Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
What is characteristic of fast pain?
A.
Impulses carried along myelinated fibers
B.
Poorly localized
C.
Propagate along small-diameter fibers
D.
Persists for a long time
Question #2
Which of these spinal motor reflexes has a monosynaptic component?
A.
Blinking
B.
Withdrawal
C.
Flexor
D.
Stretch
E.
Visceral
Question #3
Which of the following parts of a reflex arc receives sensory information and decides how to respond to a change in the body’s condition?
A.
Integration center
B.
Sensory receptor
C.
Motor neuron
D.
Sensory neuron
E.
Effector
Question #4
In response to a muscle being stretched, a muscle spindle initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
A.
Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle
B.
Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles
C.
Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles
D.
Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle
Question #5
In response to a tendon being stretched excessively, a tendon organ initiates a somatic spinal reflex that causes
A.
Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle
B.
Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles
C.
Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles
D.
Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle
Question #6
Which of the following options is not correct? Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activity by
A.
increasing activity in the effector
B.
decreasing activity in the effector
C.
All of these options are correct
D.
increasing the size of the action potential between neurons
Question #7
Autonomic nervous system is NOT involved in controlling
A.
Skeletal muscle
B.
Cardiac muscle
C.
Exocrine glands
D.
Smooth muscle
E.
Endocrine glands
Question #8
In the flexor withdrawal reflex (pain = stubbing of the toe), which muscle is activated as part of the contralateral response?
A.
Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus
B.
Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg
C.
Hamstring, same leg as stimulus
D.
Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus
E.
Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus
F.
Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg
Question #9
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve was cut; there would be a loss on one side of _________________ at that level
A.
Intelligence
B.
Blood
C.
Voluntary movement
D.
Both sensation and voluntary movement
E.
Sensation
Question #10
Spinocerebellar pathway would be responsible for all of the following except:
A.
Balance
B.
Emotion
C.
Coordination
D.
All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway
E.
Posture
Question #11
Somatic reflex and autonomic reflex differ based on their effectors. The effectors in somatic reflexes are _______, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _______________.
A.
skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only
B.
striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands
C.
skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
D.
glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
E.
skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Question #12
All of the following are immediate physiological responses to sympathetic dominance except:
A.
Pupil dilation
B.
Elevated blood pressure
C.
High levels of cortisol
D.
All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses
E.
Elevated heart rate
Question #13
Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the sympathetic division?
A.
Increased blood glucose level
B.
Airway constriction
C.
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat
D.
Increased heart rate
E.
Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract
Question #14
Which of the following lists the components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper sequence of activation?
A.
receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector
B.
receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector
C.
receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center
D.
effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor
E.
integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector
Question #15
Which of the following does NOT describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A.
Long preganglionic neurons
B.
Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets
C.
Sacral spinal cord output
D.
Synapses with sweat glands in skin
Question #16
A postganglionic neuron in the ANS
A.
has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.
B.
carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.
C.
is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.
D.
releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.
E.
has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.
Question #17
Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS?
A.
Sympathetic
B.
Parasympathetic
C.
Craniosacral division
D.
Somatic nervous system
E.
Autonomic ganglia
Question #18
Which of the following does NOT describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A.
Ganglia primarily found in the head
B.
Short preganglionic neurons
C.
Stimulates sweat glands
D.
Thoracolumbar output
Question #19
Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?
A.
Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors
B.
Adrenergic and somatic receptors
C.
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
D.
Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors
E.
Muscarinic and somatic receptors
Question #20
Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?
A.
Has myelinated axons.
B.
Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.
C.
Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.
D.
Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.
E.
Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.
Question #21
The chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla are innervated directly by
A.
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
B.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons
C.
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
D.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
E.
Somatic motorneurons
Question #22
These are structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.
A.
dorsal rami
B.
superior sacral ganglion
C.
rami communicantes
D.
ventral rami
Question #23
Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?
A.
Somatosensory neurons.
B.
Somatic motor neurons
C.
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
D.
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
E.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Question #24
The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are
A.
muscarine and acetylcholine.
B.
nicotine and adrenaline.
C.
norepinephrine and muscarine.
D.
norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
E.
somatostatin and nicotine.
Question #25
Select the incorrect association
A.
Thermoreceptor – heat and cold
B.
Photoreceptor – light
C.
Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch
D.
Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration
E.
Nociceptor – solute concentration
Question #26
The _________________ tract relays sensory information about pain.
A.
Spinothalamic
B.
Corticospinal
C.
Spinocerebellar
Question #27
Monosodium glutamate would activate which taste receptors
A.
Salt
B.
Bitter
C.
Umami
D.
Sweet
E.
Sour
Question #28
Match the receptors to their correct location: Exteroceptors
A.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
B.
Skin surface
C.
Organs
Question #29
Match the receptors to their correct location: Interoceptors
A.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
B.
Skin surface
C.
Organs
Question #30
Match the receptors to their correct location: Proprioceptors
A.
Organs
B.
Skin surface
C.
Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus
Question #31
Which central nervous system structure do most of the somatic sensory input decussate at?
A.
Midbrain
B.
Medulla oblongata
C.
Spinal cord
D.
Thalamus
E.
Cerebral cortex
Question #32
Sour taste represents stimuli caused by
A.
Acids
B.
Salts
C.
Sugars
D.
Alkaloids
E.
Bases
Question #33
Gustation and olfaction primarily involve what type of specialized receptors?
A.
Mechanoreceptors
B.
Thermoreceptors
C.
Proprioreceptors
D.
Chemoreceptors
E.
Baroreceptors
Question #34
All of the following are necessary components in the process of sensation, except for:
A.
Implementation of a motor response
B.
Integration of sensory input
C.
Generation of nerve impulse
D.
Stimulus transduction
E.
Sensory Reception
Question #35
The conversion of stimuli into neuron action potentials
A.
All of the options are correct
B.
Requires an adequate level of stimulus
C.
Is called transduction
D.
Stems from generation of receptor potentials
Question #36
Which central nervous system structure is the major sensory relay center?
A.
Midbrain
B.
Medulla oblongata
C.
Spinal cord
D.
Cerebral cortex
E.
Thalamus
Question #37
Which of the following statements about proprioception is incorrect?
A.
Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.
B.
All of the options listed are correct
C.
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.
D.
Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.
E.
Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons
Question #38
How many sensory modalities can a single sensory neuron have?
A.
None
B.
One
C.
Hundreds
D.
Dozens
E.
Thousands
Question #39
Sound waves vibrates this structure in the ear
A.
pinna
B.
organ of Corti
C.
tympanic membrane
D.
cochlea
E.
vestibulocochlear nerve
Question #40
Visceral pain results from stimulating
A.
proprioceptors.
B.
exteroreceptors.
C.
thermoreceptors.
D.
Pacinian corpuscles.
E.
nociceptors.
Question #41
These are sensory receptors that are located in blood vessels and visceral organs and their signals are not usually consciously perceived.
A.
None of the answers selections are correct
B.
Proprioceptors
C.
Nociceptors
D.
Exteroreceptors
E.
Interoceptors
Question #42
Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium?
A.
maculae of the vestibule
B.
semicircular canals
C.
organ of Corti
D.
cochlea
E.
vestibulocochlear nerve
Question #43
What category of receptor cell is used to sense changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids?
A.
mechanoreceptor
B.
thermoreceptor
C.
osmoreceptor
D.
photoreceptor
E.
chemoreceptor
Question #44
The process in which the frequency of nerve impulses in the first-order neuron decreases during prolonged stimulus is called
A.
perception.
B.
modality
C.
adaptation.
D.
selectivity.
E.
transduction.
Question #45
The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is
A.
generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.
B.
absorption of light by photopigments.
C.
activation of amacrine cells.
D.
absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
Question #46
The olfactory tract
A.
contains only motor neurons.
B.
receives information from the taste buds.
C.
conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.
D.
projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.
Question #47
Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?
A.
A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.
B.
No changes in the membrane potential occur.
C.
The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.
D.
The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.
E.
The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.
Question #48
______________ is a term used to describe pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin.
A.
Visceral pain
B.
Fast pain
C.
Sympathetic pain
D.
Slow pain
E.
Referred pain
Question #49
Proprioception means awareness of
A.
body position.
B.
color vision.
C.
visual acuity.
D.
body temperature.
E.
pain.
Question #50
The main function of muscle spindles is
A.
to sense muscle fatigue.
B.
to perceive cutaneous sensations.
C.
to sense changes in muscle length.
D.
to sense referred pain.
Question #51
All of the following types of stimuli are sensed by free nerve endings EXCEPT
A.
temperature.
B.
pain.
C.
itch.
D.
tickle.
E.
pressure.
Question #52
Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant
A.
occurs slowly.
B.
occurs rapidly.
C.
does not occur.
D.
increases sensitivity to that odorant.
E.
enhances gustation.
Question #53
Olfactory receptors are found
A.
only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
B.
throughout the nasal cavity.
C.
only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
D.
only in the mid-nasal ridges.
E.
from the vestibule to the pharynx.
Question #54
Binocular vision
A.
occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.
B.
gives better depth perception.
C.
is only seen in humans.
D.
is all of these choices
E.
provides more accurate color vision.
Question #55
Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A.
Glucagon
B.
Calcitonin
C.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D.
Insulin
E.
Thyroid hormone
Question #56
Which of the following situations represents negative feedback?
A.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C
B.
Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A
C.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A
D.
Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C
E.
Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A
Question #57
Which of the following hormones is released by the hypothalamus?
A.
Corticotropin releasing hormone
B.
Luteinizing hormone
C.
Thyroid stimulating hormone
D.
Follicle stimulating hormone
E.
Growth hormone
Question #58
Lipophilic (lipid-soluble) hormones
A.
include steroids and thyroid hormone
B.
Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane
C.
Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells
D.
All of these are correct answers
Question #59
Which of the following receptors regenerate after cell death?
A.
All of these receptors regenerate after cell death
B.
Olfactory receptors
C.
Gustatory receptors
D.
Gustatory and Olfactory receptors
E.
Photoreceptors
Question #60
All of the following hormone pairs are synergistic except for
A.
Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen
B.
Human Growth Hormone and testosterone
C.
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
D.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
E.
All of these are synergistic pairs
Question #61
All of the following are prime examples of negative feedback loops, except for:
A.
All of these options are prime examples
B.
Oxytocin
C.
Calcitonin
D.
Testosterone
E.
Human growth hormone
Question #62
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?
A.
Protein and fat breakdown
B.
Depression of immune responses
C.
Glucose formation
D.
Reduction of inflammation
E.
Increased production of all types of blood cells
Question #63
When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called
A.
Receptor recognition
B.
Paracrine regulation
C.
Sensory adaptation
D.
Down-regulation
E.
Up-regulation
Question #64
The endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla are primarily innervated by which branch of the nervous system?
A.
Parasympathetic
B.
Central
C.
Sympathetic
D.
Sensory
E.
Somatic
Question #65
The most common second messenger used by hydrophilic hormones is
A.
Cyclic AMP
B.
Plasma proteins
C.
Calcium
D.
Chromatin
E.
Messenger RNA
Question #66
Which of the following would occur within the liver in response to insulin?
A.
Glycogenesis
B.
Gluconeogenesis
C.
Calcitonin downregulation
D.
Glycogenolysis
E.
Epinephrine release
Question #67
Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?
A.
Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
B.
Chemical changes in the blood
C.
Signals from the nervous system
D.
Releasing hormones.
E.
Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood
Question #68
Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?
A.
Coupling of T1 and T2
B.
Iodination of tyrosine
C.
Oxidation of iodide
D.
Synthesis of calcitonin
E.
Iodide trapping
Question #69
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?
A.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
B.
Luteinizing hormone
C.
Thyrotropin
D.
Growth hormone
E.
Prolactin
Question #70
Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?
A.
Gonadotrophs
B.
Lactotrophs
C.
Corticotrophs
D.
Thyrotrophs
E.
Somatotrophs
Question #71
Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?
A.
Potassium
B.
Calcium
C.
Manganese
D.
Chloride
E.
Sodium
Question #72
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?
A.
Increased production of all types of blood cells
B.
Reduction of inflammation
C.
Depression of immune responses
D.
Glucose formation
E.
Protein and fat breakdown
Question #73
What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?
A.
Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
B.
The peripheral nervous system
C.
Hormones released from the hypothalamus
D.
Action potentials from the thalamus
E.
Muscle contraction
Question #74
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
A.
Insulin-like growth factors
B.
Leutinizing hormone
C.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
D.
Prolactin
E.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Question #75
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?
A.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
B.
Prolactin
C.
Luteinizing hormone
D.
Thyrotropin
E.
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Question #76
Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
A.
Prolactin and ACTH
B.
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
C.
Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
D.
Prolactin and growth hormone
E.
Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
Question #77
Which hormone effect on the muscle is correct?
A.
ADH promotes water loss.
B.
Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.
C.
Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.
D.
Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.
E.
Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.
Question #78
A hormone that travels through the blood vessels to distant effectors is considered
A.
circulating hormone.
B.
autocrine.
C.
paracrine.
D.
local hormone.
Question #79
How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete?
A.
unlimited
B.
5
C.
7
D.
10
E.
12
Question #80
Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?
A.
Controls growth and development
B.
Produces electrolytes
C.
Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
D.
Regulates metabolism
Question #81
When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)
A.
circulating effect.
B.
local effect.
C.
synergistic effect.
D.
permissive effect.
E.
antagonistic effect.
Question #82
Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
A.
Calcitonin
B.
Somatostatin
C.
Thyroid hormones
D.
Insulin
E.
Glucagon
Question #83
Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?
A.
Amine hormones
B.
Peptide hormones
C.
Thyroid hormones
D.
Steroids
E.
Nitric oxide
Question #84
Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?
A.
Increased glycogenesis
B.
Increased gluconeogenesis
C.
Increased digestive activities
D.
Increased lipolysis
E.
Increased breakdown of proteins
Question #85
What is the result of decreased secretion of aldosterone?
A.
Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
B.
Decreased heart rate
C.
Dehydration
D.
Metabolic acidosis
E.
Decreased airway dilation
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