Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
Need help with your exam preparation?
Get Answers to this exam for $6 USD.
Get Answers to all exams in [ Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors ] course for $25 USD.
Existing Quiz Clients Login here
Question #1
Why do older people tend to hold a book further away while reading compared to younger individuals?
A.
Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production
B.
Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure
C.
There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals
D.
Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter
Question #2
What happens to visual acuity as sensed objects move closer to the fovea (located at the center of the retina)?
A.
Objects appear larger due to top-down bias
B.
Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected
C.
Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea
D.
Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias
E.
Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea
Question #3
Which statement best describes the fovea in the eye?
A.
Responsible for proprioception
B.
Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies
C.
Responsible for color vision
D.
Operates on very low light levels
E.
Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)
Question #4
Fill in the blank: 80-year-old individuals generally require ___% more light to see compared to 25-year-old individuals.
A.
1
B.
10
C.
5
D.
30
E.
3
Question #5
At which lighting level is photopic vision likely to occur?
A.
0.01 lux
B.
1 lux
C.
0.1 lux
D.
10 lux
E.
All lux levels
F.
100 lux
Question #6
Which color lights should you use in lighting a car dashboard when considering night vision and dark adaptation?
A.
It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting
B.
Red light since it is most visually salient
C.
Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation
D.
Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades
E.
Green light since it is associated with moving forward
Question #7
What is the most important HF guideline in designing with color?
A.
Color is always better than grayscale
B.
Color should never be the only design cue
C.
Color is critical for scotopic vision
D.
Color improves the user experience
E.
Color is reserved for graphic designers
Question #8
Using the concept of optic flow, how would you paint a bike path to encourage riders to slow down at an intersection?
A.
Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected
B.
Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard
C.
Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead
D.
Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency
E.
Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion
Question #9
Using the Bond Rule, how tall should letters be for an advertisement 100 inches away from users?
A.
0.7 inches
B.
0.7 millimeters
C.
0.7 feet
D.
0.7 degrees
E.
Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height
F.
0.7 lux
Question #10
Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, what is the minimum contrast ratio for small text items?
A.
1 to 1
B.
7.0 to 1
C.
3.0 to 1
D.
0 to 1
E.
10 to 1
F.
4.5 to 1
Question #11
What can a designer do with light color to help people maintain their circadian rhythms and timing of melatonin release?
A.
Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms
B.
Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night
C.
Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm
D.
Avoid redundant color cues at night
E.
Minimize use of blue light at night
Question #12
For designing a paper test form, what can be said of color?
A.
Color has no impact on test taker performance
B.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink
C.
There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance
D.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink
Question #13
What is the full hearing range that a newborn is likely to hear?
A.
Sub-sonic frequencies
B.
20 to 20,000 Hz
C.
20 kilowatts
D.
2,000 to 5,000 Hz
E.
Ultra-sonic frequencies
Question #14
Which property of hearing should you take into consideration when designing tones for the elderly?
A.
High frequencies tend to be lost as we age
B.
Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age
C.
Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age
D.
Macular degeneration
E.
Presbyopia
Question #15
When measuring sound pressure levels for hearing damage, which measurement scale should you use?
A.
The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones
B.
The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
C.
The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second
D.
The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
E.
The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
Question #16
If the ambient noise of a traffic crossing is 75 decibels, how much louder should a siren be for reliable detection?
A.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy
B.
30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection
C.
10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic
D.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)
E.
10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness
Question #17
In terms of spatial disorientation, which statement best describes an aircraft pilot's capabilities?
A.
The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations
B.
The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies
C.
The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments
D.
The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls
E.
The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions
Question #18
In which situations is a sound cue more effective than a visual cue?
A.
When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements
B.
When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision
C.
When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections
D.
When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees
E.
For musically inclined individuals
Question #19
Best practices for designing effective voice alarms include:
A.
Using rhyming words
B.
Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only
C.
Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise
D.
Avoiding slang vocabulary only
Question #20
Listening to synthesized speech requires more cognitive effort compared to natural speech
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #21
Why is it important to identify if a user will be wearing gloves to operate a control such as a push button?
A.
Gloves are always optional
B.
Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand
C.
Gloves might reduce a user's likelihood of using a button
D.
Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction
E.
Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination
F.
Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback
Question #22
In which situation would tactile alerts provide good supplemental feedback?
A.
Alerts for use in high vibration environments
B.
During high visual load
C.
When gloved hands are necessary
D.
For tactile response personnel
E.
Situations involving hands-free operation
Question #23
Vestibular feedback allows people to detect which attribute?
A.
Vesting
B.
Gravity
C.
Temperature
D.
Smell
E.
Haptics
Question #24
Motion sickness can occur in simulators due to which situation?
A.
Low quality video feeds causing eye strain
B.
Use of Dramamine
C.
Use of headphones instead of ear-buds
D.
Sound levels that exceed the user's expectations
E.
Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion
Question #25
What is the limit of working memory in terms of number of chunks?
A.
4 chunks
B.
7 +/- 2 chunks
C.
4 chipmunks
D.
+/- 2 chunks
E.
7 +/- 2 chipmunks
Question #26
Research shows that 3 chunks of information can be stored in Short-term memory for how long before needing to be re-activated?
A.
70 minutes
B.
7 seconds
C.
7 days
D.
7 hours
E.
70 seconds
Question #27
Which of the following license plate formats would likely support the best recall during a hit-and-run memorization scenario?
A.
3G66RK
B.
36 6GRK
C.
3G 66RK
D.
366 GRK
E.
366GRK
Question #28
What are 2 top-down factors that guide selective attention?
A.
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
B.
Id and Ego
C.
Salience and Effort
D.
Expectancy and Value
E.
Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop
Question #29
Regarding selective attention, why would using a heads-up display be ineffective in reducing driving distractions?
A.
When a driver's eyes are on the road, it doesn't mean their mind is also on the road
B.
Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets
C.
Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses
D.
Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays
E.
The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster
Question #30
What does the Invisible Gorilla by Daniel J. Simons teach us about attention?
A.
Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention
B.
Gorillas can move very fast
C.
Cognitive bandwidth is limitless
D.
Change blindness occurs only when we are tired
E.
Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users
Question #31
In the story The Peppermint twist (Casey), which intervention may have prevented consumption of caustic soap?
A.
Use of a universal container connector
B.
More availability of safety gloves
C.
Improved contrast ratio of warning label text
D.
Locks added to cabinets near the sink
E.
Use of red coloring added to the soap solution
Question #32
What are the 3 dimensions of the cognitive environment?
A.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
B.
X, Y, and Z axis
C.
Sensation, Perception, Central Processing
D.
Larry, Curly, and Moe
E.
STM, LTM, and working memory
Question #33
What are the 3 basic types of Long-term memory?
A.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
B.
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural
C.
Strength, Associations, and Endurance
D.
Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition
E.
STM, LTM, and ATM
Question #34
Strength and Association are features that inform ability to retrieve which type of memory?
A.
Short-term memory
B.
Visuospatial sketchpad
C.
Negative transfer
D.
Long-term memory
E.
Phonological loop
Question #35
How should characteristics of Long-term memory guide the way you study for an exam?
A.
Utilize spaced practice
B.
Re-read each chapter
C.
Use mass practice
D.
Ask a friend for answers
E.
Defer to knowledge in the universe
Question #36
Why are pass-phrases better then passwords in terms of human memory?
A.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts
B.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
C.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
D.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts
Question #37
Each retrieval of a memory slightly alters it
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #38
Which conditions lead to habit forming?
A.
Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards
B.
Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts
C.
Delayed rewards and selective attention
D.
Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards
Question #39
Long-term memory is synonymous with Working memory
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #40
What is a characteristic of Procedural memory?
A.
Is a subtype of declarative memory
B.
Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)
C.
Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature
D.
Relies on intuition instead of practice
E.
Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)
Question #41
Considering how advertisers use 'phone words' (1-800-GET-HELP) over numbers, which principle is being utilized?
A.
Pulsing of Long-term memories
B.
Cognitive dissonance
C.
Disassociations
D.
Superiority of letters over numbers
E.
Alpha-numeric bias
Question #42
Eye-witness testimony is considered to be very reliable in situations of limited attention
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #43
Recall Training is a process of increasing memory strength by performing which actions?
A.
Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it
B.
Recalling a memory in quick succession
C.
Lifting heavy memories to build up strength
D.
Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world
E.
Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World
Question #44
Which statement best describes a mental model
A.
Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness
B.
Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information
C.
Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model
D.
Associations of semantic memories
E.
Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities
Need help with your exam preparation?
Get Answers to this exam for $6 USD.
Get Answers to all exams in [ Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors ] course for $25 USD.
Existing Quiz Clients Login here