Psychology 382 - Principles of Human Factors » Fall 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Why do older people tend to hold a book further away while reading compared to younger individuals?
A.
Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter
B.
Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production
C.
There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals
D.
Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure
Question #2
What happens to visual acuity as sensed objects move closer to the fovea (located at the center of the retina)?
A.
Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea
B.
Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea
C.
Objects appear larger due to top-down bias
D.
Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias
E.
Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected
Question #3
Which statement best describes the fovea in the eye?
A.
Operates on very low light levels
B.
Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)
C.
Responsible for proprioception
D.
Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies
E.
Responsible for color vision
Question #4
Fill in the blank: 80-year-old individuals generally require ___% more light to see compared to 25-year-old individuals.
A.
1
B.
3
C.
5
D.
30
E.
10
Question #5
At which lighting level is photopic vision likely to occur?
A.
0.1 lux
B.
100 lux
C.
All lux levels
D.
10 lux
E.
1 lux
F.
0.01 lux
Question #6
Which color lights should you use in lighting a car dashboard when considering night vision and dark adaptation?
A.
Red light since it is most visually salient
B.
Green light since it is associated with moving forward
C.
Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades
D.
It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting
E.
Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation
Question #7
What is the most important HF guideline in designing with color?
A.
Color should never be the only design cue
B.
Color improves the user experience
C.
Color is always better than grayscale
D.
Color is reserved for graphic designers
E.
Color is critical for scotopic vision
Question #8
Using the concept of optic flow, how would you paint a bike path to encourage riders to slow down at an intersection?
A.
Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard
B.
Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency
C.
Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead
D.
Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected
E.
Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion
Question #9
Using the Bond Rule, how tall should letters be for an advertisement 100 inches away from users?
A.
0.7 millimeters
B.
0.7 feet
C.
Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height
D.
0.7 inches
E.
0.7 degrees
F.
0.7 lux
Question #10
Using Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, what is the minimum contrast ratio for small text items?
A.
4.5 to 1
B.
10 to 1
C.
1 to 1
D.
0 to 1
E.
3.0 to 1
F.
7.0 to 1
Question #11
What can a designer do with light color to help people maintain their circadian rhythms and timing of melatonin release?
A.
Avoid redundant color cues at night
B.
Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night
C.
Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms
D.
Minimize use of blue light at night
E.
Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm
Question #12
For designing a paper test form, what can be said of color?
A.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink
B.
Color has no impact on test taker performance
C.
Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink
D.
There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance
Question #13
What is the full hearing range that a newborn is likely to hear?
A.
20 kilowatts
B.
2,000 to 5,000 Hz
C.
Ultra-sonic frequencies
D.
Sub-sonic frequencies
E.
20 to 20,000 Hz
Question #14
Which property of hearing should you take into consideration when designing tones for the elderly?
A.
Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age
B.
High frequencies tend to be lost as we age
C.
Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age
D.
Macular degeneration
E.
Presbyopia
Question #15
When measuring sound pressure levels for hearing damage, which measurement scale should you use?
A.
The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
B.
The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
C.
The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities
D.
The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones
E.
The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second
Question #16
If the ambient noise of a traffic crossing is 75 decibels, how much louder should a siren be for reliable detection?
A.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy
B.
10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic
C.
30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection
D.
3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)
E.
10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness
Question #17
In terms of spatial disorientation, which statement best describes an aircraft pilot's capabilities?
A.
The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls
B.
The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments
C.
The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations
D.
The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions
E.
The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies
Question #18
In which situations is a sound cue more effective than a visual cue?
A.
When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision
B.
For musically inclined individuals
C.
When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements
D.
When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees
E.
When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections
Question #19
Best practices for designing effective voice alarms include:
A.
Avoiding slang vocabulary only
B.
Using rhyming words
C.
Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only
D.
Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise
Question #20
Listening to synthesized speech requires more cognitive effort compared to natural speech
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #21
Why is it important to identify if a user will be wearing gloves to operate a control such as a push button?
A.
Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination
B.
Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback
C.
Gloves are always optional
D.
Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand
E.
Gloves might reduce a user's likelihood of using a button
F.
Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction
Question #22
In which situation would tactile alerts provide good supplemental feedback?
A.
During high visual load
B.
For tactile response personnel
C.
When gloved hands are necessary
D.
Situations involving hands-free operation
E.
Alerts for use in high vibration environments
Question #23
Vestibular feedback allows people to detect which attribute?
A.
Temperature
B.
Smell
C.
Vesting
D.
Haptics
E.
Gravity
Question #24
Motion sickness can occur in simulators due to which situation?
A.
Sound levels that exceed the user's expectations
B.
Use of Dramamine
C.
Use of headphones instead of ear-buds
D.
Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion
E.
Low quality video feeds causing eye strain
Question #25
What is the limit of working memory in terms of number of chunks?
A.
4 chunks
B.
7 +/- 2 chipmunks
C.
7 +/- 2 chunks
D.
+/- 2 chunks
E.
4 chipmunks
Question #26
Research shows that 3 chunks of information can be stored in Short-term memory for how long before needing to be re-activated?
A.
7 seconds
B.
70 seconds
C.
7 hours
D.
7 days
E.
70 minutes
Question #27
Which of the following license plate formats would likely support the best recall during a hit-and-run memorization scenario?
A.
3G66RK
B.
3G 66RK
C.
366 GRK
D.
366GRK
E.
36 6GRK
Question #28
What are 2 top-down factors that guide selective attention?
A.
Id and Ego
B.
Salience and Effort
C.
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
D.
Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop
E.
Expectancy and Value
Question #29
Regarding selective attention, why would using a heads-up display be ineffective in reducing driving distractions?
A.
Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses
B.
When a driver's eyes are on the road, it doesn't mean their mind is also on the road
C.
The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster
D.
Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays
E.
Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets
Question #30
What does the Invisible Gorilla by Daniel J. Simons teach us about attention?
A.
Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users
B.
Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention
C.
Gorillas can move very fast
D.
Cognitive bandwidth is limitless
E.
Change blindness occurs only when we are tired
Question #31
In the story The Peppermint twist (Casey), which intervention may have prevented consumption of caustic soap?
A.
Improved contrast ratio of warning label text
B.
More availability of safety gloves
C.
Locks added to cabinets near the sink
D.
Use of red coloring added to the soap solution
E.
Use of a universal container connector
Question #32
What are the 3 dimensions of the cognitive environment?
A.
X, Y, and Z axis
B.
STM, LTM, and working memory
C.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
D.
Larry, Curly, and Moe
E.
Sensation, Perception, Central Processing
Question #33
What are the 3 basic types of Long-term memory?
A.
STM, LTM, and ATM
B.
Strength, Associations, and Endurance
C.
Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition
D.
Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World
E.
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural
Question #34
Strength and Association are features that inform ability to retrieve which type of memory?
A.
Visuospatial sketchpad
B.
Long-term memory
C.
Negative transfer
D.
Short-term memory
E.
Phonological loop
Question #35
How should characteristics of Long-term memory guide the way you study for an exam?
A.
Utilize spaced practice
B.
Ask a friend for answers
C.
Re-read each chapter
D.
Use mass practice
E.
Defer to knowledge in the universe
Question #36
Why are pass-phrases better then passwords in terms of human memory?
A.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts
B.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts
C.
Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
D.
Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods
Question #37
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #38
Which conditions lead to habit forming?
A.
Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts
B.
Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards
C.
Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards
D.
Delayed rewards and selective attention
Question #39
Long-term memory is synonymous with Working memory
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #40
What is a characteristic of Procedural memory?
A.
Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature
B.
Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)
C.
Relies on intuition instead of practice
D.
Is a subtype of declarative memory
E.
Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)
Question #41
Considering how advertisers use 'phone words' (1-800-GET-HELP) over numbers, which principle is being utilized?
A.
Alpha-numeric bias
B.
Disassociations
C.
Superiority of letters over numbers
D.
Pulsing of Long-term memories
E.
Cognitive dissonance
Question #42
Eye-witness testimony is considered to be very reliable in situations of limited attention
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #43
Recall Training is a process of increasing memory strength by performing which actions?
A.
Recalling a memory in quick succession
B.
Lifting heavy memories to build up strength
C.
Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world
D.
Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World
E.
Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it
Question #44
Which statement best describes a mental model
A.
Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness
B.
Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model
C.
Associations of semantic memories
D.
Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities
E.
Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information
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