Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Why do older people tend to hold a book further away while reading compared to younger individuals?
A.
There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals
B.
Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter
C.
Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure
D.
Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production
Question #2
What happens to visual acuity as sensed objects move closer to the fovea (located at the center of the retina)?
A.
Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea
B.
Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected
C.
Objects appear larger due to top-down bias
D.
Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias
E.
Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea
Question #3
Which statement best describes the fovea in the eye?
A.
Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)
B.
Operates on very low light levels
C.
Responsible for color vision
D.
Responsible for proprioception
E.
Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies
Question #4
Fill in the blank: 80-year-old individuals generally require ___% more light to see compared to 25-year-old individuals.
A.
10
B.
1
C.
5
D.
30
E.
3
Question #5
At which lighting level is photopic vision likely to occur?
A.
1 lux
B.
0.1 lux
C.
100 lux
D.
0.01 lux
E.
10 lux
F.
All lux levels
Question #6
Which color lights should you use in lighting a car dashboard when considering night vision and dark adaptation?
A.
Green light since it is associated with moving forward
B.
Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation
C.
Red light since it is most visually salient
D.
It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting
E.
Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades
Question #7
What is the most important HF guideline in designing with color?
A.
Color is reserved for graphic designers
B.
Color should never be the only design cue
C.
Color improves the user experience
D.
Color is always better than grayscale
E.
Color is critical for scotopic vision
Question #8
Using the concept of optic flow, how would you paint a bike path to encourage riders to slow down at an intersection?
A.
Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency
B.
Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard
C.
Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion
D.
Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected
E.
Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead
Question #9
Using the Bond Rule, how tall should letters be for an advertisement 100 inches away from users?
A.
0.7 inches
B.
0.7 millimeters
C.
0.7 degrees
D.
0.7 feet
E.
0.7 lux
F.
Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height
Question #10
Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, what is the minimum contrast ratio for small text items?
A.
4.5 to 1
B.
0 to 1
C.
7.0 to 1
D.
3.0 to 1
E.
1 to 1
F.
10 to 1
Question #11
What can a designer do with light color to help people maintain their circadian rhythms and timing of melatonin release?
A.
Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms
B.
Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night
C.
Minimize use of blue light at night
D.
Avoid redundant color cues at night
E.
Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm
Question #12
For designing a paper test form, what can be said of color?
A.
Color has no impact on test taker performance
B.
There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance
C.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink
D.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink
Question #13
What is the full hearing range that a newborn is likely to hear?
A.
Ultra-sonic frequencies
B.
20 to 20,000 Hz
C.
2,000 to 5,000 Hz
D.
Sub-sonic frequencies
E.
20 kilowatts
Question #14
Which property of hearing should you take into consideration when designing tones for the elderly?
A.
Presbyopia
B.
High frequencies tend to be lost as we age
C.
Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age
D.
Macular degeneration
E.
Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age
Question #15
When measuring sound pressure levels for hearing damage, which measurement scale should you use?
A.
The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
B.
The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones
C.
The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second
D.
The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
E.
The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
Question #16
If the ambient noise of a traffic crossing is 75 decibels, how much louder should a siren be for reliable detection?
A.
30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection
B.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy
C.
10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness
D.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)
E.
10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic
Question #17
In terms of spatial disorientation, which statement best describes an aircraft pilot's capabilities?
A.
The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies
B.
The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments
C.
The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls
D.
The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions
E.
The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations
Question #18
In which situations is a sound cue more effective than a visual cue?
A.
For musically inclined individuals
B.
When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements
C.
When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision
D.
When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees
E.
When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections
Question #19
Best practices for designing effective voice alarms include:
A.
Using rhyming words
B.
Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise
C.
Avoiding slang vocabulary only
D.
Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only
Question #20
Listening to synthesized speech requires more cognitive effort compared to natural speech
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #21
Why is it important to identify if a user will be wearing gloves to operate a control such as a push button?
A.
Gloves are always optional
B.
Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback
C.
Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand
D.
Gloves might reduce a user's likelihood of using a button
E.
Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination
F.
Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction
Question #22
In which situation would tactile alerts provide good supplemental feedback?
A.
Situations involving hands-free operation
B.
Alerts for use in high vibration environments
C.
When gloved hands are necessary
D.
During high visual load
E.
For tactile response personnel
Question #23
Vestibular feedback allows people to detect which attribute?
A.
Smell
B.
Temperature
C.
Vesting
D.
Haptics
E.
Gravity
Question #24
Motion sickness can occur in simulators due to which situation?
A.
Use of Dramamine
B.
Low quality video feeds causing eye strain
C.
Sound levels that exceed the user's expectations
D.
Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion
E.
Use of headphones instead of ear-buds
Question #25
What is the limit of working memory in terms of number of chunks?
A.
7 +/- 2 chipmunks
B.
+/- 2 chunks
C.
7 +/- 2 chunks
D.
4 chunks
E.
4 chipmunks
Question #26
Research shows that 3 chunks of information can be stored in Short-term memory for how long before needing to be re-activated?
A.
7 seconds
B.
7 days
C.
7 hours
D.
70 minutes
E.
70 seconds
Question #27
Which of the following license plate formats would likely support the best recall during a hit-and-run memorization scenario?
A.
366 GRK
B.
36 6GRK
C.
366GRK
D.
3G66RK
E.
3G 66RK
Question #28
What are 2 top-down factors that guide selective attention?
A.
Salience and Effort
B.
Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop
C.
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
D.
Expectancy and Value
E.
Id and Ego
Question #29
Regarding selective attention, why would using a heads-up display be ineffective in reducing driving distractions?
A.
Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets
B.
The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster
C.
When a driver's eyes are on the road, it doesn't mean their mind is also on the road
D.
Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays
E.
Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses
Question #30
What does the Invisible Gorilla by Daniel J. Simons teach us about attention?
A.
Gorillas can move very fast
B.
Change blindness occurs only when we are tired
C.
Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users
D.
Cognitive bandwidth is limitless
E.
Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention
Question #31
In the story The Peppermint twist (Casey), which intervention may have prevented consumption of caustic soap?
A.
Locks added to cabinets near the sink
B.
Improved contrast ratio of warning label text
C.
More availability of safety gloves
D.
Use of red coloring added to the soap solution
E.
Use of a universal container connector
Question #32
What are the 3 dimensions of the cognitive environment?
A.
STM, LTM, and working memory
B.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
C.
Larry, Curly, and Moe
D.
X, Y, and Z axis
E.
Sensation, Perception, Central Processing
Question #33
What are the 3 basic types of Long-term memory?
A.
Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition
B.
Strength, Associations, and Endurance
C.
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural
D.
STM, LTM, and ATM
E.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
Question #34
Strength and Association are features that inform ability to retrieve which type of memory?
A.
Negative transfer
B.
Long-term memory
C.
Phonological loop
D.
Short-term memory
E.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Question #35
How should characteristics of Long-term memory guide the way you study for an exam?
A.
Use mass practice
B.
Ask a friend for answers
C.
Re-read each chapter
D.
Defer to knowledge in the universe
E.
Utilize spaced practice
Question #36
Why are pass-phrases better then passwords in terms of human memory?
A.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
B.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts
C.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
D.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts
Question #37
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #38
Which conditions lead to habit forming?
A.
Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards
B.
Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts
C.
Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards
D.
Delayed rewards and selective attention
Question #39
Long-term memory is synonymous with Working memory
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #40
What is a characteristic of Procedural memory?
A.
Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)
B.
Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)
C.
Relies on intuition instead of practice
D.
Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature
E.
Is a subtype of declarative memory
Question #41
Considering how advertisers use 'phone words' (1-800-GET-HELP) over numbers, which principle is being utilized?
A.
Cognitive dissonance
B.
Superiority of letters over numbers
C.
Pulsing of Long-term memories
D.
Alpha-numeric bias
E.
Disassociations
Question #42
Eye-witness testimony is considered to be very reliable in situations of limited attention
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #43
Recall Training is a process of increasing memory strength by performing which actions?
A.
Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world
B.
Recalling a memory in quick succession
C.
Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World
D.
Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it
E.
Lifting heavy memories to build up strength
Question #44
Which statement best describes a mental model
A.
Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness
B.
Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities
C.
Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information
D.
Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model
E.
Associations of semantic memories
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