Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Why do older people tend to hold a book further away while reading compared to younger individuals?
A.
Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter
B.
Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure
C.
There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals
D.
Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production
Question #2
What happens to visual acuity as sensed objects move closer to the fovea (located at the center of the retina)?
A.
Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea
B.
Objects appear larger due to top-down bias
C.
Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea
D.
Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected
E.
Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias
Question #3
Which statement best describes the fovea in the eye?
A.
Responsible for proprioception
B.
Operates on very low light levels
C.
Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)
D.
Responsible for color vision
E.
Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies
Question #4
Fill in the blank: 80-year-old individuals generally require ___% more light to see compared to 25-year-old individuals.
A.
3
B.
1
C.
5
D.
10
E.
30
Question #5
At which lighting level is photopic vision likely to occur?
A.
100 lux
B.
0.01 lux
C.
0.1 lux
D.
1 lux
E.
All lux levels
F.
10 lux
Question #6
Which color lights should you use in lighting a car dashboard when considering night vision and dark adaptation?
A.
Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades
B.
Green light since it is associated with moving forward
C.
It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting
D.
Red light since it is most visually salient
E.
Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation
Question #7
What is the most important HF guideline in designing with color?
A.
Color should never be the only design cue
B.
Color is always better than grayscale
C.
Color is reserved for graphic designers
D.
Color improves the user experience
E.
Color is critical for scotopic vision
Question #8
Using the concept of optic flow, how would you paint a bike path to encourage riders to slow down at an intersection?
A.
Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency
B.
Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected
C.
Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion
D.
Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead
E.
Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard
Question #9
Using the Bond Rule, how tall should letters be for an advertisement 100 inches away from users?
A.
0.7 lux
B.
0.7 degrees
C.
Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height
D.
0.7 millimeters
E.
0.7 feet
F.
0.7 inches
Question #10
Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, what is the minimum contrast ratio for small text items?
A.
10 to 1
B.
3.0 to 1
C.
7.0 to 1
D.
1 to 1
E.
0 to 1
F.
4.5 to 1
Question #11
What can a designer do with light color to help people maintain their circadian rhythms and timing of melatonin release?
A.
Minimize use of blue light at night
B.
Avoid redundant color cues at night
C.
Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm
D.
Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night
E.
Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms
Question #12
For designing a paper test form, what can be said of color?
A.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink
B.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink
C.
Color has no impact on test taker performance
D.
There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance
Question #13
What is the full hearing range that a newborn is likely to hear?
A.
20 kilowatts
B.
2,000 to 5,000 Hz
C.
Sub-sonic frequencies
D.
20 to 20,000 Hz
E.
Ultra-sonic frequencies
Question #14
Which property of hearing should you take into consideration when designing tones for the elderly?
A.
Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age
B.
High frequencies tend to be lost as we age
C.
Presbyopia
D.
Macular degeneration
E.
Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age
Question #15
When measuring sound pressure levels for hearing damage, which measurement scale should you use?
A.
The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones
B.
The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
C.
The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
D.
The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
E.
The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second
Question #16
If the ambient noise of a traffic crossing is 75 decibels, how much louder should a siren be for reliable detection?
A.
30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection
B.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy
C.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)
D.
10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness
E.
10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic
Question #17
In terms of spatial disorientation, which statement best describes an aircraft pilot's capabilities?
A.
The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls
B.
The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions
C.
The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments
D.
The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies
E.
The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations
Question #18
In which situations is a sound cue more effective than a visual cue?
A.
For musically inclined individuals
B.
When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision
C.
When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections
D.
When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements
E.
When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees
Question #19
Best practices for designing effective voice alarms include:
A.
Avoiding slang vocabulary only
B.
Using rhyming words
C.
Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise
D.
Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only
Question #20
Listening to synthesized speech requires more cognitive effort compared to natural speech
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #21
Why is it important to identify if a user will be wearing gloves to operate a control such as a push button?
A.
Gloves might reduce a user's likelihood of using a button
B.
Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction
C.
Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback
D.
Gloves are always optional
E.
Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand
F.
Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination
Question #22
In which situation would tactile alerts provide good supplemental feedback?
A.
When gloved hands are necessary
B.
Situations involving hands-free operation
C.
For tactile response personnel
D.
Alerts for use in high vibration environments
E.
During high visual load
Question #23
Vestibular feedback allows people to detect which attribute?
A.
Gravity
B.
Vesting
C.
Temperature
D.
Smell
E.
Haptics
Question #24
Motion sickness can occur in simulators due to which situation?
A.
Use of Dramamine
B.
Sound levels that exceed the user's expectations
C.
Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion
D.
Use of headphones instead of ear-buds
E.
Low quality video feeds causing eye strain
Question #25
What is the limit of working memory in terms of number of chunks?
A.
4 chipmunks
B.
7 +/- 2 chipmunks
C.
4 chunks
D.
+/- 2 chunks
E.
7 +/- 2 chunks
Question #26
Research shows that 3 chunks of information can be stored in Short-term memory for how long before needing to be re-activated?
A.
7 hours
B.
7 seconds
C.
7 days
D.
70 minutes
E.
70 seconds
Question #27
Which of the following license plate formats would likely support the best recall during a hit-and-run memorization scenario?
A.
3G 66RK
B.
366GRK
C.
366 GRK
D.
36 6GRK
E.
3G66RK
Question #28
What are 2 top-down factors that guide selective attention?
A.
Expectancy and Value
B.
Id and Ego
C.
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
D.
Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop
E.
Salience and Effort
Question #29
Regarding selective attention, why would using a heads-up display be ineffective in reducing driving distractions?
A.
When a driver's eyes are on the road, it doesn't mean their mind is also on the road
B.
The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster
C.
Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets
D.
Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays
E.
Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses
Question #30
What does the Invisible Gorilla by Daniel J. Simons teach us about attention?
A.
Cognitive bandwidth is limitless
B.
Change blindness occurs only when we are tired
C.
Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users
D.
Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention
E.
Gorillas can move very fast
Question #31
In the story The Peppermint twist (Casey), which intervention may have prevented consumption of caustic soap?
A.
Locks added to cabinets near the sink
B.
More availability of safety gloves
C.
Use of a universal container connector
D.
Improved contrast ratio of warning label text
E.
Use of red coloring added to the soap solution
Question #32
What are the 3 dimensions of the cognitive environment?
A.
Sensation, Perception, Central Processing
B.
Larry, Curly, and Moe
C.
X, Y, and Z axis
D.
STM, LTM, and working memory
E.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
Question #33
What are the 3 basic types of Long-term memory?
A.
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural
B.
STM, LTM, and ATM
C.
Strength, Associations, and Endurance
D.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
E.
Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition
Question #34
Strength and Association are features that inform ability to retrieve which type of memory?
A.
Short-term memory
B.
Phonological loop
C.
Negative transfer
D.
Long-term memory
E.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Question #35
How should characteristics of Long-term memory guide the way you study for an exam?
A.
Use mass practice
B.
Utilize spaced practice
C.
Re-read each chapter
D.
Ask a friend for answers
E.
Defer to knowledge in the universe
Question #36
Why are pass-phrases better then passwords in terms of human memory?
A.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts
B.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
C.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts
D.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
Question #37
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #38
Which conditions lead to habit forming?
A.
Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards
B.
Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards
C.
Delayed rewards and selective attention
D.
Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts
Question #39
Long-term memory is synonymous with Working memory
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #40
What is a characteristic of Procedural memory?
A.
Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)
B.
Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)
C.
Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature
D.
Is a subtype of declarative memory
E.
Relies on intuition instead of practice
Question #41
Considering how advertisers use 'phone words' (1-800-GET-HELP) over numbers, which principle is being utilized?
A.
Disassociations
B.
Superiority of letters over numbers
C.
Cognitive dissonance
D.
Pulsing of Long-term memories
E.
Alpha-numeric bias
Question #42
Eye-witness testimony is considered to be very reliable in situations of limited attention
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #43
Recall Training is a process of increasing memory strength by performing which actions?
A.
Recalling a memory in quick succession
B.
Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World
C.
Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it
D.
Lifting heavy memories to build up strength
E.
Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world
Question #44
Which statement best describes a mental model
A.
Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities
B.
Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information
C.
Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness
D.
Associations of semantic memories
E.
Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model
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