West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis

B. Transition reaction

C. Electron transport chain

D. Krebs cycle

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. generation of ATP

B. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C. production of reduced coenzymes

D. production of carbon dioxide

E. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Exergonic

B. Erythropoetic

C. Endergonic

D. Ergonomic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Glycogenolysis

B. Carbonification

C. Oxidation

D. Gluconeogenesis

E. Decarboxylation

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. The Krebs cycle

C. Protein synthesis

D. Glycolysis

E. Electron transport system

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Glucose

C. Oxygen

D. Magic

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Formation of acetyl-CoA

B. Electron transport system

C. Protein synthesis

D. Glycolysis

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. FADH2

B. NADH and FADH2

C. All of these are electron acceptors

D. NADH

E. H+

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. production of carbon dioxide

B. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D. generation of ATP

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. cytoplasm

B. mitochondria

C. golgi complex

D. endoplasmic reticulum

E. nucleolus

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. cell division

B. protein synthesis

C. osmosis

D. contraction

E. active transport

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Krebs cycle

B. Transition reaction

C. Electron transport chain

D. Glycolysis

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The removal of protons

B. None of these choices

C. The addition of protons

D. The removal of electrons

E. The addition of electrons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. transcription

B. Phosphorylation

C. Emancipation

D. Deamination

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Skin

B. Blood-brain barrier

C. Mouth lining

D. Esophagus

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neurons and mast cells.

B. neuroglial cells and neurons.

C. neurons and somites.

D. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Transitional

B. Stratified columnar

D. Simple cuboidal

E. Stratified squamous

F. Simple squamous

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. plasma.

B. lymph.

C. red blood cells.

D. albumin.

E. white blood cells.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Blood

B. Tendons

C. Cartilage

D. Epidermis

E. Bone

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple columnar epithelium

B. Simple squamous epithelium

C. Simple cuboidal epithelium

D. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E. Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Muscle

B. Connective

C. Adipose

D. Nervous

E. Epithelial

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Epithelial

B. Connective

C. Muscle

D. Nervous

E. Adipose

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Saliva

B. Breastmilk

C. Hormones

D. Sweat

E. Bile

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. All of these Answer choices are correct.

B. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C. is used to form glands.

D. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

E. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Cardiac

B. Smooth

C. Skeletal

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. cerebral ganglia

B. dura mater

C. choroid plexus

D. arachnoid membrane

E. limbic system

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. electrical synapses

B. ligand-gated channels

C. chemical synapses

D. voltage-gated channels

E. mechanically-gated channels

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. Lower amplitude of action potential

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. More myelin sheathing

D. Decreased stimulus strength

E. Decreased temperature

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. The sodium ions are negatively charged

B. It exhibits low permeability

C. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –40 to –90 mV

B. None of these choices

C. +5 to 100 mV

D. –90 to 5 mV

E. –25 to –70 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

D. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C. Reuptake at axon terminal only

D. Enzymatic degradation only

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. IPSPs

B. EPSPs

C. All the choices are correct

D. either EPSPs or IPSPs

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B. Resting membrane potential

C. Electrical refractory period

D. Receptor potential

E. Threshold potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B. Occurs only in myelinated axons

C. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

B. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D. none of these choices occur.

E. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. Na+ into the cell

B. Na+ out of the cell

C. K+ into the cell

D. K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the neuroplasm.

B. in the synaptic cleft.

C. in the neuron nucleus

D. at the trigger zone.

E. in the dendrites.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Release of neurotransmitter

C. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D. Firing of a second action potential

E. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Ca2+

B. K¬+

C. Fe2+

D. Cl-

E. Na+

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

B. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C. none of these choices

D. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

E. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. repolarizes

B. does not affect the polarity of

C. hyperpolarizes

D. depolarizes

E. moves across channels in

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. All are functions of the nervous system

B. Sensory function

C. Motor function

D. Integrative function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. axon

B. dendrite

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. choroid plexus

E. schwann cells

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Anchoring junctions

B. Tight junctions

C. Desmosomes

D. Gap junctions

Question #47

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A. Relative refractory period

B. All of these choices

C. Latent period

D. Absolute refractory period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. ions

B. free radicals

C. protons

D. neutrons

E. electrons

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. dendrite

B. nodes of Ranvier

C. choroid plexus

D. Schwann cells

E. axon

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Dopamine

B. Norepinephrine

C. Epinephrine

D. Serotonin

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. All of these choices are correct.

B. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

C. exhibits a membrane potential.

D. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

E. includes most cells of the body.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D. runs out of neurotransmitter.

E. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. stop a spatial summation

B. inhibit a presynaptic potential

C. excite a presynaptic potential

D. remove a neurotransmitter

E. continue a temporal summation

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Cell body

B. Axon

C. Axon Terminal

D. Dendrites

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Long Term Potentiation

B. IPSPs

C. Summation

D. Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebrum

B. Pons

C. Cerebellum

D. Corpus Callosum

E. Medulla Oblongata

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Brachial plexus

B. Rami communicantes

C. Posterior ramus

D. Anterior ramus

E. Meningeal branch

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Pyramids

B. Association tracts

C. Sulci

D. Corpus callosum

E. Projection tracts

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Association tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Mammillothalamic tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. Association tracts

E. Stria medullaris

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Myelencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Telencephalon

D. Rhombencephelon

E. Diencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. 3rd ventricle

B. choroid plexus

C. lateral ventricles

D. subarachnoid space

E. arachnoid granulations

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. dura mater

B. arachnoid membrane

C. limbic system

D. cerebral ganglia

E. choroid plexus

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. beta waves.

C. P waves.

D. theta waves.

E. delta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. anterior white commissure.

B. posterior gray horn.

C. lateral gray horn.

D. central canal.

E. dorsal root ganglion.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Unipolar

B. Purkinje

C. Uniaxial

D. Astrocytes

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Brachial plexuses

B. Aqueduct of the midbrain

C. Lateral apertures

D. Choroid plexuses

E. Interventricular foramina

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. vestibular nuclei

B. autonomic ganglia

C. lateral olivary nuclei

D. basal nuclei

E. red nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. All of these choices

B. Blood brain barrier

C. Dura mater

D. Arachnoid mater

E. Cerebrospinal fluid

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 2 only

B. 3 only

C. 1 only

D. Both 2 & 3

E. Both 1 & 2

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. theta waves.

C. delta waves.

D. P waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. X-ray

B. PET

C. Ultrasound

D. CT

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. corticospinal

B. pyramidal

C. reticulospinal

D. spinocerebellar

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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