A.   have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

B.   have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

C.   have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.

D.   have switched to the Democratic Party.

E.   have defeated many RINOs

A.   a libertarian.

B.   a liberal.

C.   a naysayer.

D.   a conservative.

E.   an independent.

A.   10 percent

B.   50 percent

C.   25 percent

D.   90 percent

E.   75 percent

A.   political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

B.   individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

C.   political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

D.   individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

E.   interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

A.   collecting member dues.

B.   trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

C.   getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

D.   peaceably influencing the American public.

E.   signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

A.   Federalist Party

B.   Green Party

C.   Democratic Party

D.   Republican Party

E.   Libertarian Party

A.   the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

B.   the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

C.   the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

D.   the members of the electoral college.

E.   all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

A.   is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

B.   increases the control of the winning party in an election.

C.   is another name for federalism.

D.   reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

E.   exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

A.   emerged in the twentieth century.

B.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

C.   was favored by George Washington.

D.   is a requirement in the Constitution.

E.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

A.   tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

B.   is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

C.   is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

D.   is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E.   is one in which there are only two legal parties.

A.   threat to national unity and popular government.

B.   necessity for the functioning of democracy.

C.   legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

D.   vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

E.   tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

A.   Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

B.   The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

C.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

D.   Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

E.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

A.   Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

B.   President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

E.   The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

A.   Socialist candidates.

B.   Democratic candidates.

C.   Libertarian candidates

D.   Republican candidates.

E.   Federalist candidates.

A.   All of these choices are true.

B.   was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

C.   ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

D.   increased the political power of corporations.

E.   was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

A.   coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

B.   are not covered by federal election laws.

C.   are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

D.   are limited in how much they spend

E.   collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

A.   support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

B.   choose a party for cultural reasons.

C.   support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

D.   choose a party for economic reasons.

E.   support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

A.   Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

B.   Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

C.   Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

D.   Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

E.   Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

A.   televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

B.   challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

C.   participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

D.   debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

E.   debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

A.   an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

B.   an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the "invisible primary."

C.   an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

D.   an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

E.   an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

A.   dealigned voter.

B.   independent.

C.   split-ticket voter

D.   splinter voter.

E.   swing voter.

A.   they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

B.   they become members of the electoral college.

C.   their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

D.   their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

E.   they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

A.   could be done by an act of Congress.

B.   can be done on a state by state basis.

C.   would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

D.   would require a Constitutional Amendment.

E.   is impossible.

A.   primary election; general election

B.   general election; primary election

C.   partisan election; primary election

D.   partisan election; general election

E.   primary election; secondary election

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   voters elect the president directly.

C.   the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

D.   electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

B.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

C.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

D.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

E.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

A.   local elections; presidential elections

B.   presidential elections; midterm elections

C.   primary elections; general elections

D.   local elections; Congressional elections

E.   state elections; presidential elections

A.   stabilizes; increases

B.   decreases; increases

C.   increases; increases

D.   stabilizes; decreases

E.   increases; decreases

A.   sex/gender restrictions.

B.   age restrictions.

C.   racial restrictions.

D.   property ownership restrictions.

E.   citizenship restrictions.

A.   a sound bite.

B.   a media frame.

C.   a quick quote.

D.   a media bite.

E.   a sound frame.

A.   an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

B.   a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

C.   a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that "goes negative"

D.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

E.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

A.   the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

B.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

C.   the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

D.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

E.   None of these choices is true.

A.   libertarians.

B.   liberals.

C.   conservatives.

D.   moderates.

E.   socialists.

A.   Scott Walker.

B.   Donald Trump.

C.   Bernie Sanders.

D.   Ted Cruz.

E.   Hillary Clinton.

A.   the separation of powers.

B.   cameralism.

C.   multicameralism.

D.   bicameralism.

E.   unicameralism.

A.   delegates.

B.   representatives.

C.   members.

D.   constituents.

E.   trustees.

A.   the chief executive.

B.   the bureaucracy.

C.   the legislature.

D.   the judiciary.

E.   the electoral college.

A.   Congress.

B.   the House, but not the Senate.

C.   the Senate, but not the House.

D.   the President.

E.   the bureaucracy.

A.   trustee; ombudsperson

B.   ombudsperson; trustee

C.   instructed delegate; ombudsperson

D.   instructed delegate; trustee

E.   trustee; instructed delegate

A.   gerrymandering.

B.   incumbency advantage.

C.   the coattail effect.

D.   reapportionment.

E.   redistricting.

A.   voter turnout increases sharply.

B.   the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

C.   incumbents are more likely to lose.

D.   voter turnout falls sharply.

E.   the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

A.   choose not to run for reelection.

B.   are defeated in primary elections.

C.   successfully run for reelection.

D.   are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

E.   are defeated in general elections.

A.   six years; two years

B.   two years; six years

C.   six years; four years

D.   two years, three years

E.   two years; four years

A.   limited only the power of state governments.

B.   limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

C.   protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

D.   protected citizens from all forms of government.

E.   contained no language on religion.

A.   the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

B.   the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

C.   the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

D.   the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

E.   the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

A.   it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

B.   it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

C.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

D.   it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

E.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

A.   Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

B.   it is considered symbolic speech.

C.   a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

D.   it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

E.   it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

A.   the legality of abortion.

B.   defamation by libel.

C.   commercial speech.

D.   symbolic speech.

E.   the right to die.

A.   if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

B.   lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

C.   search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

D.   there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

E.   a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

C.   prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

D.   is limited to the federal courts.

E.   forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

A.   the Eighth Amendment.

B.   the Tenth Amendment.

C.   judicial review.

D.   the Fifth Amendment.

E.   the separation of powers.

A.   the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

B.   Gun ownership

C.   limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

D.   civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

E.   what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

A.   the Nineteenth Amendment.

B.   the Thirteenth Amendment.

C.   the Fourteenth Amendment.

D.   the Declaration of Independence.

E.   the Fifteenth Amendment.

A.   stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

B.   provided equal protection under the law.

C.   gave women the right to vote.

D.   outlawed slavery.

E.   gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

A.   made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

B.   were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

E.   implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

A.   ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

B.   tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

C.   ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

D.   agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

E.   stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

A.   voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

B.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

C.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

D.   African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

E.   all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

A.   primary tests.

B.   literacy tests.

C.   poll tests.

D.   constitutional exams.

E.   registration tests.

A.   African Americans cannot be refused college admission

B.   public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

C.   separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

D.   ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

E.   the national government has no power over local school boards

A.   Rosa Parks; Dr. King

B.   Malcolm X; Dr. King

C.   Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

D.   Dr. King; Rosa Parks

E.   Dr. King; Malcolm X

A.   moderate scrutiny

B.   strict scrutiny

C.   rational basis review

D.   intermediate scrutiny

E.   exacting scrutiny

A.   civil liberties.

B.   civil rights.

C.   the Lincoln dilemma.

D.   legislative mandate.

E.   affirmative action.

A.   race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

B.   all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

C.   quota systems are constitutional.

D.   affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

E.   race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

A.   Latin America; Eastern Europe

B.   China; Mexico and Central America

C.   Europe; Latin American and Asia

D.   Asia; Latin America

E.   Western Europe; former Soviet states

A.   expanded the right to vote to women.

B.   set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

C.   did away with racial restrictions on voting.

D.   ended racial segregation in the United States.

E.   abolished slavery.

A.   an international treaty on human rights.

B.   a 2015 executive order.

C.   a 2016 Congressional law.

D.   a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

E.   a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

A.   contentless speech; protected by the courts

B.   symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

C.   symbolic speech; protected by the courts

D.   symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

E.   contentless speech; not protected by the courts

A.   First Amendment rights.

B.   Lemon rights.

C.   Miranda rights.

D.   Eighth Amendment rights.

E.   Griswold rights.

A.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

B.   held that the law violated the right to privacy.

C.   ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

D.   guaranteed all women access to abortion.

E.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal.