A.   have defeated many RINOs

B.   have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

C.   have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

D.   have switched to the Democratic Party.

E.   have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.

A.   a liberal.

B.   a libertarian.

C.   an independent.

D.   a conservative.

E.   a naysayer.

A.   25 percent

B.   90 percent

C.   10 percent

D.   50 percent

E.   75 percent

A.   political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

B.   interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

C.   individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

D.   individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

E.   political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

A.   peaceably influencing the American public.

B.   signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

C.   trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

D.   getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

E.   collecting member dues.

A.   Republican Party

B.   Democratic Party

C.   Green Party

D.   Libertarian Party

E.   Federalist Party

A.   the members of the electoral college.

B.   all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

C.   the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

D.   the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

E.   the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

A.   exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

B.   is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

C.   increases the control of the winning party in an election.

D.   reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

E.   is another name for federalism.

A.   emerged in the twentieth century.

B.   is a requirement in the Constitution.

C.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

D.   emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

E.   was favored by George Washington.

A.   tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

B.   is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

C.   is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

D.   is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E.   is one in which there are only two legal parties.

A.   threat to national unity and popular government.

B.   legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

C.   necessity for the functioning of democracy.

D.   vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

E.   tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

A.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

B.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

C.   The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

D.   Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

E.   Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

A.   President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

B.   All of these choices are true.

C.   The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

D.   Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

E.   Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

A.   Federalist candidates.

B.   Democratic candidates.

C.   Republican candidates.

D.   Socialist candidates.

E.   Libertarian candidates

A.   was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

B.   increased the political power of corporations.

C.   All of these choices are true.

D.   ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

E.   was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

A.   coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

B.   collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

C.   are limited in how much they spend

D.   are not covered by federal election laws.

E.   are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

A.   choose a party for cultural reasons.

B.   support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

C.   support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

D.   support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

E.   choose a party for economic reasons.

A.   Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

B.   Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

C.   Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

D.   Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

E.   Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

A.   challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

B.   televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

C.   debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

D.   debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

E.   participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

A.   an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

B.   an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the "invisible primary."

C.   an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

D.   an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

E.   an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

A.   swing voter.

B.   independent.

C.   split-ticket voter

D.   dealigned voter.

E.   splinter voter.

A.   they become members of the electoral college.

B.   they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

C.   they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

D.   their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

E.   their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

A.   would require a Constitutional Amendment.

B.   can be done on a state by state basis.

C.   is impossible.

D.   would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

E.   could be done by an act of Congress.

A.   primary election; secondary election

B.   partisan election; general election

C.   primary election; general election

D.   general election; primary election

E.   partisan election; primary election

A.   voters elect the president directly.

B.   electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

C.   the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

D.   All of these choices are true.

E.   None of these choices is true.

A.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

B.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

C.   preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

D.   increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

E.   preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

A.   presidential elections; midterm elections

B.   primary elections; general elections

C.   local elections; Congressional elections

D.   state elections; presidential elections

E.   local elections; presidential elections

A.   stabilizes; increases

B.   decreases; increases

C.   increases; increases

D.   stabilizes; decreases

E.   increases; decreases

A.   racial restrictions.

B.   property ownership restrictions.

C.   sex/gender restrictions.

D.   citizenship restrictions.

E.   age restrictions.

A.   a sound frame.

B.   a quick quote.

C.   a media frame.

D.   a sound bite.

E.   a media bite.

A.   a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

B.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

C.   a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

D.   a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that "goes negative"

E.   an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

A.   None of these choices is true.

B.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

C.   the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

D.   it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

E.   the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

A.   libertarians.

B.   socialists.

C.   liberals.

D.   moderates.

E.   conservatives.

A.   Scott Walker.

B.   Bernie Sanders.

C.   Donald Trump.

D.   Ted Cruz.

E.   Hillary Clinton.

A.   multicameralism.

B.   unicameralism.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   cameralism.

E.   bicameralism.

A.   constituents.

B.   members.

C.   delegates.

D.   trustees.

E.   representatives.

A.   the chief executive.

B.   the judiciary.

C.   the legislature.

D.   the electoral college.

E.   the bureaucracy.

A.   the bureaucracy.

B.   the House, but not the Senate.

C.   the President.

D.   Congress.

E.   the Senate, but not the House.

A.   instructed delegate; ombudsperson

B.   trustee; instructed delegate

C.   instructed delegate; trustee

D.   trustee; ombudsperson

E.   ombudsperson; trustee

A.   redistricting.

B.   the coattail effect.

C.   gerrymandering.

D.   incumbency advantage.

E.   reapportionment.

A.   incumbents are more likely to lose.

B.   the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

C.   voter turnout increases sharply.

D.   the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

E.   voter turnout falls sharply.

A.   choose not to run for reelection.

B.   are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

C.   successfully run for reelection.

D.   are defeated in primary elections.

E.   are defeated in general elections.

A.   six years; two years

B.   two years, three years

C.   two years; six years

D.   six years; four years

E.   two years; four years

A.   contained no language on religion.

B.   limited only the power of state governments.

C.   protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

D.   protected citizens from all forms of government.

E.   limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

A.   the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

B.   the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

C.   the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

D.   the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

E.   the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

A.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

B.   it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

C.   it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

D.   it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

E.   it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

A.   it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

B.   it is considered symbolic speech.

C.   Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

D.   a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

E.   it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

A.   the legality of abortion.

B.   commercial speech.

C.   symbolic speech.

D.   defamation by libel.

E.   the right to die.

A.   there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

B.   search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

C.   if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

D.   lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

E.   a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

A.   prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

B.   is limited to the federal courts.

C.   forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

D.   None of these choices is true.

E.   prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

A.   judicial review.

B.   the Eighth Amendment.

C.   the separation of powers.

D.   the Tenth Amendment.

E.   the Fifth Amendment.

A.   Gun ownership

B.   what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

C.   the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

D.   civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

E.   limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

A.   the Fourteenth Amendment.

B.   the Declaration of Independence.

C.   the Nineteenth Amendment.

D.   the Fifteenth Amendment.

E.   the Thirteenth Amendment.

A.   gave women the right to vote.

B.   outlawed slavery.

C.   gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

D.   provided equal protection under the law.

E.   stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

A.   declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

B.   implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

C.   made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

D.   were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

E.   All of these choices are true.

A.   stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

B.   ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

C.   agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

D.   ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

E.   tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

A.   African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

B.   all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

C.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

D.   whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

E.   voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

A.   literacy tests.

B.   registration tests.

C.   constitutional exams.

D.   poll tests.

E.   primary tests.

A.   public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

B.   the national government has no power over local school boards

C.   ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

D.   African Americans cannot be refused college admission

E.   separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

A.   Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

B.   Dr. King; Rosa Parks

C.   Dr. King; Malcolm X

D.   Malcolm X; Dr. King

E.   Rosa Parks; Dr. King

A.   moderate scrutiny

B.   strict scrutiny

C.   exacting scrutiny

D.   rational basis review

E.   intermediate scrutiny

A.   civil liberties.

B.   civil rights.

C.   affirmative action.

D.   legislative mandate.

E.   the Lincoln dilemma.

A.   quota systems are constitutional.

B.   race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

C.   affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

D.   race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

E.   all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

A.   Latin America; Eastern Europe

B.   China; Mexico and Central America

C.   Asia; Latin America

D.   Europe; Latin American and Asia

E.   Western Europe; former Soviet states

A.   set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

B.   did away with racial restrictions on voting.

C.   ended racial segregation in the United States.

D.   expanded the right to vote to women.

E.   abolished slavery.

A.   a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

B.   a 2015 executive order.

C.   a 2016 Congressional law.

D.   a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

E.   an international treaty on human rights.

A.   symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

B.   symbolic speech; protected by the courts

C.   symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

D.   contentless speech; not protected by the courts

E.   contentless speech; protected by the courts

A.   Miranda rights.

B.   First Amendment rights.

C.   Eighth Amendment rights.

D.   Griswold rights.

E.   Lemon rights.

A.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

B.   found that laws against contraceptives were legal.

C.   ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

D.   guaranteed all women access to abortion.

E.   held that the law violated the right to privacy.