A.   any association of individuals.

B.   an organization set up to support a specific candidate for public office.

C.   an organization that actively attempts to influence government decision-making and/or the making of public policy.

D.   a group of people who want to gain control of the government.

E.   any organization that requires members to pay dues.

A.   would greatly increase in numbers if the Supreme Court would reverse its position and allow the First Amendment to be interpreted to protect their activities.

B.   allow individuals’ opinions to appear more powerful as they join with other like-minded individuals and attempt to influence the course of governmental policy.

C.   are the only entities that have the constitutional right to bring a suit against the federal government when policies are pursued that are unpopular with the American people.

D.   are viewed by the pluralist theory as largely irrelevant in explaining the actions of American government and politics.

E.   function with the disadvantage that our government operates with so few points at which pressure can be applied to influence the decisions of government.

A.   a participant in a social movement.

B.   a civil rights activist.

C.   an interest group member.

D.   someone granted free passage to Washington to lobby or demonstrate.

E.   someone who benefits from the actions of a group without joining it or bearing its costs.

A.   for a sense of belonging to a group that they feel an affinity towards.

B.   as free riders.

C.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

D.   to improve their economic opportunities.

E.   to obtain political, economic, or social change.

A.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

B.   to institute change for political, economic, or social impact on the whole society.

C.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

D.   to improve their economic opportunities or gain economic benefits.

E.   because they have been pressured to do so.

A.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

B.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

C.   as free riders.

D.   because they have been pressured to do so.

E.   to improve their economic opportunities.

A.   “Single issue” interest groups

B.   “Public interest” groups

C.   Economic and agricultural groups

D.   All are interest groups

E.   Foreign governments

A.   a member of Congress who challenges the majority position.

B.   a member of the congressional leadership who is in a position to shape the legislative agenda in a way that benefits powerful interest groups.

C.   inevitably affiliated with one of the two major political parties.

D.   any association of individuals.

E.   an individual or organization who attempts to influence governmental legislation and administrative decisions.

A.   Bakke v. UC Regents

B.   Shaw v. Reno

C.   McDonald v. City of Chicago

D.   Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

E.   Obergefell v. Hodges

A.   only benefited Democrats.

B.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Democrats.

C.   only benefited Republicans.

D.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and was a way in which interests could spend money on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law

E.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Republicans.

A.   many people who are classified as poor do not have the ability to find out which group might represent them.

B.   representation is difficult because the poor often cannot afford the time or money needed to join groups.

C.   the poor depend largely on indirect representations.

D.   their representation comes largely from elite business groups.

E.   most efforts on behalf of the poor come from a policy network of groups.

A.   they successfully won public office at a local level.

B.   they declared less deductions on their W-4.

C.   they feel that they could make a difference and that government cares about their views.

D.   they donated more money to private-interest groups.

E.   they feel that they could not make a difference and that government did not care about their views.

A.   manufacturing.

B.   free speech rights.

C.   foreign relations.

D.   labor-management negotiations.

E.   consumer issues.

A.   political action committees.

B.   political machines.

C.   interest groups in disguise.

D.   third parties or minor parties.

E.   none of the above.

A.   An oath of allegiance is required by most political parties from its members.

B.   People may call themselves Republicans or Democrats without being registered as a member of the party.

C.   One must pay dues to be a member of a political party.

D.   To be a member of a political party one must be a card-carrying member.

A.   pay monthly dues to an ideological organization.

B.   accept the decisions of the party’s leaders.

C.   have been elected to office and have obtained positions of power.

D.   organize to win elections and operate the government.

E.   agree on all policy issues.

A.   expected to force debate on policy alternatives.

B.   required to support domestic and foreign policies which promote “the American way.”

C.   expected to present another side to the issues but not in a forceful or disrespectful manner.

D.   expected to file “opposition briefs” against policies supported by the majority.

E.   expected to support the party “in power” despite their disagreements.

A.   bifurcated government.

B.   representative democracy.

C.   a bipartisan government.

D.   a bicameral system.

E.   a two-party system.

A.   the Whigs and the Democrats.

B.   the Whigs and the Tories.

C.   the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

D.   the Democrats and the Republicans.

E.   the Whigs and the Republicans.

A.   it favored an active national government that would intrude into state sovereignty.

B.   it came into existence when the Republican Party split in two.

C.   it was uniformly hostile toward African Americans.

D.   it was organized to support Andrew Jackson.

E.   it favored opportunity for the “common man.”

A.   limited to the Democratic Party.

B.   a continuation of traditional Democratic Party positions.

C.   a belief that honest, impartial government could effectively curb the growing power of large corporations.

D.   limited to the Republican Party.

E.     

F.   a belief that the conditions faced by African Americans needed improvement.

A.   African Americans became an increasingly important part of the Democratic coalition in the 1940’s through the 1960’s, as the party took steps to support civil rights . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

B.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign.

C.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign. . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

D.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party. By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

E.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party.

A.   social spending.

B.   conservative political ideas.

C.   the economic elite.

D.   “pro-life” (or anti-abortion) concerns.

E.   states’ rights.

A.   social welfare programs.

B.   the working class.

C.   pro-business.

D.   racial and ethnic minorities.

E.   liberal political ideas.

A.   Economic conservatism is associated with higher incomes.

B.   The election of President Obama and a Democratic Congress magnified conservatives fear, resulting in the Tea Party movement.

C.   All the statements are true.

D.   Cultural conservatives view themselves as embattled “ordinary Americans” under threat from liberal, cosmopolitan elites.

E.   Social conservatism is more common among lower income groups.