A.   Humans have been interbreeding for thousands of years and are similar genetically.

B.   Human variation is non-concordant. If we had races, we would have several distinct traits per race.

C.   Race has become biological through inequality

D.   Human variation is continuous, there is no dividing line of a trait between “races.”

A.   Large quantities of pheomelanin

B.   Large quantities of eumelanin

C.   The numbers of melanocytes

D.   The amount of melanin

A.   Destruction of folate B

B.   Regulation of vitamin D

C.   Protection from cancer

D.   Need to regulate body temperature

A.   People prefer heavier bodies for sex

B.   Homo sapiens evolved in cold areas and needed to keep warm

C.   Early foragers experienced consistent food shortages

D.   Fat helps to prevent the development of various cancers

A.   Being heavier is biologically more attractive

B.   A heavier body is a sign of fertility among women, so men would choose women who were heavier to procreate healthy children

C.   Early foragers experienced consistent food shortages

D.   Early foragers did not choose individuals who were heavier as partners, obesity today is the result of poor eating habits

A.   Urban populations see the highest rates of obesity

B.   People in rural populations with minimal technology tend to be the heaviest

C.   As smaller scale societies acculturate to more urban/modernized environments, their levels of obesity increase

D.   Most people in the world today are overweight

A.   Our body immobilizes the immune system to attack foreign microbes

B.   Our body lowers its internal temperature in order to “freeze out” microbes

C.   Our immune system creates antibodies that create a memory of that microbe so our body can attack it more quickly in the future

D.   Our body raises its internal temperature to kill of microbes

A.   When immunity grows naturally among a group of people since they come in contact with more of the disease

B.   The ability of humans to gain immunity to diseases by living with herds of animals

C.   The ability of herds of animals to pass infections on to another species

D.   When most individuals in a group are vaccinated, protecting those who are not

A.   50%

B.   75%

C.   25%

D.   15%

A.   ing pregnancy, a malnourished mother can produce a child that is low birth weight and has a poor immune system

B.   Poor nutrition in pregnancy helps a baby adapt to food shortages later in life

C.   Since females develop their eggs in utero, a malnourished mother can cause damage to her grandchildren

D.   Malnourished babies are at risk for later neuropsychological problems including poor school achievement

A.   Increased amount of fat

B.   Estrogen mimicking chemicals call xenoestrogens

C.   Stressful life events

D.   Sexual activity

A.   Women have evolved to be more muscular than men in order to carry their children around to protect them, while men have evolved to retain more body fat in order to survive long hunts.

B.   Men have evolved a higher level of estrogen than women in order to create relationships with other males that will protect them on dangerous hunts, while women have evolved higher levels of testosterone to protect their children.

C.   Women have evolved levels of dominant behavior that help scare away predators from their children, while men have evolved levels of empathetic behavior in order to attract more females

D.   Testosterone in men has influenced behaviors correlated with hunting, while estrogens in women have influenced behaviors correlated with childrearing and gathering techniques.

A.   Aging is due to the gradual decline of our immune system

B.   Humans age because of our harsh environments

C.   Humans decline rapidly after we are no longer able to reproduce and contribute to natural selection

D.   Aging is caused by malfunctioning regulator genes

A.   The foraging diet is high in fiber from fruits and vegetables

B.   The modern diet is high in grains and dairy

C.   The modern diet does not utilize processed sugars and oils

D.   The forager diet is high in wild meats

A.   Oxytocin

B.   Estroidials

C.   Estrogens

D.   Testosterone

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   aging

B.   cellular aging

C.   differentiation

D.   Senescence