Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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Question #1
Which of the following is considered anaerobic?
A.   Transition reaction
B.   Glycolysis
C.   Krebs cycle
D.   Electron transport chain
Question #2
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.   All of these occur in the Krebs cycle
B.   formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
C.   production of carbon dioxide
D.   generation of ATP
E.   production of reduced coenzymes
Question #3
Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?
A.   Ergonomic
B.   Endergonic
C.   Erythropoetic
D.   Exergonic
Question #4
Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?
A.   Oxidation
B.   Carbonification
C.   Decarboxylation
D.   Gluconeogenesis
E.   Glycogenolysis
Question #5
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
A.   Glycolysis
B.   Electron transport system
C.   Formation of acetyl-CoA
D.   Protein synthesis
E.   The Krebs cycle
Question #6
C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?
A.   Glucose
B.   Carbon dioxide
C.   Magic
D.   Oxygen
Question #7
Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?
A.   Protein synthesis
B.   Formation of acetyl-CoA
C.   Glycolysis
D.   Electron transport system
Question #8
Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?
A.   FADH2
B.   H+
C.   NADH and FADH2
D.   All of these are electron acceptors
E.   NADH
Question #9
Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
A.   production of carbon dioxide
B.   formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
C.   Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+
D.   generation of ATP
Question #10
The Electron Transport System is located in the
A.   cytoplasm
B.   golgi complex
C.   mitochondria
D.   endoplasmic reticulum
E.   nucleolus
Question #11
A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:
A.   protein synthesis
B.   contraction
C.   osmosis
D.   cell division
E.   active transport
Question #12
The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called
A.   Electron transport chain
B.   Transition reaction
C.   Krebs cycle
D.   Glycolysis
Question #13
Oxidation is
A.   The addition of protons
B.   The removal of electrons
C.   None of these choices
D.   The addition of electrons
E.   The removal of protons
Question #14
The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:
A.   Phosphorylation
B.   transcription
C.   Deamination
D.   Emancipation
Question #15
Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.   Skin
B.   Mouth lining
C.   Esophagus
D.   Blood-brain barrier
Question #16
The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are
A.   neurons and mast cells.
B.   neuroglial cells and myofibers.
C.   neurons and somites.
D.   neuroglial cells and neurons.
Question #17
Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?
A.     
B.   Simple cuboidal
C.   Transitional
D.   Simple squamous
E.   Stratified columnar
F.   Stratified squamous
Question #18
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of
A.   white blood cells.
B.   albumin.
C.   lymph.
D.   red blood cells.
E.   plasma.
Question #19
Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?
A.   Blood
B.   Epidermis
C.   Cartilage
D.   Tendons
E.   Bone
Question #20
This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
A.   Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B.   Simple squamous epithelium
C.   Simple cuboidal epithelium
D.   Stratified squamous epithelium
E.   Simple columnar epithelium
Question #21
All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for
A.   Adipose
B.   Connective
C.   Muscle
D.   Nervous
E.   Epithelial
Question #22
Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?
A.   Connective
B.   Adipose
C.   Muscle
D.   Nervous
E.   Epithelial
Question #23
Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except
A.   Breastmilk
B.   Bile
C.   Hormones
D.   Sweat
E.   Saliva
Question #24
Epithelial tissue
A.   is used to form glands.
B.   usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.
C.   is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.
D.   is used as a covering of body surfaces.
E.   All of these Answer choices are correct.
Question #25
Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?
A.   Skeletal
B.   Cardiac
C.   Smooth
Question #26
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the
A.   choroid plexus
B.   dura mater
C.   arachnoid membrane
D.   cerebral ganglia
E.   limbic system
Question #27
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
A.   ligand-gated channels
B.   mechanically-gated channels
C.   electrical synapses
D.   voltage-gated channels
E.   chemical synapses
Question #28
Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?
A.   Decreased temperature
B.   Decreased stimulus strength
C.   Increased diameter of axon
D.   Lower amplitude of action potential
E.   More myelin sheathing
Question #29
Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because
A.   It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
B.   The sodium ions are negatively charged
C.   It exhibits low permeability
D.   All of the above are correct
Question #30
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
A.   None of these choices
B.   –40 to –90 mV
C.   +5 to 100 mV
D.   –90 to 5 mV
E.   –25 to –70 mV
Question #31
In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
A.   EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
B.   IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
C.   IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
D.   EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
E.   EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
Question #32
Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?
A.   Reuptake at axon terminal only
B.   Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal
C.   Enzymatic degradation only
D.   Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion
Question #33
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
A.   water-filled channels in its membrane
B.   EPSPs
C.   either EPSPs or IPSPs
D.   All the choices are correct
E.   IPSPs
Question #34
The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:
A.   Threshold potential
B.   Receptor potential
C.   Excitatory postsynaptic potential
D.   Electrical refractory period
E.   Resting membrane potential
Question #35
Saltatory conduction
A.   Can occur in unmyelinated axons
B.   Occurs only in myelinated axons
C.   Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential
D.   Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
Question #36
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
A.   none of these choices occur.
B.   voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
C.   voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
D.   ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
E.   ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
Question #37
During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.
A.   K+ into the cell
B.   Na+ out of the cell
C.   K+ out of the cell
D.   Na+ into the cell
Question #38
  
A.   in the synaptic cleft.
B.   in the dendrites.
C.   in the neuron nucleus
D.   in the neuroplasm.
E.   at the trigger zone.
Question #39
What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?
A.   K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels
B.   Release of neurotransmitter
C.   Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump
D.   Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
E.   Firing of a second action potential
Question #40
The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:
A.   Cl-
B.   K¬+
C.   Ca2+
D.   Na+
E.   Fe2+
Question #41
Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?
A.   Chemical synapse
B.   Electrical synapse
Question #42
IPSP stands for
A.   inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
B.   inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
C.   inhibitory postsynaptic potential
D.   none of these choices
E.   inhibitory presynaptic potential.
Question #43
An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.
A.   depolarizes
B.   does not affect the polarity of
C.   moves across channels in
D.   repolarizes
E.   hyperpolarizes
Question #44
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
A.   Motor function
B.   Sensory function
C.   Integrative function
D.   All are functions of the nervous system
Question #45
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.   choroid plexus
B.   dendrite
C.   axon
D.   schwann cells
E.   nodes of Ranvier
Question #46
Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?
A.   Desmosomes
B.   Tight junctions
C.   Anchoring junctions
D.   Gap junctions
Question #47
  
A.   Absolute refractory period
B.   Latent period
C.   Relative refractory period
D.   All of these choices
Question #48
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.
A.   ions
B.   protons
C.   free radicals
D.   electrons
E.   neutrons
Question #49
Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?
A.   Schwann cells
B.   nodes of Ranvier
C.   dendrite
D.   axon
E.   choroid plexus
Question #50
Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?
A.   Dopamine
B.   Serotonin
C.   Epinephrine
D.   Norepinephrine
Question #51
A polarized cell
A.   has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
B.   All of these choices are correct.
C.   includes most cells of the body.
D.   exhibits a membrane potential.
E.   includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
Question #52
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
A.   runs out of neurotransmitter.
B.   recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
C.   fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
D.   stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
E.   fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
Question #53
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
A.   remove a neurotransmitter
B.   stop a spatial summation
C.   inhibit a presynaptic potential
D.   continue a temporal summation
E.   excite a presynaptic potential
Question #54
Which projection of the neuron receives signals?
A.   Cell body
B.   Axon Terminal
C.   Dendrites
D.   Axon
Question #55
Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?
A.   Long Term Potentiation
B.   Substrate Phosphorylation
C.   Summation
D.   IPSPs
Question #56
Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?
A.   Cerebrum
B.   Corpus Callosum
C.   Medulla Oblongata
D.   Pons
E.   Cerebellum
Question #57
This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.
A.   Rami communicantes
B.   Posterior ramus
C.   Anterior ramus
D.   Meningeal branch
E.   Brachial plexus
Question #58
Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?
A.   Association tracts
B.   Corpus callosum
C.   Pyramids
D.   Sulci
E.   Projection tracts
Question #59
Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?
A.   Association tracts
B.   Commissural tracts
C.   Projection tracts
D.   None of the above
E.   All of the above
Question #60
Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?
A.   Stria medullaris
B.   Association tracts
C.   Commissural tracts
D.   Mammillothalamic tracts
E.   Projection tracts
Question #61
Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?
A.   Diencephalon
B.   Telencephalon
C.   Mesencephalon
D.   Myelencephalon
E.   Rhombencephelon
Question #62
Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?
A.   lateral ventricles
B.   choroid plexus
C.   arachnoid granulations
D.   3rd ventricle
E.   subarachnoid space
Question #63
Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:
A.   dura mater
B.   limbic system
C.   choroid plexus
D.   arachnoid membrane
E.   cerebral ganglia
Question #64
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.   alpha waves.
B.   theta waves.
C.   P waves.
D.   delta waves.
E.   beta waves.
Question #65
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the
A.   lateral gray horn.
B.   central canal.
C.   dorsal root ganglion.
D.   anterior white commissure.
E.   posterior gray horn.
Question #66
The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.
A.   Uniaxial
B.   Unipolar
C.   Astrocytes
D.   Purkinje
Question #67
These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
A.   Brachial plexuses
B.   Interventricular foramina
C.   Choroid plexuses
D.   Aqueduct of the midbrain
E.   Lateral apertures
Question #68
These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.
A.   red nuclei
B.   basal nuclei
C.   autonomic ganglia
D.   lateral olivary nuclei
E.   vestibular nuclei
Question #69
This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.
A.   Arachnoid mater
B.   Dura mater
C.   All of these choices
D.   Cerebrospinal fluid
E.   Blood brain barrier
Question #70
What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration
A.   Both 2 & 3
B.   3 only
C.   1 only
D.   Both 1 & 2
E.   2 only
Question #71
Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called
A.   delta waves.
B.   P waves.
C.   theta waves.
D.   beta waves.
E.   alpha waves.
Question #72
Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?
A.   CT
B.   PET
C.   Ultrasound
D.   X-ray
Question #73
Which tract carries sensory information?
A.   spinocerebellar
B.   reticulospinal
C.   corticospinal
D.   pyramidal

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