A.   have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

B.   have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

C.   have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.

D.   have defeated many RINOs

E.   have switched to the Democratic Party.

A.   a liberal.

B.   a libertarian.

C.   a conservative.

D.   an independent.

E.   a naysayer.

A.   75 percent

B.   10 percent

C.   25 percent

D.   90 percent

E.   50 percent

A.   individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

B.   political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

C.   interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

D.   political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

E.   individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

A.   signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

B.   getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

C.   peaceably influencing the American public.

D.   collecting member dues.

E.   trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

A.   Federalist Party

B.   Democratic Party

C.   Republican Party

D.   Libertarian Party

E.   Green Party

A.   the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

B.   the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

C.   the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

D.   the members of the electoral college.

E.   all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

A.   is another name for federalism.

B.   increases the control of the winning party in an election.

C.   exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

D.   reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

E.   is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

A.   is a requirement in the Constitution.

B.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

C.   was favored by George Washington.

D.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

E.   emerged in the twentieth century.

A.   is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

B.   is one in which there are only two legal parties.

C.   is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

D.   tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E.   is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

A.   necessity for the functioning of democracy.

B.   threat to national unity and popular government.

C.   vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

D.   legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

E.   tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

A.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

B.   Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

C.   Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

D.   The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

E.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

A.   Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

B.   Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

E.   The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

A.   Republican candidates.

B.   Socialist candidates.

C.   Democratic candidates.

D.   Federalist candidates.

E.   Libertarian candidates

A.   All of these choices are true.

B.   increased the political power of corporations.

C.   was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

D.   was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

E.   ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

A.   collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

B.   are not covered by federal election laws.

C.   are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

D.   coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

E.   are limited in how much they spend

A.   choose a party for cultural reasons.

B.   support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

C.   support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

D.   support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

E.   choose a party for economic reasons.

A.   Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

B.   Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

C.   Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

D.   Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

E.   Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

A.   participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

B.   televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

C.   debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

D.   challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

E.   debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

A.   an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

B.   an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

C.   an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

D.   an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the "invisible primary."

E.   an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

A.   dealigned voter.

B.   splinter voter.

C.   swing voter.

D.   split-ticket voter

E.   independent.

A.   they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

B.   their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

C.   they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

D.   their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

E.   they become members of the electoral college.

A.   can be done on a state by state basis.

B.   is impossible.

C.   would require a Constitutional Amendment.

D.   could be done by an act of Congress.

E.   would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

A.   general election; primary election

B.   primary election; secondary election

C.   partisan election; primary election

D.   partisan election; general election

E.   primary election; general election

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   voters elect the president directly.

E.   electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

A.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

B.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

C.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

D.   preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

E.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

A.   state elections; presidential elections

B.   local elections; Congressional elections

C.   presidential elections; midterm elections

D.   primary elections; general elections

E.   local elections; presidential elections

A.   increases; increases

B.   stabilizes; increases

C.   decreases; increases

D.   increases; decreases

E.   stabilizes; decreases

A.   age restrictions.

B.   citizenship restrictions.

C.   property ownership restrictions.

D.   sex/gender restrictions.

E.   racial restrictions.

A.   a quick quote.

B.   a media frame.

C.   a sound bite.

D.   a sound frame.

E.   a media bite.

A.   a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

B.   an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

C.   a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that "goes negative"

D.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

E.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

A.   the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

B.   the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

C.   None of these choices is true.

D.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

E.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

A.   liberals.

B.   conservatives.

C.   socialists.

D.   libertarians.

E.   moderates.

A.   Donald Trump.

B.   Bernie Sanders.

C.   Scott Walker.

D.   Hillary Clinton.

E.   Ted Cruz.

A.   cameralism.

B.   the separation of powers.

C.   unicameralism.

D.   multicameralism.

E.   bicameralism.

A.   representatives.

B.   members.

C.   delegates.

D.   constituents.

E.   trustees.

A.   the legislature.

B.   the judiciary.

C.   the bureaucracy.

D.   the electoral college.

E.   the chief executive.

A.   the President.

B.   Congress.

C.   the Senate, but not the House.

D.   the House, but not the Senate.

E.   the bureaucracy.

A.   trustee; ombudsperson

B.   trustee; instructed delegate

C.   ombudsperson; trustee

D.   instructed delegate; ombudsperson

E.   instructed delegate; trustee

A.   gerrymandering.

B.   the coattail effect.

C.   redistricting.

D.   reapportionment.

E.   incumbency advantage.

A.   incumbents are more likely to lose.

B.   the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

C.   voter turnout falls sharply.

D.   the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

E.   voter turnout increases sharply.

A.   are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

B.   choose not to run for reelection.

C.   are defeated in primary elections.

D.   are defeated in general elections.

E.   successfully run for reelection.

A.   two years; six years

B.   two years; four years

C.   two years, three years

D.   six years; four years

E.   six years; two years

A.   contained no language on religion.

B.   protected citizens from all forms of government.

C.   limited only the power of state governments.

D.   limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

E.   protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

A.   the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

B.   the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

C.   the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

D.   the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

E.   the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

A.   it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

B.   it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

C.   it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

D.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

E.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

A.   it is considered symbolic speech.

B.   it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

C.   a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

D.   it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

E.   Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

A.   defamation by libel.

B.   the right to die.

C.   symbolic speech.

D.   the legality of abortion.

E.   commercial speech.

A.   a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

B.   there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

C.   lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

D.   if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

E.   search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

A.   prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

B.   is limited to the federal courts.

C.   prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

D.   None of these choices is true.

E.   forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

A.   the Fifth Amendment.

B.   judicial review.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   the Tenth Amendment.

E.   the Eighth Amendment.

A.   Gun ownership

B.   limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

C.   civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

D.   what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

E.   the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

A.   the Nineteenth Amendment.

B.   the Declaration of Independence.

C.   the Fourteenth Amendment.

D.   the Fifteenth Amendment.

E.   the Thirteenth Amendment.

A.   gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

B.   provided equal protection under the law.

C.   stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

D.   gave women the right to vote.

E.   outlawed slavery.

A.   implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

B.   declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

E.   made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

A.   ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

B.   tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

C.   stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

D.   ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

E.   agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

A.   all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

B.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

C.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

D.   voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

E.   African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

A.   literacy tests.

B.   constitutional exams.

C.   poll tests.

D.   registration tests.

E.   primary tests.

A.   ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

B.   the national government has no power over local school boards

C.   African Americans cannot be refused college admission

D.   separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

E.   public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

A.   Dr. King; Rosa Parks

B.   Malcolm X; Dr. King

C.   Rosa Parks; Dr. King

D.   Dr. King; Malcolm X

E.   Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

A.   exacting scrutiny

B.   moderate scrutiny

C.   rational basis review

D.   intermediate scrutiny

E.   strict scrutiny

A.   affirmative action.

B.   legislative mandate.

C.   the Lincoln dilemma.

D.   civil liberties.

E.   civil rights.

A.   race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

B.   quota systems are constitutional.

C.   race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

D.   affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

E.   all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

A.   China; Mexico and Central America

B.   Europe; Latin American and Asia

C.   Western Europe; former Soviet states

D.   Asia; Latin America

E.   Latin America; Eastern Europe

A.   ended racial segregation in the United States.

B.   abolished slavery.

C.   expanded the right to vote to women.

D.   did away with racial restrictions on voting.

E.   set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

A.   a 2015 executive order.

B.   an international treaty on human rights.

C.   a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

D.   a 2016 Congressional law.

E.   a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

A.   symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

B.   contentless speech; not protected by the courts

C.   symbolic speech; protected by the courts

D.   contentless speech; protected by the courts

E.   symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

A.   Eighth Amendment rights.

B.   Griswold rights.

C.   Lemon rights.

D.   Miranda rights.

E.   First Amendment rights.

A.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

B.   ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

C.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal.

D.   held that the law violated the right to privacy.

E.   guaranteed all women access to abortion.