A.   any association of individuals.

B.   an organization that actively attempts to influence government decision-making and/or the making of public policy.

C.   a group of people who want to gain control of the government.

D.   an organization set up to support a specific candidate for public office.

E.   any organization that requires members to pay dues.

A.   are viewed by the pluralist theory as largely irrelevant in explaining the actions of American government and politics.

B.   would greatly increase in numbers if the Supreme Court would reverse its position and allow the First Amendment to be interpreted to protect their activities.

C.   are the only entities that have the constitutional right to bring a suit against the federal government when policies are pursued that are unpopular with the American people.

D.   function with the disadvantage that our government operates with so few points at which pressure can be applied to influence the decisions of government.

E.   allow individuals’ opinions to appear more powerful as they join with other like-minded individuals and attempt to influence the course of governmental policy.

A.   someone granted free passage to Washington to lobby or demonstrate.

B.   an interest group member.

C.   a participant in a social movement.

D.   a civil rights activist.

E.   someone who benefits from the actions of a group without joining it or bearing its costs.

A.   as free riders.

B.   for a sense of belonging to a group that they feel an affinity towards.

C.   to obtain political, economic, or social change.

D.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

E.   to improve their economic opportunities.

A.   to improve their economic opportunities or gain economic benefits.

B.   because they have been pressured to do so.

C.   to institute change for political, economic, or social impact on the whole society.

D.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

E.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

A.   as free riders.

B.   to improve their economic opportunities.

C.   for ethical beliefs or ideological reasons.

D.   for a sense of belonging to the group.

E.   because they have been pressured to do so.

A.   All are interest groups

B.   Economic and agricultural groups

C.   “Single issue” interest groups

D.   “Public interest” groups

E.   Foreign governments

A.   an individual or organization who attempts to influence governmental legislation and administrative decisions.

B.   a member of the congressional leadership who is in a position to shape the legislative agenda in a way that benefits powerful interest groups.

C.   inevitably affiliated with one of the two major political parties.

D.   any association of individuals.

E.   a member of Congress who challenges the majority position.

A.   Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

B.   Bakke v. UC Regents

C.   Obergefell v. Hodges

D.   Shaw v. Reno

E.   McDonald v. City of Chicago

A.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Democrats.

B.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and was a way in which interests could spend money on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law

C.   was banned at the federal level by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and only benefited Republicans.

D.   only benefited Republicans.

E.   only benefited Democrats.

A.   most efforts on behalf of the poor come from a policy network of groups.

B.   the poor depend largely on indirect representations.

C.   many people who are classified as poor do not have the ability to find out which group might represent them.

D.   representation is difficult because the poor often cannot afford the time or money needed to join groups.

E.   their representation comes largely from elite business groups.

A.   they successfully won public office at a local level.

B.   they declared less deductions on their W-4.

C.   they donated more money to private-interest groups.

D.   they feel that they could not make a difference and that government did not care about their views.

E.   they feel that they could make a difference and that government cares about their views.

A.   foreign relations.

B.   manufacturing.

C.   free speech rights.

D.   consumer issues.

E.   labor-management negotiations.

A.   political action committees.

B.   interest groups in disguise.

C.   third parties or minor parties.

D.   political machines.

E.   none of the above.

A.   To be a member of a political party one must be a card-carrying member.

B.   People may call themselves Republicans or Democrats without being registered as a member of the party.

C.   An oath of allegiance is required by most political parties from its members.

D.   One must pay dues to be a member of a political party.

A.   accept the decisions of the party’s leaders.

B.   pay monthly dues to an ideological organization.

C.   agree on all policy issues.

D.   have been elected to office and have obtained positions of power.

E.   organize to win elections and operate the government.

A.   expected to support the party “in power” despite their disagreements.

B.   required to support domestic and foreign policies which promote “the American way.”

C.   expected to force debate on policy alternatives.

D.   expected to present another side to the issues but not in a forceful or disrespectful manner.

E.   expected to file “opposition briefs” against policies supported by the majority.

A.   bifurcated government.

B.   a bicameral system.

C.   a bipartisan government.

D.   a two-party system.

E.   representative democracy.

A.   the Democrats and the Republicans.

B.   the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

C.   the Whigs and the Republicans.

D.   the Whigs and the Democrats.

E.   the Whigs and the Tories.

A.   it favored an active national government that would intrude into state sovereignty.

B.   it came into existence when the Republican Party split in two.

C.   it was organized to support Andrew Jackson.

D.   it was uniformly hostile toward African Americans.

E.   it favored opportunity for the “common man.”

A.   a belief that honest, impartial government could effectively curb the growing power of large corporations.

B.     

C.   a belief that the conditions faced by African Americans needed improvement.

D.   a continuation of traditional Democratic Party positions.

E.   limited to the Democratic Party.

F.   limited to the Republican Party.

A.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party. By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

B.   The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence and increased confidence in the Republican Party.

C.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign. . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

D.   African Americans largely remained in the Republican Party even after Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Presidential Election announced he was running on an anti-Civil Rights campaign.

E.   African Americans became an increasingly important part of the Democratic coalition in the 1940’s through the 1960’s, as the party took steps to support civil rights . By the 1970’s many Southern (white) Democrats began to shift their allegiance to the Republican Party, whose pro-business wing shared their view of a national government encroaching into state affairs.

A.   the economic elite.

B.   “pro-life” (or anti-abortion) concerns.

C.   conservative political ideas.

D.   social spending.

E.   states’ rights.

A.   the working class.

B.   liberal political ideas.

C.   racial and ethnic minorities.

D.   pro-business.

E.   social welfare programs.

A.   Cultural conservatives view themselves as embattled “ordinary Americans” under threat from liberal, cosmopolitan elites.

B.   Social conservatism is more common among lower income groups.

C.   The election of President Obama and a Democratic Congress magnified conservatives fear, resulting in the Tea Party movement.

D.   All the statements are true.

E.   Economic conservatism is associated with higher incomes.