Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Why do older people tend to hold a book further away while reading compared to younger individuals?
A.
There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals
B.
Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production
C.
Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure
D.
Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter
Question #2
What happens to visual acuity as sensed objects move closer to the fovea (located at the center of the retina)?
A.
Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected
B.
Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea
C.
Objects appear larger due to top-down bias
D.
Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea
E.
Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias
Question #3
Which statement best describes the fovea in the eye?
A.
Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)
B.
Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies
C.
Responsible for color vision
D.
Responsible for proprioception
E.
Operates on very low light levels
Question #4
Fill in the blank: 80-year-old individuals generally require ___% more light to see compared to 25-year-old individuals.
A.
3
B.
5
C.
30
D.
1
E.
10
Question #5
At which lighting level is photopic vision likely to occur?
A.
All lux levels
B.
100 lux
C.
10 lux
D.
0.1 lux
E.
1 lux
F.
0.01 lux
Question #6
Which color lights should you use in lighting a car dashboard when considering night vision and dark adaptation?
A.
Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation
B.
Green light since it is associated with moving forward
C.
Red light since it is most visually salient
D.
Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades
E.
It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting
Question #7
What is the most important HF guideline in designing with color?
A.
Color is always better than grayscale
B.
Color is reserved for graphic designers
C.
Color should never be the only design cue
D.
Color improves the user experience
E.
Color is critical for scotopic vision
Question #8
Using the concept of optic flow, how would you paint a bike path to encourage riders to slow down at an intersection?
A.
Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard
B.
Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion
C.
Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead
D.
Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected
E.
Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency
Question #9
Using the Bond Rule, how tall should letters be for an advertisement 100 inches away from users?
A.
0.7 lux
B.
0.7 degrees
C.
0.7 millimeters
D.
0.7 inches
E.
0.7 feet
F.
Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height
Question #10
Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, what is the minimum contrast ratio for small text items?
A.
3.0 to 1
B.
7.0 to 1
C.
4.5 to 1
D.
10 to 1
E.
0 to 1
F.
1 to 1
Question #11
What can a designer do with light color to help people maintain their circadian rhythms and timing of melatonin release?
A.
Avoid redundant color cues at night
B.
Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm
C.
Minimize use of blue light at night
D.
Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night
E.
Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms
Question #12
For designing a paper test form, what can be said of color?
A.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink
B.
Color has no impact on test taker performance
C.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink
D.
There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance
Question #13
What is the full hearing range that a newborn is likely to hear?
A.
2,000 to 5,000 Hz
B.
Ultra-sonic frequencies
C.
Sub-sonic frequencies
D.
20 to 20,000 Hz
E.
20 kilowatts
Question #14
Which property of hearing should you take into consideration when designing tones for the elderly?
A.
Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age
B.
Presbyopia
C.
Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age
D.
High frequencies tend to be lost as we age
E.
Macular degeneration
Question #15
When measuring sound pressure levels for hearing damage, which measurement scale should you use?
A.
The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
B.
The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones
C.
The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
D.
The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second
E.
The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
Question #16
If the ambient noise of a traffic crossing is 75 decibels, how much louder should a siren be for reliable detection?
A.
10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness
B.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)
C.
10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic
D.
30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection
E.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy
Question #17
In terms of spatial disorientation, which statement best describes an aircraft pilot's capabilities?
A.
The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions
B.
The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations
C.
The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments
D.
The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls
E.
The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies
Question #18
In which situations is a sound cue more effective than a visual cue?
A.
When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision
B.
When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections
C.
When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements
D.
When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees
E.
For musically inclined individuals
Question #19
Best practices for designing effective voice alarms include:
A.
Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only
B.
Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise
C.
Using rhyming words
D.
Avoiding slang vocabulary only
Question #20
Listening to synthesized speech requires more cognitive effort compared to natural speech
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #21
Why is it important to identify if a user will be wearing gloves to operate a control such as a push button?
A.
Gloves might reduce a user's likelihood of using a button
B.
Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand
C.
Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback
D.
Gloves are always optional
E.
Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction
F.
Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination
Question #22
In which situation would tactile alerts provide good supplemental feedback?
A.
For tactile response personnel
B.
During high visual load
C.
When gloved hands are necessary
D.
Alerts for use in high vibration environments
E.
Situations involving hands-free operation
Question #23
Vestibular feedback allows people to detect which attribute?
A.
Vesting
B.
Haptics
C.
Gravity
D.
Temperature
E.
Smell
Question #24
Motion sickness can occur in simulators due to which situation?
A.
Low quality video feeds causing eye strain
B.
Sound levels that exceed the user's expectations
C.
Use of headphones instead of ear-buds
D.
Use of Dramamine
E.
Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion
Question #25
What is the limit of working memory in terms of number of chunks?
A.
4 chipmunks
B.
7 +/- 2 chunks
C.
4 chunks
D.
+/- 2 chunks
E.
7 +/- 2 chipmunks
Question #26
Research shows that 3 chunks of information can be stored in Short-term memory for how long before needing to be re-activated?
A.
70 seconds
B.
7 days
C.
7 seconds
D.
70 minutes
E.
7 hours
Question #27
Which of the following license plate formats would likely support the best recall during a hit-and-run memorization scenario?
A.
366GRK
B.
36 6GRK
C.
366 GRK
D.
3G 66RK
E.
3G66RK
Question #28
What are 2 top-down factors that guide selective attention?
A.
Expectancy and Value
B.
Salience and Effort
C.
Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop
D.
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
E.
Id and Ego
Question #29
Regarding selective attention, why would using a heads-up display be ineffective in reducing driving distractions?
A.
When a driver's eyes are on the road, it doesn't mean their mind is also on the road
B.
Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses
C.
Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets
D.
The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster
E.
Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays
Question #30
What does the Invisible Gorilla by Daniel J. Simons teach us about attention?
A.
Cognitive bandwidth is limitless
B.
Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users
C.
Change blindness occurs only when we are tired
D.
Gorillas can move very fast
E.
Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention
Question #31
In the story The Peppermint twist (Casey), which intervention may have prevented consumption of caustic soap?
A.
Improved contrast ratio of warning label text
B.
Use of a universal container connector
C.
Locks added to cabinets near the sink
D.
More availability of safety gloves
E.
Use of red coloring added to the soap solution
Question #32
What are the 3 dimensions of the cognitive environment?
A.
STM, LTM, and working memory
B.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
C.
Larry, Curly, and Moe
D.
X, Y, and Z axis
E.
Sensation, Perception, Central Processing
Question #33
What are the 3 basic types of Long-term memory?
A.
STM, LTM, and ATM
B.
Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition
C.
Strength, Associations, and Endurance
D.
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural
E.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
Question #34
Strength and Association are features that inform ability to retrieve which type of memory?
A.
Phonological loop
B.
Negative transfer
C.
Short-term memory
D.
Visuospatial sketchpad
E.
Long-term memory
Question #35
How should characteristics of Long-term memory guide the way you study for an exam?
A.
Use mass practice
B.
Ask a friend for answers
C.
Utilize spaced practice
D.
Defer to knowledge in the universe
E.
Re-read each chapter
Question #36
Why are pass-phrases better then passwords in terms of human memory?
A.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts
B.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
C.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts
D.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
Question #37
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #38
Which conditions lead to habit forming?
A.
Delayed rewards and selective attention
B.
Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards
C.
Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts
D.
Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards
Question #39
Long-term memory is synonymous with Working memory
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #40
What is a characteristic of Procedural memory?
A.
Relies on intuition instead of practice
B.
Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)
C.
Is a subtype of declarative memory
D.
Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)
E.
Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature
Question #41
Considering how advertisers use 'phone words' (1-800-GET-HELP) over numbers, which principle is being utilized?
A.
Pulsing of Long-term memories
B.
Alpha-numeric bias
C.
Superiority of letters over numbers
D.
Disassociations
E.
Cognitive dissonance
Question #42
Eye-witness testimony is considered to be very reliable in situations of limited attention
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #43
Recall Training is a process of increasing memory strength by performing which actions?
A.
Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World
B.
Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it
C.
Lifting heavy memories to build up strength
D.
Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world
E.
Recalling a memory in quick succession
Question #44
Which statement best describes a mental model
A.
Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities
B.
Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness
C.
Associations of semantic memories
D.
Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model
E.
Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information
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