CJS 340 - Ethics in Criminal Justice » Summer 2019 » Exam 1

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Question #1
According to Amnesty International in June 2015:
A.   All of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
B.   One-third of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
C.   None of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
D.   Half of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.
Question #2
According to the results of criminal justice research, which of the following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism against blacks in police-citizen encounters?
A.   The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites
B.   The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites
C.   The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites
D.   The neighborhoods in which arrests take place
Question #3
According to the typical linear continuum of force policy, when police grip parts of the body to warn the individual that they are to remain motionless or move in a certain direction is known as:
A.   Presence
B.   Command verbalization
C.   Firm grips
D.   Persuasive verbalization
Question #4
Although disputes about the causes remain open, which of the following statements about incarceration rates (per 100,000 persons in the general population) in the U.S. is correct?
A.   The Black rate is higher than either the Hispanic or white rate
B.   There are no statistically significant differences in rates between the three groups
C.   The Hispanic rate is higher than either the Black or white rate
D.   The White rate is higher than either the Black or Hispanic rate
Question #5
Among the reasons commonly given for studying ethics, which of the following are not mentioned:
A.   It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior, and the study of ethics develops that capacity
B.   The study of ethics increases sensitivity to issues of right and wrong and the right way to conduct oneself, and aids in identifying acts that have a moral content
C.   It is crucial that ethical decisions are made, and the study of ethics enables the development of tools that enhance ethical decision making
D.   All of the others are reasons commonly given
Question #6
Before the twentieth century in this country, police, in general:
A.   were relatively immune from politics and corruption.
B.   were well-trained, well-equipped and well-supervised.
C.   operated with few legal and ethical controls.
D.   saw their primary job as keeping the good will of the people.
Question #7
Both due process and ethical rules require that prosecutors:
A.   See that the defendant has the best qualified attorney available
B.   Seek the most severe punishment legally authorized
C.   Reveal evidence to the defense if that evidence tends to negate guilt
D.   Not engage in plea bargaining
Question #8
During the 1970s and 80s what emerged to explain the increasing number of persons with mental illness entering the justice system?
A.   Criminalization hypothesis
B.   Emancipation hypothesis
C.   Masculinity hypothesis
D.   Mental hypothesis
Question #9
Ethical codes have a rhetorical function in that:
A.   they establish norms of behavior
B.   they establish grounds for discipline
C.   they assure the public that police are required to follow certain standards
D.   they create rules the public can rely upon
Question #10
Ethical issues:
A.   Do not require most individuals to decide the issue does not mean an individual is helpless to influence public debate on a social issue
B.   Do not require individual decision making beyond the decision of whether one is in favor of, or opposed to, a particular social issue
C.   Usually and issue of public policy
D.   All of the other answers
Question #11
Ethics of withholding information from a client, the court, or police, is an example of an:
A.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime
B.   Ethical problem in information sharing
C.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies
D.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
Question #12
If the lawyer has accepted a criminal case but then finds out that the client is clearly guilty but wants to fight the charges, the lawyer:
A.   May withdraw from the case if the judge is informed of this reason
B.   Is required to withdraw from the case
C.   Can continue and require that the prosecution prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt
D.   Enter a plea of guilty on behalf of the client
Question #13
In addition to the formal rules and regulations of the job, police behavior is also heavily influenced by police:
A.   mystique.
B.   culture.
C.   mythology.
D.   demeanor.
Question #14
In the adversarial system the trial judge:
A.   Is basically a passive umpire or referee
B.   Can control lawyer strategy
C.   Is an active participant in presentation of the case
D.   Has the final say on ethical issues
Question #15
In which of the following studies do researchers look for negative associations between crime rates and punishment levels that can be interpreted as having a deterrent effect?
A.   Interrupted time-series studies
B.   Socioeconomic studies
C.   Perceptual studies
D.   Ecological studies
Question #16
In _______________ theory, criminal law is viewed as an instrument for the protection of the powerful and the elite, and punishment is based on nonrational factors such as race and social class.
A.   conflict theory
B.   symbolic aspect of social conflict
C.   consensus theory
D.   moral panics
Question #17
Increased surveillance of citizens in society is an example of an:
A.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients
B.   Ethical problem in the use of authority
C.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy
D.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests
Question #18
Individual character, institutional culture, and societal (systemic) pressures on the police have all been suggested as explanations for:
A.   the police subculture
B.   police corruption
C.   police discretion
D.   police use of excessive force
Question #19
Lawyer-client confidentially is waived or negated if the client:
A.   Consults the attorney in furtherance of crime or fraud
B.   Is actually guilty of the crime charged
C.   Refuses to pay the agreed-upon fee
D.   Fires the attorney
Question #20
Most research suggests that while there is an absence of systematic racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system:
A.   There is systematic ethnic discrimination.
B.   Grand apartheid is evident everywhere in the country.
C.   Jim Crow laws still result in discrimination against minorities.
D.   There is discrimination in some places at specific decision-making points.
Question #21
Policing policy in domestic violence cases is an example of an:
A.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies
B.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime
C.   Ethical problem in information sharing
D.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
Question #22
Punishment consists of which of the following elements?
A.   It must involve an unpleasantness for the offender
B.   It must be deserved
C.   It must be for an offense
D.   It must be imposed by law enforcement before the offender goes to court
Question #23
Race is factor in the juvenile justice systems not only for blacks but also for Latino and American Indian youth.
A.   A minor relevant
B.   Not a relevant
C.   Is a relevant
D.   A moderately relevant
Question #24
Research on discrimination in the sentencing process has found that:
A.   Blacks receive proportionately more three-strikes sentences than whites
B.   Blacks are disproportionately given more severe sentences than whites.
C.   Blacks receive proportionately fewer sentences of probation than whites
D.   Past criminal record affects sentencing more than race
Question #25
Stereotypes concerning jurors of different races, especially in relation to judgments that are made on the basis of limited knowledge:
A.   All the defense attorney to file a motion of in re delimited
B.   Require the prosecutor to get special permission to question the juror
C.   Render it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race
D.   Lead to the conviction of innocent defendants
Question #26
Studies have revealed that for jurors evidence is a potent indicator of guilt, possibly exceeding eyewitness evidence.
A.   Hard
B.   Confession
C.   Scientific
D.   Polygraph
Question #27
The American Bar Association Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility in a formal opinion on Rule 3.8 has noted:
A.   Commentators recommend that misdemeanor cases revert to a preponderance of the evidence as the burden of proof to speed up the trial process
B.   Courts have recognized the need for prosecutors to hide exculpatory evidence in some cases
C.   That in some circumstances, the defense attorney may break privilege when the attorney clearly knows the defendant is guilty
D.   Courts as well as commentators have recognized that the ethical obligation is more demanding than the constitutional obligation
Question #28
The politicization of crime is an example of an:
A.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies
B.   Ethical problem in information sharing
C.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system
D.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime
Question #29
The primary ethical duties of a judge are to:
A.   See that the public interest is protected and integrity of the court upheld
B.   See that the guilty are punished and that the public interest is protected
C.   Act without bias or prejudice and follow the law
D.   See that justice is done and that the guilty are punished
Question #30
The principle of ______________ argues that the conditions offenders will experience in prison must be worse than anything they are likely to endure outside the prison.
A.   Imprisonment
B.   Disadvantage
C.   Less eligibility
D.   Punishment
Question #31
The principle of ______________ justifies a lawyer taking a case that might be morally repugnant.
A.   honesty
B.   reliance
C.   trust
D.   neutrality
Question #32
The slippery slope explanation for police corruption assumes that corruption:
A.   starts out involving small amounts or harms and then slowly increases/escalates
B.   is caused by pressure from the public to solve crime by any means available
C.   is a function of defective officers.
D.   results from poor leadership in the department.
Question #33
The study of ethics is especially important in criminal justice because:
A.   CJ professionals have historically ignored ethics in their decision making
B.   the potential of abuse of discretion and the powers of arrest and use of force society grants to law enforcement personnel
C.   ethics is not studied at police academies
D.   unethical behavior is more rampant in criminal justice that other fields
Question #34
The Supreme Court has declared that the use of deadly force is permitted only when an officer is confronted with:
A.   a suspect that advances toward an officer in a threatening manner
B.   a fleeing felon who tries to escape
C.   a suspect who is suspected of being armed
D.   a suspect that poses a threat to himself or third person
Question #35
The view that lawyers have superior knowledge, skills, and experience and therefore must know what is best is known as the:
A.   Historic view
B.   Modern view
C.   Superiority view
D.   Paternalistic view
Question #36
Under _______________, proponents of restorative justice envisage offenders would undergo therapy, counseling, or training during their time in custody in a restorative prison.
A.   Rehabilitative detention
B.   Punishment rationality
C.   Bureaucratic rationality
D.   Restorative detention
Question #37
Using institutional time and materials for personal gain unrelated to legitimate work activity is an example of an:
A.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients
B.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests
C.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy
D.   Ethical problem in the use of authority
Question #38
Utilitarian and retributive theories of punishment differ primarily in their:
A.   micro- or macro-level approach
B.   perspective, as being forward-looking (future) or backward-looking past)
C.   ability to justify the stated purposes of punishment
D.   emphasis on severity of punishment
Question #39
What can be said of racial disparities within the criminal justice system?
A.   While there is some evidence, they largely do not exist
B.   They do not qualify as moral issue due to the government being above common people
C.   They have been clearly identified, but nevertheless persist
D.   It is not for policy makers to get involved in eradicating racial inequalities
Question #40
What process is used by prosecutors where they charge a person with more than one crime with the intention of dropping the most serious charge(s) in hopes the defendant will plead to the lesser charge(s)?
A.   Filing multiple prosecutorial information documents at the same time
B.   Indicting
C.   Overcharging
D.   Charging
Question #41
What theory seeks to explain the use of extralegal as opposed to excessive force by police?
A.   Use of force theory
B.   Extralegal force theory
C.   Angry aggression theory
D.   Use of aggression theory
Question #42
What was the first law in the United States to require states applying for certain grants submit quarterly reports on inmate deaths in state prisons and local jails?
A.   Deaths by Personnel Reporting Act of 2000
B.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000
C.   Deaths by Police Reporting Act of 2000
D.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2013
Question #43
When analyzing the Dirty Harry situation, which of the following is not one of the four conditions faced by a police officer.
A.   The means used to achieve good end are not normally considered morally wrong
B.   The officer has opportunity to achieve morally good end or outcome and intends to do so
C.   The good likely to be achieved by using dirty hands far outweighs the bad consequences of using dirty means
D.   The use of means is perceived by the officer to be the best or only practicable means of ensuring the good end is met
Question #44
With regard to racism in police decision-making, including arrest and use of force the research results:
A.   Almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors
B.   Almost unanimously show that race has no influence
C.   Are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done
D.   Are mixed
Question #45
When dealing with targeted entrapment by the police, which of the following conditions is considered to be the most morally problematic?
A.   All are equally morally problematic
B.   The entrapment succeeds as a technique of detection where other methods, such as complaints investigation, have failed
C.   There is sufficient evidence to believe target is likely to commit a crime
D.   The person would have committed the crime or a similar crime whether he or she was a victim of the entrapment or not
Question #46
Which model of policing was proposed by some as best reflecting a broad definition of policing as involving public service, rather than mere crime fighting?
A.   the emergency operator
B.   the social peacekeeper
C.   the snappy bureaucrat
D.   the social enforcer
Question #47
Which of the following are not individual coping strategies discussed in the chapter?
A.   Access to a dependable support system
B.   Taking regular vacations
C.   Violent outbursts
D.   Improved communication skills
Question #48
Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and practices of institutions operate to produce systematic and continuing differences between racial groups?
A.   Personal prejudice
B.   Practical racism
C.   Ideological racism
D.   Institutional racism
Question #49
Which of the following does not reflect the views of an ethical pluralist?
A.   there is no possibility that there are moral absolutes
B.   we can learn from the morality of other societies
C.   we should be willing to have our own societys shortcomings exposed
D.   we must accept the fact that there are differences in the morality of different societies
Question #50
Which of the following is a major problem with cultural relativism?
A.   It operates as a moral isolationism
B.   Cultures are totally isolated from one another
C.   It provides answers to issues and spurs debate.
D.   Values of different historical periods are valid throughout time
Question #51
Which of the following is a problem with communicative theory?
A.   It should appeal to a persons rational understanding
B.   An unrepentant offender
C.   It should provide reconciliation with the community
D.   An offender charged with felonies
Question #52
Which of the following is an example of prosecutorial misconduct?
A.   The prosecution attempting to intimidate or improperly influence key witnesses.
B.   All of the other answers
C.   Prosecutors threatened to issue a grand jury subpoena to the 13-year-old son of one defendant and to force the boy to testify against his father.
D.   Prosecutors contacted the employer of a witness who refused to cooperate and caused her to be terminated from that employment.
Question #53
Which of the following is not a criticism of just deserts theory?
A.   It lacks any principle that determines a properly commensurate sentence
B.   It provides closure to victims
C.   It fails to take account of the fact that there are multiple discretions involved in the sentencing power
D.   It fails to account for the problem of just deserts in an unjust world
Question #54
Which of the following is not a problem inherent in incapacitative sentencing:
A.   It works only if we lock up those who would have committed further offenses if they had been left free
B.   It works only if the crimes committed after release are not so frequent or serious so as to negate the effects of the crimes prevented through incapacitative sentencing
C.   It works only if we fix offenders while we lock them up
D.   It works only if those we lock up are not immediately replaced by new recruits
Question #55
Which of the following is not an argument in favor of citizen review:
A.   Involving citizens is likely to result in more objective and thorough investigations
B.   Involving citizens will ensure more citizen arrests are made, thereby helping the police
C.   Involving citizens is likely to deter police misconduct
D.   Individual complainants and public will have higher level of confidence in integrity of police practice
Question #56
Which of the following is not one of the ways that the use of police discretion is regulated?
A.   judicial rule-making
B.   police promotions
C.   legislative regulation
D.   internal codes and regulations
Question #57
Which of the following would not be a belief of a retributivist?
A.   punishment is a censure of offenders
B.   offenders are paying a debt to society
C.   offenders have taken unfair advantage of others
D.   punishing some innocent people is a price of general deterrence
Question #58
Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force regards police culture as a determining factor because police are seen as isolated from citizens?
A.   Psychological
B.   Geographical
C.   Organizational
D.   Sociological
Question #59
Which theory argues that we should rehabilitate criminals because it is just to do so and because each person possesses moral worth?
A.   Deontological theory
B.   Restorative theory
C.   Denunciation theory
D.   Deterrence theory
Question #60
Which type of lying is considered the most harmful?
A.   Justified lying
B.   Accepted lying
C.   Tolerated lying
D.   Deviant lying

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