A.   have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.

B.   have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

C.   have defeated many RINOs

D.   have switched to the Democratic Party.

E.   have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

A.   a conservative.

B.   a libertarian.

C.   a liberal.

D.   a naysayer.

E.   an independent.

A.   10 percent

B.   25 percent

C.   90 percent

D.   50 percent

E.   75 percent

A.   political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

B.   political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

C.   individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

D.   individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

E.   interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

A.   peaceably influencing the American public.

B.   signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

C.   collecting member dues.

D.   trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

E.   getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

A.   Green Party

B.   Republican Party

C.   Democratic Party

D.   Libertarian Party

E.   Federalist Party

A.   all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

B.   the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

C.   the members of the electoral college.

D.   the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

E.   the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

A.   reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

B.   is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

C.   is another name for federalism.

D.   exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

E.   increases the control of the winning party in an election.

A.   was favored by George Washington.

B.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

C.   is a requirement in the Constitution.

D.   emerged in the twentieth century.

E.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

A.   is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

B.   is one in which there are only two legal parties.

C.   tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

D.   is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E.   is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

A.   tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

B.   necessity for the functioning of democracy.

C.   legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

D.   threat to national unity and popular government.

E.   vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

A.   The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

B.   Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

C.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

D.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

E.   Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

A.   The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

B.   Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

C.   President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

D.   Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   Libertarian candidates

B.   Federalist candidates.

C.   Socialist candidates.

D.   Republican candidates.

E.   Democratic candidates.

A.   All of these choices are true.

B.   was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

C.   increased the political power of corporations.

D.   was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

E.   ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

A.   collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

B.   are not covered by federal election laws.

C.   are limited in how much they spend

D.   coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

E.   are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

A.   support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

B.   support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

C.   choose a party for cultural reasons.

D.   support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

E.   choose a party for economic reasons.

A.   Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

B.   Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

C.   Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

D.   Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

E.   Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

A.   debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

B.   debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

C.   challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

D.   participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

E.   televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

A.   an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

B.   an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the "invisible primary."

C.   an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

D.   an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

E.   an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

A.   dealigned voter.

B.   splinter voter.

C.   independent.

D.   swing voter.

E.   split-ticket voter

A.   they become members of the electoral college.

B.   their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

C.   they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

D.   their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

E.   they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

A.   would require a Constitutional Amendment.

B.   could be done by an act of Congress.

C.   is impossible.

D.   can be done on a state by state basis.

E.   would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

A.   primary election; secondary election

B.   partisan election; primary election

C.   general election; primary election

D.   primary election; general election

E.   partisan election; general election

A.   electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

B.   voters elect the president directly.

C.   the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

D.   None of these choices is true.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

B.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

C.   preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

D.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

E.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

A.   primary elections; general elections

B.   presidential elections; midterm elections

C.   local elections; presidential elections

D.   local elections; Congressional elections

E.   state elections; presidential elections

A.   stabilizes; decreases

B.   stabilizes; increases

C.   increases; decreases

D.   decreases; increases

E.   increases; increases

A.   age restrictions.

B.   property ownership restrictions.

C.   racial restrictions.

D.   sex/gender restrictions.

E.   citizenship restrictions.

A.   a sound bite.

B.   a media bite.

C.   a media frame.

D.   a sound frame.

E.   a quick quote.

A.   a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

B.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

C.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

D.   an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

E.   a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that "goes negative"

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

C.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

D.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

E.   the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

A.   moderates.

B.   conservatives.

C.   socialists.

D.   libertarians.

E.   liberals.

A.   Ted Cruz.

B.   Hillary Clinton.

C.   Bernie Sanders.

D.   Donald Trump.

E.   Scott Walker.

A.   bicameralism.

B.   multicameralism.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   cameralism.

E.   unicameralism.

A.   representatives.

B.   members.

C.   delegates.

D.   trustees.

E.   constituents.

A.   the bureaucracy.

B.   the chief executive.

C.   the legislature.

D.   the judiciary.

E.   the electoral college.

A.   Congress.

B.   the bureaucracy.

C.   the Senate, but not the House.

D.   the President.

E.   the House, but not the Senate.

A.   ombudsperson; trustee

B.   trustee; instructed delegate

C.   instructed delegate; ombudsperson

D.   instructed delegate; trustee

E.   trustee; ombudsperson

A.   gerrymandering.

B.   redistricting.

C.   incumbency advantage.

D.   the coattail effect.

E.   reapportionment.

A.   the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

B.   voter turnout falls sharply.

C.   voter turnout increases sharply.

D.   incumbents are more likely to lose.

E.   the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

A.   are defeated in primary elections.

B.   choose not to run for reelection.

C.   successfully run for reelection.

D.   are defeated in general elections.

E.   are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

A.   two years; six years

B.   six years; four years

C.   six years; two years

D.   two years; four years

E.   two years, three years

A.   limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

B.   limited only the power of state governments.

C.   protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

D.   contained no language on religion.

E.   protected citizens from all forms of government.

A.   the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

B.   the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

C.   the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

D.   the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

E.   the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

A.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

B.   it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

C.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

D.   it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

E.   it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

A.   a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

B.   Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

C.   it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

D.   it is considered symbolic speech.

E.   it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

A.   symbolic speech.

B.   commercial speech.

C.   the right to die.

D.   defamation by libel.

E.   the legality of abortion.

A.   there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

B.   lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

C.   search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

D.   a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

E.   if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

C.   is limited to the federal courts.

D.   forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

E.   prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

A.   the Fifth Amendment.

B.   judicial review.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   the Eighth Amendment.

E.   the Tenth Amendment.

A.   the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

B.   limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

C.   Gun ownership

D.   civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

E.   what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

A.   the Nineteenth Amendment.

B.   the Thirteenth Amendment.

C.   the Declaration of Independence.

D.   the Fifteenth Amendment.

E.   the Fourteenth Amendment.

A.   outlawed slavery.

B.   gave women the right to vote.

C.   gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

D.   provided equal protection under the law.

E.   stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

A.   implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

B.   All of these choices are true.

C.   made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

D.   declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

E.   were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

A.   tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

B.   ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

C.   ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

D.   agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

E.   stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

A.   African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

B.   all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

C.   voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

D.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

E.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

A.   primary tests.

B.   registration tests.

C.   literacy tests.

D.   constitutional exams.

E.   poll tests.

A.   African Americans cannot be refused college admission

B.   separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

C.   public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

D.   ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

E.   the national government has no power over local school boards

A.   Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

B.   Dr. King; Rosa Parks

C.   Malcolm X; Dr. King

D.   Dr. King; Malcolm X

E.   Rosa Parks; Dr. King

A.   moderate scrutiny

B.   rational basis review

C.   exacting scrutiny

D.   intermediate scrutiny

E.   strict scrutiny

A.   affirmative action.

B.   civil liberties.

C.   legislative mandate.

D.   civil rights.

E.   the Lincoln dilemma.

A.   race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

B.   affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

C.   all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

D.   quota systems are constitutional.

E.   race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

A.   Latin America; Eastern Europe

B.   Asia; Latin America

C.   Europe; Latin American and Asia

D.   China; Mexico and Central America

E.   Western Europe; former Soviet states

A.   set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

B.   abolished slavery.

C.   expanded the right to vote to women.

D.   ended racial segregation in the United States.

E.   did away with racial restrictions on voting.

A.   a 2015 executive order.

B.   a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

C.   a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

D.   an international treaty on human rights.

E.   a 2016 Congressional law.

A.   contentless speech; not protected by the courts

B.   symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

C.   symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

D.   contentless speech; protected by the courts

E.   symbolic speech; protected by the courts

A.   First Amendment rights.

B.   Miranda rights.

C.   Lemon rights.

D.   Griswold rights.

E.   Eighth Amendment rights.

A.   ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

B.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

C.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal.

D.   guaranteed all women access to abortion.

E.   held that the law violated the right to privacy.