A.   Half of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

B.   All of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

C.   None of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

D.   One-third of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

A.   The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites

B.   The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites

C.   The neighborhoods in which arrests take place

D.   The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites

A.   Firm grips

B.   Presence

C.   Command verbalization

D.   Persuasive verbalization

A.   There are no statistically significant differences in rates between the three groups

B.   The Hispanic rate is higher than either the Black or white rate

C.   The Black rate is higher than either the Hispanic or white rate

D.   The White rate is higher than either the Black or Hispanic rate

A.   It is crucial that ethical decisions are made, and the study of ethics enables the development of tools that enhance ethical decision making

B.   All of the others are reasons commonly given

C.   The study of ethics increases sensitivity to issues of right and wrong and the right way to conduct oneself, and aids in identifying acts that have a moral content

D.   It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior, and the study of ethics develops that capacity

A.   operated with few legal and ethical controls.

B.   were relatively immune from politics and corruption.

C.   saw their primary job as keeping the good will of the people.

D.   were well-trained, well-equipped and well-supervised.

A.   Not engage in plea bargaining

B.   Reveal evidence to the defense if that evidence tends to negate guilt

C.   See that the defendant has the best qualified attorney available

D.   Seek the most severe punishment legally authorized

A.   Criminalization hypothesis

B.   Mental hypothesis

C.   Emancipation hypothesis

D.   Masculinity hypothesis

A.   they establish grounds for discipline

B.   they establish norms of behavior

C.   they assure the public that police are required to follow certain standards

D.   they create rules the public can rely upon

A.   All of the other answers

B.   Do not require most individuals to decide the issue does not mean an individual is helpless to influence public debate on a social issue

C.   Usually and issue of public policy

D.   Do not require individual decision making beyond the decision of whether one is in favor of, or opposed to, a particular social issue

A.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

B.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

C.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

D.   Ethical problem in information sharing

A.   May withdraw from the case if the judge is informed of this reason

B.   Is required to withdraw from the case

C.   Can continue and require that the prosecution prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt

D.   Enter a plea of guilty on behalf of the client

A.   mystique.

B.   culture.

C.   demeanor.

D.   mythology.

A.   Has the final say on ethical issues

B.   Can control lawyer strategy

C.   Is basically a passive umpire or referee

D.   Is an active participant in presentation of the case

A.   Perceptual studies

B.   Ecological studies

C.   Socioeconomic studies

D.   Interrupted time-series studies

A.   moral panics

B.   symbolic aspect of social conflict

C.   consensus theory

D.   conflict theory

A.   Ethical problem in the use of authority

B.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy

C.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests

D.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients

A.   police discretion

B.   the police subculture

C.   police use of excessive force

D.   police corruption

A.   Refuses to pay the agreed-upon fee

B.   Is actually guilty of the crime charged

C.   Consults the attorney in furtherance of crime or fraud

D.   Fires the attorney

A.   There is discrimination in some places at specific decision-making points.

B.   Grand apartheid is evident everywhere in the country.

C.   Jim Crow laws still result in discrimination against minorities.

D.   There is systematic ethnic discrimination.

A.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

B.   Ethical problem in information sharing

C.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

D.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

A.   It must involve an unpleasantness for the offender

B.   It must be deserved

C.   It must be imposed by law enforcement before the offender goes to court

D.   It must be for an offense

A.   A moderately relevant

B.   Not a relevant

C.   Is a relevant

D.   A minor relevant

A.   Blacks are disproportionately given more severe sentences than whites.

B.   Blacks receive proportionately more three-strikes sentences than whites

C.   Past criminal record affects sentencing more than race

D.   Blacks receive proportionately fewer sentences of probation than whites

A.   All the defense attorney to file a motion of in re delimited

B.   Lead to the conviction of innocent defendants

C.   Require the prosecutor to get special permission to question the juror

D.   Render it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race

A.   Confession

B.   Hard

C.   Scientific

D.   Polygraph

A.   That in some circumstances, the defense attorney may break privilege when the attorney clearly knows the defendant is guilty

B.   Commentators recommend that misdemeanor cases revert to a preponderance of the evidence as the burden of proof to speed up the trial process

C.   Courts have recognized the need for prosecutors to hide exculpatory evidence in some cases

D.   Courts as well as commentators have recognized that the ethical obligation is more demanding than the constitutional obligation

A.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

B.   Ethical problem in information sharing

C.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

D.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

A.   See that the public interest is protected and integrity of the court upheld

B.   See that justice is done and that the guilty are punished

C.   Act without bias or prejudice and follow the law

D.   See that the guilty are punished and that the public interest is protected

A.   Disadvantage

B.   Less eligibility

C.   Punishment

D.   Imprisonment

A.   neutrality

B.   reliance

C.   honesty

D.   trust

A.   results from poor leadership in the department.

B.   is caused by pressure from the public to solve crime by any means available

C.   is a function of defective officers.

D.   starts out involving small amounts or harms and then slowly increases/escalates

A.   ethics is not studied at police academies

B.   unethical behavior is more rampant in criminal justice that other fields

C.   the potential of abuse of discretion and the powers of arrest and use of force society grants to law enforcement personnel

D.   CJ professionals have historically ignored ethics in their decision making

A.   a fleeing felon who tries to escape

B.   a suspect that advances toward an officer in a threatening manner

C.   a suspect that poses a threat to himself or third person

D.   a suspect who is suspected of being armed

A.   Superiority view

B.   Modern view

C.   Paternalistic view

D.   Historic view

A.   Bureaucratic rationality

B.   Punishment rationality

C.   Restorative detention

D.   Rehabilitative detention

A.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy

B.   Ethical problem in the use of authority

C.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests

D.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients

A.   perspective, as being forward-looking (future) or backward-looking past)

B.   ability to justify the stated purposes of punishment

C.   micro- or macro-level approach

D.   emphasis on severity of punishment

A.   While there is some evidence, they largely do not exist

B.   They do not qualify as moral issue due to the government being above common people

C.   It is not for policy makers to get involved in eradicating racial inequalities

D.   They have been clearly identified, but nevertheless persist

A.   Overcharging

B.   Filing multiple prosecutorial information documents at the same time

C.   Indicting

D.   Charging

A.   Use of force theory

B.   Use of aggression theory

C.   Angry aggression theory

D.   Extralegal force theory

A.   Deaths by Personnel Reporting Act of 2000

B.   Deaths by Police Reporting Act of 2000

C.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000

D.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2013

A.   The use of means is perceived by the officer to be the best or only practicable means of ensuring the good end is met

B.   The means used to achieve good end are not normally considered morally wrong

C.   The good likely to be achieved by using dirty hands far outweighs the bad consequences of using dirty means

D.   The officer has opportunity to achieve morally good end or outcome and intends to do so

A.   Almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors

B.   Are mixed

C.   Almost unanimously show that race has no influence

D.   Are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done

A.   The person would have committed the crime or a similar crime whether he or she was a victim of the entrapment or not

B.   There is sufficient evidence to believe target is likely to commit a crime

C.   All are equally morally problematic

D.   The entrapment succeeds as a technique of detection where other methods, such as complaints investigation, have failed

A.   the social peacekeeper

B.   the social enforcer

C.   the emergency operator

D.   the snappy bureaucrat

A.   Violent outbursts

B.   Improved communication skills

C.   Access to a dependable support system

D.   Taking regular vacations

A.   Institutional racism

B.   Personal prejudice

C.   Ideological racism

D.   Practical racism

A.   we should be willing to have our own societys shortcomings exposed

B.   we can learn from the morality of other societies

C.   we must accept the fact that there are differences in the morality of different societies

D.   there is no possibility that there are moral absolutes

A.   Cultures are totally isolated from one another

B.   Values of different historical periods are valid throughout time

C.   It provides answers to issues and spurs debate.

D.   It operates as a moral isolationism

A.   An offender charged with felonies

B.   It should provide reconciliation with the community

C.   It should appeal to a persons rational understanding

D.   An unrepentant offender

A.   The prosecution attempting to intimidate or improperly influence key witnesses.

B.   All of the other answers

C.   Prosecutors contacted the employer of a witness who refused to cooperate and caused her to be terminated from that employment.

D.   Prosecutors threatened to issue a grand jury subpoena to the 13-year-old son of one defendant and to force the boy to testify against his father.

A.   It fails to account for the problem of just deserts in an unjust world

B.   It provides closure to victims

C.   It lacks any principle that determines a properly commensurate sentence

D.   It fails to take account of the fact that there are multiple discretions involved in the sentencing power

A.   It works only if we fix offenders while we lock them up

B.   It works only if those we lock up are not immediately replaced by new recruits

C.   It works only if we lock up those who would have committed further offenses if they had been left free

D.   It works only if the crimes committed after release are not so frequent or serious so as to negate the effects of the crimes prevented through incapacitative sentencing

A.   Involving citizens will ensure more citizen arrests are made, thereby helping the police

B.   Individual complainants and public will have higher level of confidence in integrity of police practice

C.   Involving citizens is likely to deter police misconduct

D.   Involving citizens is likely to result in more objective and thorough investigations

A.   legislative regulation

B.   internal codes and regulations

C.   judicial rule-making

D.   police promotions

A.   offenders are paying a debt to society

B.   punishment is a censure of offenders

C.   offenders have taken unfair advantage of others

D.   punishing some innocent people is a price of general deterrence

A.   Sociological

B.   Organizational

C.   Geographical

D.   Psychological

A.   Deterrence theory

B.   Denunciation theory

C.   Deontological theory

D.   Restorative theory

A.   Justified lying

B.   Accepted lying

C.   Tolerated lying

D.   Deviant lying