Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
What is characteristic of fast pain?
A.
Propagate along small-diameter fibers
B.
Poorly localized
C.
Impulses carried along myelinated fibers
D.
Persists for a long time
Question #2
Which of these spinal motor reflexes has a monosynaptic component?
A.
Visceral
B.
Stretch
C.
Flexor
D.
Withdrawal
E.
Blinking
Question #3
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition?
A.
Integration center
B.
Motor neuron
C.
Sensory neuron
D.
Effector
E.
Sensory receptor
Question #4
In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
A.
Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle
B.
Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle
C.
Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles
D.
Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles
Question #5
In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
A.
Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle
B.
Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle
C.
Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles
D.
Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles
Question #6
Which of the following options is not correct? Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activity by
A.
decreasing activity in the effector
B.
increasing activity in the effector
C.
All of these options are correct
D.
increasing the size of the action potential between neurons
Question #7
Autonomic nervous system is NOT involved in controlling
A.
Cardiac muscle
B.
Skeletal muscle
C.
Endocrine glands
D.
Exocrine glands
E.
Smooth muscle
Question #8
In the flexor withdrawal reflex (pain = stubbing of the toe), which muscle is activated as part of the contralateral response?
A.
Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus
B.
Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg
C.
Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus
D.
Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus
E.
Hamstring, same leg as stimulus
F.
Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg
Question #9
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve was cut; there would be a loss on one side of _________________ at that level
A.
Sensation
B.
Intelligence
C.
Both sensation and voluntary movement
D.
Blood
E.
Voluntary movement
Question #10
Spinocerebellar pathway would be responsible for all of the following except:
A.
Emotion
B.
Coordination
C.
Posture
D.
Balance
E.
All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway
Question #11
Somatic reflex and autonomic reflex differ based on their effectors. The effectors in somatic reflexes are _______, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _______________.
A.
glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
B.
skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
C.
skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only
D.
striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands
E.
skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Question #12
All of the following are immediate physiological responses to sympathetic dominance except:
A.
High levels of cortisol
B.
All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses
C.
Pupil dilation
D.
Elevated heart rate
E.
Elevated blood pressure
Question #13
Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the sympathetic division?
A.
Increased heart rate
B.
Increased blood glucose level
C.
Airway constriction
D.
Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract
E.
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat
Question #14
Which of the following lists the components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper sequence of activation?
A.
receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center
B.
effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor
C.
integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector
D.
receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector
E.
receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector
Question #15
Which of the following does NOT describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A.
Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets
B.
Synapses with sweat glands in skin
C.
Long preganglionic neurons
D.
Sacral spinal cord output
Question #16
A postganglionic neuron in the ANS
A.
releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.
B.
has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.
C.
is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.
D.
carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.
E.
has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.
Question #17
Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS?
A.
Craniosacral division
B.
Sympathetic
C.
Somatic nervous system
D.
Autonomic ganglia
E.
Parasympathetic
Question #18
Which of the following does NOT describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A.
Stimulates sweat glands
B.
Ganglia primarily found in the head
C.
Thoracolumbar output
D.
Short preganglionic neurons
Question #19
Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?
A.
Adrenergic and somatic receptors
B.
Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors
C.
Muscarinic and somatic receptors
D.
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
E.
Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors
Question #20
Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?
A.
Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.
B.
Has myelinated axons.
C.
Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.
D.
Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.
E.
Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.
Question #21
The chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla are innervated directly by
A.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons
B.
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
C.
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
D.
Somatic motorneurons
E.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Question #22
These are structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.
A.
superior sacral ganglion
B.
dorsal rami
C.
rami communicantes
D.
ventral rami
Question #23
Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?
A.
Somatic motor neurons
B.
Somatosensory neurons.
C.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
D.
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
E.
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Question #24
The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are
A.
nicotine and adrenaline.
B.
norepinephrine and muscarine.
C.
somatostatin and nicotine.
D.
norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
E.
muscarine and acetylcholine.
Question #25
Select the incorrect association
A.
Nociceptor – solute concentration
B.
Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration
C.
Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch
D.
Photoreceptor – light
E.
Thermoreceptor – heat and cold
Question #26
The _________________ tract relays sensory information about pain.
A.
Corticospinal
B.
Spinothalamic
C.
Spinocerebellar
Question #27
Monosodium glutamate would activate which taste receptors
A.
Bitter
B.
Umami
C.
Sweet
D.
Sour
E.
Salt
Question #28
Match the receptors to their correct location: Exteroceptors
A.
Skin surface
B.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
C.
Organs
Question #29
Match the receptors to their correct location: Interoceptors
A.
Skin surface
B.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
C.
Organs
Question #30
Match the receptors to their correct location: Proprioceptors
A.
Skin surface
B.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
C.
Organs
Question #31
Which central nervous system structure do most of the somatic sensory input decussate at?
A.
Spinal cord
B.
Cerebral cortex
C.
Medulla oblongata
D.
Midbrain
E.
Thalamus
Question #32
Sour taste represents stimuli caused by
A.
Acids
B.
Bases
C.
Alkaloids
D.
Sugars
E.
Salts
Question #33
Gustation and olfaction primarily involve what type of specialized receptors?
A.
Thermoreceptors
B.
Baroreceptors
C.
Proprioreceptors
D.
Chemoreceptors
E.
Mechanoreceptors
Question #34
All of the following are necessary components in the process of sensation, except for:
A.
Stimulus transduction
B.
Generation of nerve impulse
C.
Integration of sensory input
D.
Sensory Reception
E.
Implementation of a motor response
Question #35
The conversion of stimuli into neuron action potentials
A.
All of the options are correct
B.
Requires an adequate level of stimulus
C.
Stems from generation of receptor potentials
D.
Is called transduction
Question #36
Which central nervous system structure is the major sensory relay center?
A.
Cerebral cortex
B.
Thalamus
C.
Medulla oblongata
D.
Spinal cord
E.
Midbrain
Question #37
A.
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.
B.
Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons
C.
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.
D.
Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.
E.
All of the options listed are correct
Question #38
How many sensory modalities can a single sensory neuron have?
A.
Hundreds
B.
None
C.
One
D.
Dozens
E.
Thousands
Question #39
Sound waves vibrates this structure in the ear
A.
vestibulocochlear nerve
B.
cochlea
C.
tympanic membrane
D.
pinna
E.
organ of Corti
Question #40
Visceral pain results from stimulating
A.
thermoreceptors.
B.
exteroreceptors.
C.
Pacinian corpuscles.
D.
proprioceptors.
E.
nociceptors.
Question #41
These are sensory receptors that are located in blood vessels and visceral organs and their signals are not usually consciously perceived.
A.
Nociceptors
B.
Interoceptors
C.
Exteroreceptors
D.
Proprioceptors
E.
None of the answers selections are correct
Question #42
Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium?
A.
cochlea
B.
organ of Corti
C.
vestibulocochlear nerve
D.
semicircular canals
E.
maculae of the vestibule
Question #43
What category of receptor cell is used to sense changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids?
A.
photoreceptor
B.
thermoreceptor
C.
osmoreceptor
D.
chemoreceptor
E.
mechanoreceptor
Question #44
The process in which the frequency of nerve impulses in the first-order neuron decreases during prolonged stimulus is called
A.
perception.
B.
selectivity.
C.
adaptation.
D.
modality
E.
transduction.
Question #45
The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is
A.
absorption of light by photopigments.
B.
activation of amacrine cells.
C.
generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.
D.
absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
Question #46
The olfactory tract
A.
conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.
B.
receives information from the taste buds.
C.
contains only motor neurons.
D.
projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.
Question #47
Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?
A.
No changes in the membrane potential occur.
B.
The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.
C.
The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.
D.
A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.
E.
The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.
Question #48
______________ is a term used to describe pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin.
A.
Fast pain
B.
Visceral pain
C.
Referred pain
D.
Sympathetic pain
E.
Slow pain
Question #49
Proprioception means awareness of
A.
body temperature.
B.
body position.
C.
color vision.
D.
visual acuity.
E.
pain.
Question #50
The main function of muscle spindles is
A.
to sense muscle fatigue.
B.
to sense referred pain.
C.
to sense changes in muscle length.
D.
to perceive cutaneous sensations.
Question #51
All of the following types of stimuli are sensed by free nerve endings EXCEPT
A.
pain.
B.
temperature.
C.
tickle.
D.
pressure.
E.
itch.
Question #52
Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant
A.
increases sensitivity to that odorant.
B.
occurs slowly.
C.
does not occur.
D.
enhances gustation.
E.
occurs rapidly.
Question #53
Olfactory receptors are found
A.
throughout the nasal cavity.
B.
only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
C.
only in the mid-nasal ridges.
D.
only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
E.
from the vestibule to the pharynx.
Question #54
Binocular vision
A.
provides more accurate color vision.
B.
gives better depth perception.
C.
is only seen in humans.
D.
is all of these choices
E.
occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.
Question #55
Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
B.
Insulin
C.
Calcitonin
D.
Thyroid hormone
E.
Glucagon
Question #56
Which of the following situations represents negative feedback?
A.
Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C
B.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C
C.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A
D.
Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A
E.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A
Question #57
Which of the following hormones is released by the hypothalamus?
A.
Luteinizing hormone
B.
Corticotropin releasing hormone
C.
Thyroid stimulating hormone
D.
Follicle stimulating hormone
E.
Growth hormone
Question #58
Lipophilic (lipid-soluble) hormones
A.
All of these are correct answers
B.
Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells
C.
Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane
D.
include steroids and thyroid hormone
Question #59
Which of the following receptors regenerate after cell death?
A.
All of these receptors regenerate after cell death
B.
Photoreceptors
C.
Gustatory and Olfactory receptors
D.
Olfactory receptors
E.
Gustatory receptors
Question #60
All of the following hormone pairs are synergistic except for
A.
Human Growth Hormone and testosterone
B.
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
C.
All of these are synergistic pairs
D.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
E.
Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen
Question #61
All of the following are prime examples of negative feedback loops, except for:
A.
Calcitonin
B.
Human growth hormone
C.
All of these options are prime examples
D.
Oxytocin
E.
Testosterone
Question #62
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?
A.
Protein and fat breakdown
B.
Depression of immune responses
C.
Reduction of inflammation
D.
Glucose formation
E.
Increased production of all types of blood cells
Question #63
When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called
A.
Up-regulation
B.
Sensory adaptation
C.
Down-regulation
D.
Receptor recognition
E.
Paracrine regulation
Question #64
The endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla are primarily innervated by which branch of the nervous system?
A.
Central
B.
Parasympathetic
C.
Sympathetic
D.
Somatic
E.
Sensory
Question #65
The most common second messenger used by hydrophilic hormones is
A.
Calcium
B.
Plasma proteins
C.
Messenger RNA
D.
Cyclic AMP
E.
Chromatin
Question #66
Which of the following would occur within the liver in response to insulin?
A.
Glycogenolysis
B.
Glycogenesis
C.
Epinephrine release
D.
Calcitonin downregulation
E.
Gluconeogenesis
Question #67
Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?
A.
Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
B.
Releasing hormones.
C.
Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood
D.
Chemical changes in the blood
E.
Signals from the nervous system
Question #68
Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?
A.
Coupling of T1 and T2
B.
Synthesis of calcitonin
C.
Iodide trapping
D.
Oxidation of iodide
E.
Iodination of tyrosine
Question #69
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?
A.
Luteinizing hormone
B.
Prolactin
C.
Growth hormone
D.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E.
Thyrotropin
Question #70
Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?
A.
Lactotrophs
B.
Somatotrophs
C.
Thyrotrophs
D.
Corticotrophs
E.
Gonadotrophs
Question #71
Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?
A.
Chloride
B.
Potassium
C.
Sodium
D.
Manganese
E.
Calcium
Question #72
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?
A.
Depression of immune responses
B.
Protein and fat breakdown
C.
Glucose formation
D.
Increased production of all types of blood cells
E.
Reduction of inflammation
Question #73
What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?
A.
Action potentials from the thalamus
B.
Hormones released from the hypothalamus
C.
The peripheral nervous system
D.
Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
E.
Muscle contraction
Question #74
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
A.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
B.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C.
Leutinizing hormone
D.
Prolactin
E.
Insulin-like growth factors
Question #75
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?
A.
Thyrotropin
B.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C.
Luteinizing hormone
D.
Prolactin
E.
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Question #76
Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
A.
Prolactin and growth hormone
B.
Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
C.
Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
D.
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
E.
Prolactin and ACTH
Question #77
Which hormone effect on the muscle is correct?
A.
Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.
B.
Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.
C.
Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.
D.
ADH promotes water loss.
E.
Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.
Question #78
A hormone that travels through the blood vessels to distant effectors is considered
A.
local hormone.
B.
autocrine.
C.
paracrine.
D.
circulating hormone.
Question #79
How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete?
A.
12
B.
7
C.
5
D.
unlimited
E.
10
Question #80
Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?
A.
Regulates metabolism
B.
Controls growth and development
C.
Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
D.
Produces electrolytes
Question #81
When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)
A.
circulating effect.
B.
local effect.
C.
permissive effect.
D.
antagonistic effect.
E.
synergistic effect.
Question #82
Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
A.
Somatostatin
B.
Calcitonin
C.
Thyroid hormones
D.
Insulin
E.
Glucagon
Question #83
Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?
A.
Steroids
B.
Thyroid hormones
C.
Amine hormones
D.
Nitric oxide
E.
Peptide hormones
Question #84
Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?
A.
Increased lipolysis
B.
Increased breakdown of proteins
C.
Increased gluconeogenesis
D.
Increased glycogenesis
E.
Increased digestive activities
Question #85
What is the result of decreased secretion of aldosterone?
A.
Dehydration
B.
Metabolic acidosis
C.
Decreased heart rate
D.
Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
E.
Decreased airway dilation
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