A.   have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.

B.   have defeated many RINOs

C.   have switched to the Democratic Party.

D.   have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

E.   have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

A.   a liberal.

B.   a libertarian.

C.   an independent.

D.   a naysayer.

E.   a conservative.

A.   10 percent

B.   25 percent

C.   50 percent

D.   90 percent

E.   75 percent

A.   interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

B.   political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

C.   individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

D.   political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

E.   individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

A.   collecting member dues.

B.   trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

C.   signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

D.   getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

E.   peaceably influencing the American public.

A.   Republican Party

B.   Democratic Party

C.   Green Party

D.   Federalist Party

E.   Libertarian Party

A.   the members of the electoral college.

B.   all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

C.   the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

D.   the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

E.   the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

A.   exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

B.   is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

C.   reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

D.   is another name for federalism.

E.   increases the control of the winning party in an election.

A.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

B.   was favored by George Washington.

C.   is a requirement in the Constitution.

D.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

E.   emerged in the twentieth century.

A.   tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

B.   is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

C.   is one in which there are only two legal parties.

D.   is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E.   is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

A.   necessity for the functioning of democracy.

B.   legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

C.   threat to national unity and popular government.

D.   tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

E.   vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

A.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

B.   The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

C.   Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

D.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

E.   Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

A.   The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

B.   Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

C.   President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

D.   Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   Libertarian candidates

B.   Federalist candidates.

C.   Republican candidates.

D.   Socialist candidates.

E.   Democratic candidates.

A.   was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

B.   increased the political power of corporations.

C.   was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

D.   ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

B.   are not covered by federal election laws.

C.   are limited in how much they spend

D.   collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

E.   are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

A.   choose a party for economic reasons.

B.   support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

C.   support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

D.   choose a party for cultural reasons.

E.   support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

A.   Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

B.   Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

C.   Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

D.   Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

E.   Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

A.   debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

B.   participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

C.   debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

D.   televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

E.   challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

A.   an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

B.   an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the "invisible primary."

C.   an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

D.   an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

E.   an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

A.   swing voter.

B.   dealigned voter.

C.   independent.

D.   split-ticket voter

E.   splinter voter.

A.   their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

B.   they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

C.   they become members of the electoral college.

D.   their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

E.   they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

A.   is impossible.

B.   can be done on a state by state basis.

C.   could be done by an act of Congress.

D.   would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

E.   would require a Constitutional Amendment.

A.   partisan election; primary election

B.   primary election; general election

C.   primary election; secondary election

D.   partisan election; general election

E.   general election; primary election

A.   electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

B.   the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

C.   voters elect the president directly.

D.   None of these choices is true.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

B.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

C.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

D.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

E.   preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

A.   state elections; presidential elections

B.   primary elections; general elections

C.   presidential elections; midterm elections

D.   local elections; Congressional elections

E.   local elections; presidential elections

A.   stabilizes; increases

B.   increases; decreases

C.   increases; increases

D.   stabilizes; decreases

E.   decreases; increases

A.   age restrictions.

B.   citizenship restrictions.

C.   racial restrictions.

D.   sex/gender restrictions.

E.   property ownership restrictions.

A.   a sound frame.

B.   a media frame.

C.   a quick quote.

D.   a sound bite.

E.   a media bite.

A.   an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

B.   a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that "goes negative"

C.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

D.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

E.   a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

A.   the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

B.   None of these choices is true.

C.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

D.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

E.   the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

A.   libertarians.

B.   moderates.

C.   conservatives.

D.   liberals.

E.   socialists.

A.   Ted Cruz.

B.   Hillary Clinton.

C.   Donald Trump.

D.   Bernie Sanders.

E.   Scott Walker.

A.   unicameralism.

B.   bicameralism.

C.   multicameralism.

D.   the separation of powers.

E.   cameralism.

A.   constituents.

B.   trustees.

C.   representatives.

D.   members.

E.   delegates.

A.   the chief executive.

B.   the legislature.

C.   the bureaucracy.

D.   the judiciary.

E.   the electoral college.

A.   Congress.

B.   the House, but not the Senate.

C.   the bureaucracy.

D.   the Senate, but not the House.

E.   the President.

A.   instructed delegate; trustee

B.   trustee; ombudsperson

C.   trustee; instructed delegate

D.   ombudsperson; trustee

E.   instructed delegate; ombudsperson

A.   the coattail effect.

B.   redistricting.

C.   gerrymandering.

D.   incumbency advantage.

E.   reapportionment.

A.   voter turnout falls sharply.

B.   incumbents are more likely to lose.

C.   the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

D.   voter turnout increases sharply.

E.   the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

A.   choose not to run for reelection.

B.   are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

C.   are defeated in general elections.

D.   successfully run for reelection.

E.   are defeated in primary elections.

A.   two years, three years

B.   two years; six years

C.   six years; four years

D.   two years; four years

E.   six years; two years

A.   protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

B.   contained no language on religion.

C.   limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

D.   protected citizens from all forms of government.

E.   limited only the power of state governments.

A.   the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

B.   the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

C.   the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

D.   the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

E.   the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

A.   it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

B.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

C.   it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

D.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

E.   it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

A.   it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

B.   Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

C.   it is considered symbolic speech.

D.   a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

E.   it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

A.   the right to die.

B.   the legality of abortion.

C.   defamation by libel.

D.   commercial speech.

E.   symbolic speech.

A.   there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

B.   if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

C.   lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

D.   search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

E.   a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

A.   forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

B.   prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

C.   None of these choices is true.

D.   is limited to the federal courts.

E.   prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

A.   judicial review.

B.   the Fifth Amendment.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   the Tenth Amendment.

E.   the Eighth Amendment.

A.   limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

B.   what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

C.   the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

D.   Gun ownership

E.   civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

A.   the Declaration of Independence.

B.   the Thirteenth Amendment.

C.   the Nineteenth Amendment.

D.   the Fourteenth Amendment.

E.   the Fifteenth Amendment.

A.   provided equal protection under the law.

B.   outlawed slavery.

C.   stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

D.   gave women the right to vote.

E.   gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

A.   made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

B.   were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

C.   implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

D.   All of these choices are true.

E.   declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

A.   agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

B.   ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

C.   ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

D.   stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

E.   tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

A.   African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

B.   voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

C.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

D.   all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

E.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

A.   constitutional exams.

B.   poll tests.

C.   registration tests.

D.   primary tests.

E.   literacy tests.

A.   ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

B.   the national government has no power over local school boards

C.   public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

D.   African Americans cannot be refused college admission

E.   separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

A.   Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

B.   Dr. King; Rosa Parks

C.   Malcolm X; Dr. King

D.   Rosa Parks; Dr. King

E.   Dr. King; Malcolm X

A.   exacting scrutiny

B.   strict scrutiny

C.   intermediate scrutiny

D.   moderate scrutiny

E.   rational basis review

A.   the Lincoln dilemma.

B.   civil liberties.

C.   legislative mandate.

D.   affirmative action.

E.   civil rights.

A.   affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

B.   race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

C.   all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

D.   quota systems are constitutional.

E.   race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

A.   China; Mexico and Central America

B.   Western Europe; former Soviet states

C.   Europe; Latin American and Asia

D.   Latin America; Eastern Europe

E.   Asia; Latin America

A.   expanded the right to vote to women.

B.   did away with racial restrictions on voting.

C.   set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

D.   ended racial segregation in the United States.

E.   abolished slavery.

A.   a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

B.   a 2015 executive order.

C.   a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

D.   a 2016 Congressional law.

E.   an international treaty on human rights.

A.   contentless speech; protected by the courts

B.   contentless speech; not protected by the courts

C.   symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

D.   symbolic speech; protected by the courts

E.   symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

A.   Lemon rights.

B.   First Amendment rights.

C.   Griswold rights.

D.   Eighth Amendment rights.

E.   Miranda rights.

A.   held that the law violated the right to privacy.

B.   guaranteed all women access to abortion.

C.   ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

D.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

E.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal.