A.   any association of individuals.

B.   any organization that requires members to pay dues.

C.   a group of people who want to gain control of the government.

D.   an organization that actively attempts to influence government decision-making and/or the making of public policy.

E.   an organization set up to support a specific candidate for public office.

A.   function with the disadvantage that our government operates with so few points at which pressure can be applied to influence the decisions of government.

B.   would greatly increase in numbers if the Supreme Court would reverse its position and allow the First Amendment to be interpreted to protect their activities.

C.   are viewed by the pluralist theory as largely irrelevant in explaining the actions of American government and politics.

D.   are the only entities that have the constitutional right to bring a suit against the federal government when policies are pursued that are unpopular with the American people.

E.   allow individuals’ opinions to appear more powerful as they join with other like-minded individuals and attempt to influence the course of governmental policy.

A.   someone who benefits from the actions of a group without joining it or bearing its costs.

B.   a participant in a social movement.

C.   someone granted free passage to Washington to lobby or demonstrate.

D.   a civil rights activist.

E.   an interest group member.

A.   to improve their economic opportunities.

B.   to obtain political, economic, or social change.

C.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

D.   as free riders.

E.   for a sense of belonging to a group that they feel an affinity towards.

A.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

B.   to improve their economic opportunities or gain economic benefits.

C.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

D.   because they have been pressured to do so.

E.   to institute change for political, economic, or social impact on the whole society.

A.   because they have been pressured to do so.

B.   to improve their economic opportunities.

C.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

D.   as free riders.

E.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

A.   Economic and agricultural groups

B.   “Single issue” interest groups

C.   Foreign governments

D.   “Public interest” groups

E.   All are interest groups

A.   a member of the congressional leadership who is in a position to shape the legislative agenda in a way that benefits powerful interest groups.

B.   inevitably affiliated with one of the two major political parties.

C.   any association of individuals.

D.   a member of Congress who challenges the majority position.

E.   an individual or organization who attempts to influence governmental legislation and administrative decisions.

A.   Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

B.   McDonald v. City of Chicago

C.   Shaw v. Reno

D.   Obergefell v. Hodges

E.   Bakke v. UC Regents

A.   only benefited Democrats.

B.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Democrats.

C.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and was a way in which interests could spend money on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law

D.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Republicans.

E.   only benefited Republicans.

A.   the poor depend largely on indirect representations.

B.   their representation comes largely from elite business groups.

C.   representation is difficult because the poor often cannot afford the time or money needed to join groups.

D.   many people who are classified as poor do not have the ability to find out which group might represent them.

E.   most efforts on behalf of the poor come from a policy network of groups.

A.   they declared less deductions on their W-4.

B.   they feel that they could not make a difference and that government did not care about their views.

C.   they donated more money to private-interest groups.

D.   they feel that they could make a difference and that government cares about their views.

E.   they successfully won public office at a local level.

A.   free speech rights.

B.   foreign relations.

C.   labor-management negotiations.

D.   consumer issues.

E.   manufacturing.

A.   third parties or minor parties.

B.   interest groups in disguise.

C.   political action committees.

D.   political machines.

E.   none of the above.

A.   People may call themselves Republicans or Democrats without being registered as a member of the party.

B.   An oath of allegiance is required by most political parties from its members.

C.   One must pay dues to be a member of a political party.

D.   To be a member of a political party one must be a card-carrying member.

A.   pay monthly dues to an ideological organization.

B.   organize to win elections and operate the government.

C.   accept the decisions of the party’s leaders.

D.   agree on all policy issues.

E.   have been elected to office and have obtained positions of power.

A.   expected to file “opposition briefs” against policies supported by the majority.

B.   expected to present another side to the issues but not in a forceful or disrespectful manner.

C.   required to support domestic and foreign policies which promote “the American way.”

D.   expected to support the party “in power” despite their disagreements.

E.   expected to force debate on policy alternatives.

A.   a bicameral system.

B.   a two-party system.

C.   representative democracy.

D.   a bipartisan government.

E.   bifurcated government.

A.   the Whigs and the Democrats.

B.   the Whigs and the Republicans.

C.   the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

D.   the Democrats and the Republicans.

E.   the Whigs and the Tories.

A.   it was uniformly hostile toward African Americans.

B.   it came into existence when the Republican Party split in two.

C.   it favored an active national government that would intrude into state sovereignty.

D.   it favored opportunity for the “common man.”

E.   it was organized to support Andrew Jackson.

A.     

B.   limited to the Republican Party.

C.   a continuation of traditional Democratic Party positions.

D.   a belief that the conditions faced by African Americans needed improvement.

E.   limited to the Democratic Party.

F.   a belief that honest, impartial government could effectively curb the growing power of large corporations.

A.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party.

B.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party. By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

C.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign. . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

D.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign.

E.   African Americans became an increasingly important part of the Democratic coalition in the 1940’s through the 1960’s, as the party took steps to support civil rights . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

A.   “pro-life” (or anti-abortion) concerns.

B.   conservative political ideas.

C.   states’ rights.

D.   social spending.

E.   the economic elite.

A.   liberal political ideas.

B.   pro-business.

C.   racial and ethnic minorities.

D.   the working class.

E.   social welfare programs.

A.   All the statements are true.

B.   Economic conservatism is associated with higher incomes.

C.   The election of President Obama and a Democratic Congress magnified conservatives fear, resulting in the Tea Party movement.

D.   Social conservatism is more common among lower income groups.

E.   Cultural conservatives view themselves as embattled “ordinary Americans” under threat from liberal, cosmopolitan elites.