West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Electron transport chain

B. Krebs cycle

C. Transition reaction

D. Glycolysis

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of reduced coenzymes

B. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C. production of carbon dioxide

D. generation of ATP

E. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Ergonomic

B. Erythropoetic

C. Endergonic

D. Exergonic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Oxidation

B. Carbonification

C. Glycogenolysis

D. Decarboxylation

E. Gluconeogenesis

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. Glycolysis

C. The Krebs cycle

D. Electron transport system

E. Protein synthesis

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Magic

B. Oxygen

C. Glucose

D. Carbon dioxide

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Electron transport system

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Glycolysis

D. Protein synthesis

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. H+

B. NADH and FADH2

C. NADH

D. FADH2

E. All of these are electron acceptors

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. generation of ATP

B. production of carbon dioxide

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. nucleolus

B. golgi complex

C. mitochondria

D. endoplasmic reticulum

E. cytoplasm

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. osmosis

B. cell division

C. protein synthesis

D. contraction

E. active transport

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Glycolysis

B. Krebs cycle

C. Transition reaction

D. Electron transport chain

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The removal of protons

B. The removal of electrons

C. The addition of protons

D. None of these choices

E. The addition of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Deamination

B. transcription

C. Emancipation

D. Phosphorylation

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Esophagus

B. Mouth lining

C. Blood-brain barrier

D. Skin

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B. neurons and mast cells.

C. neuroglial cells and neurons.

D. neurons and somites.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Stratified columnar

B. Stratified squamous

D. Simple squamous

E. Simple cuboidal

F. Transitional

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. red blood cells.

B. white blood cells.

C. lymph.

D. albumin.

E. plasma.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Bone

B. Tendons

C. Cartilage

D. Epidermis

E. Blood

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

B. Simple squamous epithelium

C. Simple cuboidal epithelium

D. Stratified squamous epithelium

E. Simple columnar epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Epithelial

B. Nervous

C. Connective

D. Adipose

E. Muscle

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Connective

B. Muscle

C. Epithelial

D. Nervous

E. Adipose

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Bile

B. Hormones

C. Saliva

D. Sweat

E. Breastmilk

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C. All of these Answer choices are correct.

D. is used to form glands.

E. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Cardiac

C. Skeletal

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. choroid plexus

B. dura mater

C. arachnoid membrane

D. cerebral ganglia

E. limbic system

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. electrical synapses

B. mechanically-gated channels

C. voltage-gated channels

D. ligand-gated channels

E. chemical synapses

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Lower amplitude of action potential

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. Decreased stimulus strength

D. More myelin sheathing

E. Decreased temperature

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. The sodium ions are negatively charged

B. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C. It exhibits low permeability

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –25 to –70 mV

B. None of these choices

C. +5 to 100 mV

D. –90 to 5 mV

E. –40 to –90 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

D. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C. Reuptake at axon terminal only

D. Enzymatic degradation only

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. IPSPs

B. either EPSPs or IPSPs

C. All the choices are correct

D. EPSPs

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Threshold potential

B. Electrical refractory period

C. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

D. Resting membrane potential

E. Receptor potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C. Occurs only in myelinated axons

D. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

D. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

E. none of these choices occur.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. K+ into the cell

B. Na+ into the cell

C. Na+ out of the cell

D. K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the synaptic cleft.

B. in the neuron nucleus

C. in the dendrites.

D. at the trigger zone.

E. in the neuroplasm.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C. Release of neurotransmitter

D. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

E. Firing of a second action potential

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Fe2+

B. Cl-

C. Na+

D. K¬+

E. Ca2+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Electrical synapse

B. Chemical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. none of these choices

B. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

D. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. does not affect the polarity of

B. depolarizes

C. repolarizes

D. moves across channels in

E. hyperpolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Sensory function

B. All are functions of the nervous system

C. Integrative function

D. Motor function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. dendrite

B. choroid plexus

C. schwann cells

D. axon

E. nodes of Ranvier

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Gap junctions

B. Desmosomes

C. Anchoring junctions

D. Tight junctions

Question #47

A. Absolute refractory period

B. All of these choices

C. Relative refractory period

D. Latent period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. electrons

B. protons

C. free radicals

D. neutrons

E. ions

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. axon

B. nodes of Ranvier

C. dendrite

D. choroid plexus

E. Schwann cells

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Dopamine

B. Norepinephrine

C. Epinephrine

D. Serotonin

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. exhibits a membrane potential.

B. All of these choices are correct.

C. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

E. includes most cells of the body.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. runs out of neurotransmitter.

C. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. stop a spatial summation

B. excite a presynaptic potential

C. inhibit a presynaptic potential

D. continue a temporal summation

E. remove a neurotransmitter

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Cell body

B. Axon

C. Axon Terminal

D. Dendrites

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Summation

B. Substrate Phosphorylation

C. IPSPs

D. Long Term Potentiation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Pons

B. Cerebellum

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Cerebrum

E. Corpus Callosum

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Posterior ramus

B. Anterior ramus

C. Rami communicantes

D. Brachial plexus

E. Meningeal branch

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Pyramids

D. Sulci

E. Corpus callosum

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Association tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Mammillothalamic tracts

B. Projection tracts

C. Association tracts

D. Stria medullaris

E. Commissural tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Telencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Rhombencephelon

E. Diencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. 3rd ventricle

B. subarachnoid space

C. arachnoid granulations

D. lateral ventricles

E. choroid plexus

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. cerebral ganglia

B. limbic system

C. dura mater

D. arachnoid membrane

E. choroid plexus

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. P waves.

B. delta waves.

C. theta waves.

D. alpha waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. lateral gray horn.

B. central canal.

C. dorsal root ganglion.

D. posterior gray horn.

E. anterior white commissure.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Purkinje

B. Unipolar

C. Astrocytes

D. Uniaxial

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Aqueduct of the midbrain

B. Brachial plexuses

C. Interventricular foramina

D. Choroid plexuses

E. Lateral apertures

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. vestibular nuclei

B. basal nuclei

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. red nuclei

E. autonomic ganglia

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. All of these choices

B. Arachnoid mater

C. Dura mater

D. Cerebrospinal fluid

E. Blood brain barrier

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. Both 2 & 3

B. Both 1 & 2

C. 2 only

D. 3 only

E. 1 only

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. theta waves.

B. beta waves.

C. P waves.

D. alpha waves.

E. delta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. Ultrasound

B. X-ray

C. PET

D. CT

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. spinocerebellar

B. pyramidal

C. reticulospinal

D. corticospinal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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