All of these Answer choices are correct.

E. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Skeletal

C. Cardiac

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. limbic system

B. arachnoid membrane

C. dura mater

D. cerebral ganglia

E. choroid plexus

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. ligand-gated channels

B. voltage-gated channels

C. electrical synapses

D. chemical synapses

E. mechanically-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Decreased stimulus strength

B. More myelin sheathing

C. Decreased temperature

D. Lower amplitude of action potential

E. Increased diameter of axon

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It exhibits low permeability

B. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C. The sodium ions are negatively charged

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. +5 to 100 mV

B. None of these choices

C. –25 to –70 mV

D. –40 to –90 mV

E. –90 to 5 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Reuptake at axon terminal only

B. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C. Enzymatic degradation only

D. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. EPSPs

B. water-filled channels in its membrane

C. IPSPs

D. either EPSPs or IPSPs

E. All the choices are correct

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B. Resting membrane potential

C. Threshold potential

D. Receptor potential

E. Electrical refractory period

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B. Occurs only in myelinated axons

C. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

B. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

C. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

D. none of these choices occur.

E. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. K+ into the cell

B. Na+ out of the cell

C. K+ out of the cell

D. Na+ into the cell

Question #38

A. in the neuroplasm.

B. at the trigger zone.

C. in the synaptic cleft.

D. in the dendrites.

E. in the neuron nucleus

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C. Firing of a second action potential

D. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

E. Release of neurotransmitter

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Cl-

B. Fe2+

C. Na+

D. K¬+

E. Ca2+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Electrical synapse

B. Chemical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. none of these choices

B. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. depolarizes

B. does not affect the polarity of

C. hyperpolarizes

D. moves across channels in

E. repolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Sensory function

B. All are functions of the nervous system

C. Motor function

D. Integrative function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. choroid plexus

B. dendrite

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. schwann cells

E. axon

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Tight junctions

B. Anchoring junctions

C. Desmosomes

D. Gap junctions

Question #47

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A. All of these choices

B. Latent period

C. Absolute refractory period

D. Relative refractory period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. neutrons

B. protons

C. free radicals

D. electrons

E. ions

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. Schwann cells

B. nodes of Ranvier

C. choroid plexus

D. axon

E. dendrite

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Dopamine

B. Serotonin

C. Epinephrine

D. Norepinephrine

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

C. exhibits a membrane potential.

D. includes most cells of the body.

E. All of these choices are correct.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. runs out of neurotransmitter.

B. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

D. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

E. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. stop a spatial summation

B. remove a neurotransmitter

C. inhibit a presynaptic potential

D. excite a presynaptic potential

E. continue a temporal summation

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Cell body

B. Axon Terminal

C. Axon

D. Dendrites

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Substrate Phosphorylation

B. Long Term Potentiation

C. Summation

D. IPSPs

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebrum

B. Pons

C. Corpus Callosum

D. Cerebellum

E. Medulla Oblongata

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Posterior ramus

B. Meningeal branch

C. Anterior ramus

D. Rami communicantes

E. Brachial plexus

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Sulci

B. Pyramids

C. Corpus callosum

D. Association tracts

E. Projection tracts

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Association tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Mammillothalamic tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. Stria medullaris

E. Association tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Myelencephalon

B. Telencephalon

C. Rhombencephelon

D. Diencephalon

E. Mesencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. lateral ventricles

B. choroid plexus

C. arachnoid granulations

D. 3rd ventricle

E. subarachnoid space

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. dura mater

B. arachnoid membrane

C. limbic system

D. choroid plexus

E. cerebral ganglia

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. theta waves.

C. delta waves.

D. P waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. lateral gray horn.

B. dorsal root ganglion.

C. posterior gray horn.

D. central canal.

E. anterior white commissure.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Purkinje

B. Astrocytes

C. Unipolar

D. Uniaxial

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Interventricular foramina

B. Brachial plexuses

C. Choroid plexuses

D. Aqueduct of the midbrain

E. Lateral apertures

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. autonomic ganglia

B. vestibular nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. red nuclei

E. basal nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. Blood brain barrier

B. Cerebrospinal fluid

C. Dura mater

D. Arachnoid mater

E. All of these choices

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. Both 1 & 2

B. 2 only

C. 1 only

D. 3 only

E. Both 2 & 3

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. beta waves.

B. alpha waves.

C. P waves.

D. delta waves.

E. theta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. PET

B. CT

C. Ultrasound

D. X-ray

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. reticulospinal

B. pyramidal

C. corticospinal

D. spinocerebellar

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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