West Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis

B. Transition reaction

C. Electron transport chain

D. Krebs cycle

Question #2

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. generation of ATP

B. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C. production of carbon dioxide

D. production of reduced coenzymes

E. All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

Question #3

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A. Exergonic

B. Endergonic

C. Ergonomic

D. Erythropoetic

Question #4

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A. Carbonification

B. Decarboxylation

C. Gluconeogenesis

D. Oxidation

E. Glycogenolysis

Question #5

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A. Glycolysis

B. Protein synthesis

C. Electron transport system

D. Formation of acetyl-CoA

E. The Krebs cycle

Question #6

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Oxygen

C. Magic

D. Glucose

Question #7

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A. Glycolysis

B. Formation of acetyl-CoA

C. Protein synthesis

D. Electron transport system

Question #8

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A. All of these are electron acceptors

B. FADH2

C. NADH and FADH2

D. H+

E. NADH

Question #9

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B. generation of ATP

C. Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D. production of carbon dioxide

Question #10

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A. golgi complex

B. endoplasmic reticulum

C. nucleolus

D. cytoplasm

E. mitochondria

Question #11

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. protein synthesis

B. cell division

C. osmosis

D. contraction

E. active transport

Question #12

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A. Transition reaction

B. Krebs cycle

C. Electron transport chain

D. Glycolysis

Question #13

Oxidation is

A. The removal of electrons

B. None of these choices

C. The addition of electrons

D. The removal of protons

E. The addition of protons

Question #14

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A. Emancipation

B. Deamination

C. transcription

D. Phosphorylation

Question #15

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A. Esophagus

B. Blood-brain barrier

C. Skin

D. Mouth lining

Question #16

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A. neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B. neurons and mast cells.

C. neurons and somites.

D. neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #17

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A. Stratified columnar

B. Transitional

C. Stratified squamous

D. Simple squamous

F. Simple cuboidal

Question #18

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A. lymph.

B. albumin.

C. red blood cells.

D. plasma.

E. white blood cells.

Question #19

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A. Cartilage

B. Tendons

C. Bone

D. Epidermis

E. Blood

Question #20

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A. Simple cuboidal epithelium

B. Simple columnar epithelium

C. Stratified squamous epithelium

D. Simple squamous epithelium

E. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #21

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A. Epithelial

B. Connective

C. Nervous

D. Muscle

E. Adipose

Question #22

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A. Epithelial

B. Adipose

C. Connective

D. Muscle

E. Nervous

Question #23

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A. Hormones

B. Breastmilk

C. Bile

D. Saliva

E. Sweat

Question #24

Epithelial tissue

A. is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B. All of these Answer choices are correct.

C. is used to form glands.

D. usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E. is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #25

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A. Smooth

B. Skeletal

C. Cardiac

Question #26

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A. cerebral ganglia

B. arachnoid membrane

C. limbic system

D. dura mater

E. choroid plexus

Question #27

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A. ligand-gated channels

B. voltage-gated channels

C. chemical synapses

D. mechanically-gated channels

E. electrical synapses

Question #28

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A. More myelin sheathing

B. Increased diameter of axon

C. Decreased temperature

D. Lower amplitude of action potential

E. Decreased stimulus strength

Question #29

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A. It exhibits low permeability

B. It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C. The sodium ions are negatively charged

D. All of the above are correct

Question #30

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A. –90 to 5 mV

B. +5 to 100 mV

C. –25 to –70 mV

D. None of these choices

E. –40 to –90 mV

Question #31

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A. EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B. EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

C. EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

D. IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E. IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

Question #32

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A. Reuptake at axon terminal only

B. Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C. Enzymatic degradation only

D. Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #33

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A. EPSPs

B. All the choices are correct

C. either EPSPs or IPSPs

D. IPSPs

E. water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #34

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A. Electrical refractory period

B. Threshold potential

C. Resting membrane potential

D. Receptor potential

E. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question #35

Saltatory conduction

A. Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B. Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C. Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D. Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #36

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A. voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

B. voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C. none of these choices occur.

D. ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E. ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A. Na+ into the cell

B. Na+ out of the cell

C. K+ out of the cell

D. K+ into the cell

Question #38

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A. in the neuron nucleus

B. in the dendrites.

C. at the trigger zone.

D. in the synaptic cleft.

E. in the neuroplasm.

Question #39

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A. Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B. Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C. Firing of a second action potential

D. K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

E. Release of neurotransmitter

Question #40

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A. Ca2+

B. K¬+

C. Fe2+

D. Na+

E. Cl-

Question #41

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A. Chemical synapse

B. Electrical synapse

Question #42

IPSP stands for

A. inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

B. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C. inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D. none of these choices

E. inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #43

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A. does not affect the polarity of

B. depolarizes

C. repolarizes

D. moves across channels in

E. hyperpolarizes

Question #44

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A. Integrative function

B. All are functions of the nervous system

C. Sensory function

D. Motor function

Question #45

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. choroid plexus

B. dendrite

C. nodes of Ranvier

D. schwann cells

E. axon

Question #46

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Anchoring junctions

B. Gap junctions

C. Desmosomes

D. Tight junctions

Question #47

A. Relative refractory period

B. Absolute refractory period

C. All of these choices

D. Latent period

Question #48

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A. protons

B. ions

C. neutrons

D. electrons

E. free radicals

Question #49

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A. axon

B. dendrite

C. choroid plexus

D. nodes of Ranvier

E. Schwann cells

Question #50

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A. Norepinephrine

B. Epinephrine

C. Dopamine

D. Serotonin

Question #51

A polarized cell

A. exhibits a membrane potential.

B. All of these choices are correct.

C. has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D. includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

E. includes most cells of the body.

Question #52

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A. stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B. fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C. runs out of neurotransmitter.

D. recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E. fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #53

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A. excite a presynaptic potential

B. continue a temporal summation

C. inhibit a presynaptic potential

D. remove a neurotransmitter

E. stop a spatial summation

Question #54

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A. Axon Terminal

B. Axon

C. Dendrites

D. Cell body

Question #55

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A. Summation

B. IPSPs

C. Long Term Potentiation

D. Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #56

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A. Cerebellum

B. Corpus Callosum

C. Pons

D. Medulla Oblongata

E. Cerebrum

Question #57

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A. Rami communicantes

B. Posterior ramus

C. Meningeal branch

D. Brachial plexus

E. Anterior ramus

Question #58

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A. Association tracts

B. Sulci

C. Projection tracts

D. Corpus callosum

E. Pyramids

Question #59

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A. Commissural tracts

B. Association tracts

C. Projection tracts

D. None of the above

E. All of the above

Question #60

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A. Association tracts

B. Stria medullaris

C. Commissural tracts

D. Projection tracts

E. Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #61

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A. Diencephalon

B. Rhombencephelon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Myelencephalon

E. Telencephalon

Question #62

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A. choroid plexus

B. arachnoid granulations

C. lateral ventricles

D. 3rd ventricle

E. subarachnoid space

Question #63

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A. dura mater

B. arachnoid membrane

C. limbic system

D. cerebral ganglia

E. choroid plexus

Question #64

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. alpha waves.

B. P waves.

C. beta waves.

D. delta waves.

E. theta waves.

Question #65

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A. lateral gray horn.

B. dorsal root ganglion.

C. posterior gray horn.

D. central canal.

E. anterior white commissure.

Question #66

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A. Uniaxial

B. Astrocytes

C. Purkinje

D. Unipolar

Question #67

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A. Lateral apertures

B. Choroid plexuses

C. Interventricular foramina

D. Brachial plexuses

E. Aqueduct of the midbrain

Question #68

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A. autonomic ganglia

B. vestibular nuclei

C. basal nuclei

D. lateral olivary nuclei

E. red nuclei

Question #69

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A. All of these choices

B. Blood brain barrier

C. Cerebrospinal fluid

D. Arachnoid mater

E. Dura mater

Question #70

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? 1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Integration

A. 3 only

B. Both 1 & 2

C. 1 only

D. 2 only

E. Both 2 & 3

Question #71

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A. theta waves.

B. delta waves.

C. alpha waves.

D. P waves.

E. beta waves.

Question #72

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A. Ultrasound

B. CT

C. X-ray

D. PET

Question #73

Which tract carries sensory information?

A. reticulospinal

B. spinocerebellar

C. corticospinal

D. pyramidal

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Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 1

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