A.   None of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

B.   One-third of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

C.   All of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

D.   Half of the U.S. states meet international standards for police use of force requiring legislation to state that lethal force may be used as a last resort.

A.   The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites

B.   The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites

C.   The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites

D.   The neighborhoods in which arrests take place

A.   Command verbalization

B.   Persuasive verbalization

C.   Firm grips

D.   Presence

A.   The White rate is higher than either the Black or Hispanic rate

B.   The Black rate is higher than either the Hispanic or white rate

C.   There are no statistically significant differences in rates between the three groups

D.   The Hispanic rate is higher than either the Black or white rate

A.   It is important to have the capacity to point to moral reasoning in justifying behavior, and the study of ethics develops that capacity

B.   It is crucial that ethical decisions are made, and the study of ethics enables the development of tools that enhance ethical decision making

C.   All of the others are reasons commonly given

D.   The study of ethics increases sensitivity to issues of right and wrong and the right way to conduct oneself, and aids in identifying acts that have a moral content

A.   were well-trained, well-equipped and well-supervised.

B.   saw their primary job as keeping the good will of the people.

C.   operated with few legal and ethical controls.

D.   were relatively immune from politics and corruption.

A.   Reveal evidence to the defense if that evidence tends to negate guilt

B.   See that the defendant has the best qualified attorney available

C.   Seek the most severe punishment legally authorized

D.   Not engage in plea bargaining

A.   Masculinity hypothesis

B.   Mental hypothesis

C.   Criminalization hypothesis

D.   Emancipation hypothesis

A.   they establish grounds for discipline

B.   they assure the public that police are required to follow certain standards

C.   they create rules the public can rely upon

D.   they establish norms of behavior

A.   Do not require individual decision making beyond the decision of whether one is in favor of, or opposed to, a particular social issue

B.   Do not require most individuals to decide the issue does not mean an individual is helpless to influence public debate on a social issue

C.   Usually and issue of public policy

D.   All of the other answers

A.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

B.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

C.   Ethical problem in information sharing

D.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

A.   Is required to withdraw from the case

B.   May withdraw from the case if the judge is informed of this reason

C.   Can continue and require that the prosecution prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt

D.   Enter a plea of guilty on behalf of the client

A.   culture.

B.   mystique.

C.   mythology.

D.   demeanor.

A.   Can control lawyer strategy

B.   Has the final say on ethical issues

C.   Is an active participant in presentation of the case

D.   Is basically a passive umpire or referee

A.   Ecological studies

B.   Perceptual studies

C.   Interrupted time-series studies

D.   Socioeconomic studies

A.   symbolic aspect of social conflict

B.   moral panics

C.   conflict theory

D.   consensus theory

A.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients

B.   Ethical problem in the use of authority

C.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests

D.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy

A.   police corruption

B.   police use of excessive force

C.   the police subculture

D.   police discretion

A.   Is actually guilty of the crime charged

B.   Consults the attorney in furtherance of crime or fraud

C.   Refuses to pay the agreed-upon fee

D.   Fires the attorney

A.   There is systematic ethnic discrimination.

B.   Grand apartheid is evident everywhere in the country.

C.   There is discrimination in some places at specific decision-making points.

D.   Jim Crow laws still result in discrimination against minorities.

A.   Ethical problem in information sharing

B.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

C.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

D.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

A.   It must be for an offense

B.   It must be imposed by law enforcement before the offender goes to court

C.   It must be deserved

D.   It must involve an unpleasantness for the offender

A.   A moderately relevant

B.   Is a relevant

C.   Not a relevant

D.   A minor relevant

A.   Past criminal record affects sentencing more than race

B.   Blacks are disproportionately given more severe sentences than whites.

C.   Blacks receive proportionately fewer sentences of probation than whites

D.   Blacks receive proportionately more three-strikes sentences than whites

A.   Render it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race

B.   Require the prosecutor to get special permission to question the juror

C.   All the defense attorney to file a motion of in re delimited

D.   Lead to the conviction of innocent defendants

A.   Scientific

B.   Hard

C.   Confession

D.   Polygraph

A.   Courts as well as commentators have recognized that the ethical obligation is more demanding than the constitutional obligation

B.   That in some circumstances, the defense attorney may break privilege when the attorney clearly knows the defendant is guilty

C.   Courts have recognized the need for prosecutors to hide exculpatory evidence in some cases

D.   Commentators recommend that misdemeanor cases revert to a preponderance of the evidence as the burden of proof to speed up the trial process

A.   Ethical problem in information sharing

B.   Ethical issue resulting from policing policies

C.   Ethical issue in the media reporting of crime

D.   Ethical problem dealing with human rights issues in the criminal justice system

A.   Act without bias or prejudice and follow the law

B.   See that the public interest is protected and integrity of the court upheld

C.   See that justice is done and that the guilty are punished

D.   See that the guilty are punished and that the public interest is protected

A.   Less eligibility

B.   Punishment

C.   Imprisonment

D.   Disadvantage

A.   neutrality

B.   honesty

C.   reliance

D.   trust

A.   is caused by pressure from the public to solve crime by any means available

B.   starts out involving small amounts or harms and then slowly increases/escalates

C.   results from poor leadership in the department.

D.   is a function of defective officers.

A.   the potential of abuse of discretion and the powers of arrest and use of force society grants to law enforcement personnel

B.   CJ professionals have historically ignored ethics in their decision making

C.   ethics is not studied at police academies

D.   unethical behavior is more rampant in criminal justice that other fields

A.   a suspect who is suspected of being armed

B.   a suspect that advances toward an officer in a threatening manner

C.   a fleeing felon who tries to escape

D.   a suspect that poses a threat to himself or third person

A.   Superiority view

B.   Historic view

C.   Modern view

D.   Paternalistic view

A.   Restorative detention

B.   Bureaucratic rationality

C.   Rehabilitative detention

D.   Punishment rationality

A.   Ethical problem in the use of authority

B.   Ethical problem in the relationship between personal and professional interests

C.   Ethical issue in criminal justice and public policy

D.   Ethical problem in personal and professional commitments to clients

A.   ability to justify the stated purposes of punishment

B.   emphasis on severity of punishment

C.   perspective, as being forward-looking (future) or backward-looking past)

D.   micro- or macro-level approach

A.   They have been clearly identified, but nevertheless persist

B.   While there is some evidence, they largely do not exist

C.   They do not qualify as moral issue due to the government being above common people

D.   It is not for policy makers to get involved in eradicating racial inequalities

A.   Filing multiple prosecutorial information documents at the same time

B.   Charging

C.   Indicting

D.   Overcharging

A.   Angry aggression theory

B.   Use of aggression theory

C.   Use of force theory

D.   Extralegal force theory

A.   Deaths by Police Reporting Act of 2000

B.   Deaths by Personnel Reporting Act of 2000

C.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2013

D.   Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000

A.   The officer has opportunity to achieve morally good end or outcome and intends to do so

B.   The use of means is perceived by the officer to be the best or only practicable means of ensuring the good end is met

C.   The good likely to be achieved by using dirty hands far outweighs the bad consequences of using dirty means

D.   The means used to achieve good end are not normally considered morally wrong

A.   Are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done

B.   Are mixed

C.   Almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors

D.   Almost unanimously show that race has no influence

A.   The person would have committed the crime or a similar crime whether he or she was a victim of the entrapment or not

B.   All are equally morally problematic

C.   The entrapment succeeds as a technique of detection where other methods, such as complaints investigation, have failed

D.   There is sufficient evidence to believe target is likely to commit a crime

A.   the snappy bureaucrat

B.   the emergency operator

C.   the social peacekeeper

D.   the social enforcer

A.   Improved communication skills

B.   Taking regular vacations

C.   Violent outbursts

D.   Access to a dependable support system

A.   Institutional racism

B.   Practical racism

C.   Ideological racism

D.   Personal prejudice

A.   we should be willing to have our own societys shortcomings exposed

B.   we must accept the fact that there are differences in the morality of different societies

C.   we can learn from the morality of other societies

D.   there is no possibility that there are moral absolutes

A.   It provides answers to issues and spurs debate.

B.   Values of different historical periods are valid throughout time

C.   It operates as a moral isolationism

D.   Cultures are totally isolated from one another

A.   It should appeal to a persons rational understanding

B.   An unrepentant offender

C.   It should provide reconciliation with the community

D.   An offender charged with felonies

A.   Prosecutors threatened to issue a grand jury subpoena to the 13-year-old son of one defendant and to force the boy to testify against his father.

B.   The prosecution attempting to intimidate or improperly influence key witnesses.

C.   Prosecutors contacted the employer of a witness who refused to cooperate and caused her to be terminated from that employment.

D.   All of the other answers

A.   It provides closure to victims

B.   It lacks any principle that determines a properly commensurate sentence

C.   It fails to account for the problem of just deserts in an unjust world

D.   It fails to take account of the fact that there are multiple discretions involved in the sentencing power

A.   It works only if we fix offenders while we lock them up

B.   It works only if those we lock up are not immediately replaced by new recruits

C.   It works only if we lock up those who would have committed further offenses if they had been left free

D.   It works only if the crimes committed after release are not so frequent or serious so as to negate the effects of the crimes prevented through incapacitative sentencing

A.   Involving citizens is likely to deter police misconduct

B.   Involving citizens is likely to result in more objective and thorough investigations

C.   Individual complainants and public will have higher level of confidence in integrity of police practice

D.   Involving citizens will ensure more citizen arrests are made, thereby helping the police

A.   legislative regulation

B.   police promotions

C.   judicial rule-making

D.   internal codes and regulations

A.   offenders have taken unfair advantage of others

B.   punishment is a censure of offenders

C.   punishing some innocent people is a price of general deterrence

D.   offenders are paying a debt to society

A.   Geographical

B.   Psychological

C.   Sociological

D.   Organizational

A.   Deontological theory

B.   Restorative theory

C.   Denunciation theory

D.   Deterrence theory

A.   Justified lying

B.   Deviant lying

C.   Tolerated lying

D.   Accepted lying