Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)
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Question #1
The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.
A.
sporicidal time
B.
thermal death point (TDP)
C.
None of the choices are correct
D.
thermal death time (TDT)
E.
death phase point
Question #2
Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #3
Which of the following represent the cellular targets for physical and chemical control agents?
A.
Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins
B.
Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes
C.
Cell membrane, Lysosomes
D.
Lysosomes, Proteins
Question #4
Pasteurization ________.
A.
reduces the number of vegetative forms
B.
reduces the number of endospores
C.
increases food nutrient value
D.
None of the choices are correct
E.
kills all vegetative forms
Question #5
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.
A.
sanitization
B.
sterilization
C.
degermation
D.
antisepsis
E.
disinfection
Question #6
Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?
A.
Bactericide
B.
Fungicide
C.
Virucide
D.
Germicide
E.
Sporicide
Question #7
Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #8
Sterilization is achieved by ________.
A.
hot water
B.
boiling water
C.
All of the choices are correct
D.
steam autoclave
E.
flash pasteurization
Question #9
Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except _______.
A.
HEPA filters
B.
pasteurization
C.
hydrogen peroxide
D.
ultraviolet radiation
E.
boiling water
Question #10
Analine dyes, like crystal violet, have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #11
Regarding use of heat to control microbial growth, dry heat at lower temperatures is as effective as moist heat at the same temperature.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #12
The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are ________.
A.
mycobacteria and staphylococci
B.
vegetative bacteria and fungi
C.
endospores
D.
protozoan cysts
E.
prions
Question #13
Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except _______.
A.
moist heat
B.
X rays
C.
acids
D.
alcohol
E.
metallic ions
Question #14
The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.
A.
antisepsis
B.
sterilization
C.
decontamination
D.
sanitation
E.
disinfection
Question #15
Surfactants work by ________.
A.
blocking transport into the organism
B.
disrupting membrane integrity
C.
coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment
D.
All of the choices are correct
E.
blocking transport out from the organism
Question #16
Placing organisms at 4 oC is _______.
A.
sterilization
B.
decontamination
C.
bacteriostatic
D.
bactericidal
E.
None of the choices are correct
Question #17
Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except ______.
A.
cell membranes
B.
cell walls
C.
cytoplasm
D.
cellular proteins
E.
ribosomes
Question #18
Dry heat ________.
A.
is used in devices called autoclaves
B.
includes tyndallization
C.
is less efficient than moist heat
D.
will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes
E.
cannot sterilize
Question #19
Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #20
The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.
A.
virilization
B.
antisepsis
C.
sterilization
D.
decontamination
E.
disinfection
Question #21
The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct
B.
thermal death time (TDT)
C.
thermal death point (TDP)
D.
sporicidal time
E.
death phase point
Question #22
______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.
A.
Moist; high
B.
Moist; dry
C.
High; dry
D.
High; moist
E.
Dry; moist
Question #23
A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.
A.
sanitization
B.
antisepsis
C.
sterilization.
D.
degermation
Question #24
Phenols are useful antimicrobial compounds in that they are effective against bacteria fungi and viruses, disrupting several cellular targets, however, they have been removed from many consumer products because of their high toxicity and propensity to select for resistant strains of microorganisms.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #25
Aldehyde-based compounds, while effective sterilants, can be unstable and costly to use.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #26
Selective toxicity refers to ________.
A.
damage to pathogenic organisms
B.
damage to nucleic acids
C.
damage to the target organisms but not host cells
D.
damage to prokaryotic cell membranes
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #27
Most antibiotics are derived from which bacterial and fungal genera?
A.
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium
B.
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
C.
Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium
D.
Streptococcus, Penicillium
Question #28
Aminoglycosides _______.
A.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
B.
block folic acid synthesis
C.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
D.
damage cell membranes
E.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
Question #29
When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #30
Select the four main categories of antifungal agents.
A.
Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins
B.
Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins
C.
Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins
D.
Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles
Question #31
Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except _______.
A.
erythromycin
B.
gentamycin
C.
streptomycin
D.
tetracycline
E.
polymyxins
Question #32
The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.
A.
selective toxicity
B.
prophylaxis
C.
synergism
D.
nephrotoxicity
E.
chemotherapy
Question #33
It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #34
A narrow-spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #35
An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #36
Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #37
Sulfonamides _______.
A.
damage cell membranes
B.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
C.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
D.
block folic acid synthesis
E.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
Question #38
What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?
A.
Synercid
B.
Imipenem
C.
Aztreonam
D.
Clavulanic acid
E.
Penicillinase
Question #39
Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _______.
A.
narrow-spectrum drugs
B.
synthetic drugs
C.
semisynthetic drugs
D.
broad-spectrum drugs
E.
antibiotics
Question #40
Polymyxin B and daptomycin are both narrow spectrum drugs that target the cell membrane. They differ in that polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative organisms since it disrupts both the inner and outer membranes whereas daptomycin integrates only into the gram-positive cell wall creating leakage.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #41
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______.
A.
high toxicity against microbial cells
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids
D.
do not cause serious side effects in humans
E.
low toxicity for human tissues
Question #42
Sulfa drugs work on _______.
A.
nucleic acid biosynthesis
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
D.
peptidoglycan biosynthesis
E.
folic acid biosynthesis
F.
ribosome biosynthesis
Question #43
Aminoglycosides demonstrate selective toxicity since they target the bacterial 30s subunit, leaving the host 40s subunit largely unaffected.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #44
Select all of the true statements about azoles.
A.
They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.
B.
They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.
C.
They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.
Question #45
Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs are often less toxic to human tissues because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic protozoa and helminths.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #46
Each of the following affect cell walls except ________.
A.
erythromycin
B.
isoniazid
C.
penicillin
D.
vancomycin
E.
cephalosporin
Question #47
Select potential new antimicrobial therapies that are under investigation.
A.
Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx
B.
Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy
C.
CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,
D.
CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs
Question #48
Select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.
A.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
B.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
C.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
D.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
Question #49
Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?
A.
Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
B.
Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.
C.
Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
D.
Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
Question #50
The cytokine storm seen in patients with severe COVID-19 is an example of a microbe causing disease in which way?
A.
Secretion of exotoxins
B.
Causing direct damage through exoenzymes
C.
Causing an overreaction of the host immune system
D.
Epigenetic changes
Question #51
While one person's microbiome differs when compared to another person, one individual's microbiome is uniform throughout the body; for example, the organisms on the left hand will be the same as the organisms on the right.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #52
Under certain circumstances, members of a person's resident biota can become opportunistic pathogens.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #53
Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.
A.
To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable
B.
To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease. To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.
C.
To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable
D.
To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota
Question #54
Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections.
A.
persistent
B.
asymptomatic
C.
latent
D.
chronic
Question #55
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______.
A.
an enterotoxin
B.
exogenous
C.
an exotoxin
D.
endogenous
E.
axenic
Question #56
Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost, superficial layers of the epidermis.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #57
The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______.
A.
when an infant gets its first infectious disease
B.
during puberty
C.
when a child first goes to school
D.
during and immediately after birth
E.
before birth, in utero
Question #58
Normal biota includes each of the following except ________.
A.
fungi
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
protozoans
D.
bacteria
E.
viruses
Question #59
The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.
A.
minimal dose
B.
virulence factor
C.
endotoxin
D.
indigenous biota
E.
infectious dose
Question #60
Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #61
Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?
A.
Exocytosis
B.
Adhesion
C.
Margination
D.
Phagocytosis
E.
Encapsulation
Question #62
The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.
A.
gastrointestinal system
B.
urinary system
C.
genital system
D.
respiratory system
E.
skin
Question #63
BecauseSARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) _______ infection.
A.
polymicrobial
B.
noncommunicable
C.
zoonotic
D.
vector-borne
Question #64
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A.
Leukocidins - damage white blood cells
B.
Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
C.
Hemolysins - damage red blood cells
D.
Fimbriae - adherence to substrate
E.
Capsules - antiphagocytic factor
Question #65
Exotoxins are _______.
A.
antiphagocytic factors
B.
lipopolysaccharides
C.
proteins
D.
secretions that always target nervous tissue
E.
F.
only released after a cell is damaged or lysed
Question #66
Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?
A.
Secretion of a capsule
B.
Production of leukocidins
C.
Adhering to the host
D.
Secretion of slime
E.
Ability to survive intracellularly
Question #67
The spread of influenza, which is particularly widespread during the winter months, is an example of a propagated epidemic.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #68
Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.
A.
skin
B.
urinary system
C.
genital system
D.
gastrointestinal system
E.
respiratory system
Question #69
Enterotoxins are _______.
A.
All of thechoices are correct.
B.
toxins that target the intestines
C.
proteins
D.
virulence factors
E.
exotoxins
Question #70
Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #71
Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except ________.
A.
contact with hospital staff
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
breast feeding
D.
the birth process through the birth canal
E.
bottle feeding
Question #72
The term infection refers to _______.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
pathogens penetrating host defenses
C.
contact with pathogens
D.
contact with microorganisms
E.
microorganisms colonizing the body
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