East Los Angeles College » Microbiology » Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022

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Question #1

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.

A. thermal death point (TDP)

B. None of the choices are correct

C. sporicidal time

D. thermal death time (TDT)

E. death phase point

Question #2

Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.

A. False

B. True

Question #3

Which of the following represent the cellular targets for physical and chemical control agents?

A. Lysosomes, Proteins

B. Cell membrane, Lysosomes

C. Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes

D. Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins

Question #4

Pasteurization ________.

A. increases food nutrient value

B. reduces the number of vegetative forms

C. reduces the number of endospores

D. kills all vegetative forms

E. None of the choices are correct

Question #5

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.

A. disinfection

B. sanitization

C. antisepsis

D. sterilization

E. degermation

Question #6

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

A. Fungicide

B. Bactericide

C. Virucide

D. Sporicide

E. Germicide

Question #7

Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.

A. True

B. False

Question #8

Sterilization is achieved by ________.

A. flash pasteurization

B. boiling water

C. steam autoclave

D. hot water

E. All of the choices are correct

Question #9

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except _______.

A. hydrogen peroxide

B. boiling water

C. pasteurization

D. HEPA filters

E. ultraviolet radiation

Question #10

Analine dyes, like crystal violet, have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.

A. False

B. True

Question #11

Regarding use of heat to control microbial growth, dry heat at lower temperatures is as effective as moist heat at the same temperature.

A. True

B. False

Question #12

The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are ________.

A. protozoan cysts

B. endospores

C. vegetative bacteria and fungi

D. prions

E. mycobacteria and staphylococci

Question #13

Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except _______.

A. alcohol

B. metallic ions

C. acids

D. X rays

E. moist heat

Question #14

The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.

A. sterilization

B. antisepsis

C. disinfection

D. sanitation

E. decontamination

Question #15

Surfactants work by ________.

A. disrupting membrane integrity

B. blocking transport out from the organism

C. All of the choices are correct

D. coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment

E. blocking transport into the organism

Question #16

Placing organisms at 4 oC is _______.

A. decontamination

B. bacteriostatic

C. sterilization

D. None of the choices are correct

E. bactericidal

Question #17

Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except ______.

A. cellular proteins

B. cell membranes

C. ribosomes

D. cytoplasm

E. cell walls

Question #18

Dry heat ________.

A. includes tyndallization

B. cannot sterilize

C. is less efficient than moist heat

D. is used in devices called autoclaves

E. will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes

Question #19

Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas.

A. False

B. True

Question #20

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.

A. disinfection

B. virilization

C. sterilization

D. antisepsis

E. decontamination

Question #21

The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.

A. None of the choices are correct

B. thermal death point (TDP)

C. thermal death time (TDT)

D. sporicidal time

E. death phase point

Question #22

______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.

A. Moist; high

B. Dry; moist

C. High; moist

D. Moist; dry

E. High; dry

Question #23

A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.

A. sterilization.

B. antisepsis

C. degermation

D. sanitization

Question #24

Phenols are useful antimicrobial compounds in that they are effective against bacteria fungi and viruses, disrupting several cellular targets, however, they have been removed from many consumer products because of their high toxicity and propensity to select for resistant strains of microorganisms.

A. True

B. False

Question #25

Aldehyde-based compounds, while effective sterilants, can be unstable and costly to use.

A. True

B. False

Question #26

Selective toxicity refers to ________.

A. damage to pathogenic organisms

B. damage to nucleic acids

C. None of the choices are correct.

D. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes

E. damage to the target organisms but not host cells

Question #27

Most antibiotics are derived from which bacterial and fungal genera?

A. Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium

B. Streptococcus, Penicillium

C. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium

D. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

Question #28

Aminoglycosides _______.

A. damage cell membranes

B. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

C. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

D. block folic acid synthesis

E. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

Question #29

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

A. True

B. False

Question #30

Select the four main categories of antifungal agents.

A. Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles

B. Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

C. Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins

D. Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

Question #31

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except _______.

A. polymyxins

B. gentamycin

C. erythromycin

D. streptomycin

E. tetracycline

Question #32

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.

A. chemotherapy

B. selective toxicity

C. nephrotoxicity

D. synergism

E. prophylaxis

Question #33

It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.

A. True

B. False

Question #34

A narrow-spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

A. True

B. False

Question #35

An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

A. False

B. True

Question #36

Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.

A. False

B. True

Question #37

Sulfonamides _______.

A. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

B. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

C. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

D. damage cell membranes

E. block folic acid synthesis

Question #38

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A. Imipenem

B. Synercid

C. Aztreonam

D. Clavulanic acid

E. Penicillinase

Question #39

A. broad-spectrum drugs

B. narrow-spectrum drugs

C. synthetic drugs

D. antibiotics

E. semisynthetic drugs

Question #40

Polymyxin B and daptomycin are both narrow spectrum drugs that target the cell membrane. They differ in that polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative organisms since it disrupts both the inner and outer membranes whereas daptomycin integrates only into the gram-positive cell wall creating leakage.

A. False

B. True

Question #41

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______.

A. All of the choices are correct.

B. stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids

C. low toxicity for human tissues

D. high toxicity against microbial cells

E. do not cause serious side effects in humans

Question #42

Sulfa drugs work on _______.

A. ribosome biosynthesis

B. nucleic acid biosynthesis

C. folic acid biosynthesis

D. peptidoglycan biosynthesis

E. None of the choices are correct.

Question #43

Aminoglycosides demonstrate selective toxicity since they target the bacterial 30s subunit, leaving the host 40s subunit largely unaffected.

A. True

B. False

Question #44

Select all of the true statements about azoles.

A. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.

B. They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.

C. They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.

Question #45

Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs are often less toxic to human tissues because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic protozoa and helminths.

A. True

B. False

Question #46

Each of the following affect cell walls except ________.

A. vancomycin

B. erythromycin

C. cephalosporin

D. penicillin

E. isoniazid

Question #47

Select potential new antimicrobial therapies that are under investigation.

A. Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy

B. Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx

C. CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs

D. CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,

Question #48

Select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.

A. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

B. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

C. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

D. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

Question #49

Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?

A. Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

B. Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

C. Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.

D. Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

Question #50

A. Causing direct damage through exoenzymes

B. Secretion of exotoxins

C. Epigenetic changes

D. Causing an overreaction of the host immune system

Question #51

While one person's microbiome differs when compared to another person, one individual's microbiome is uniform throughout the body; for example, the organisms on the left hand will be the same as the organisms on the right.

A. True

B. False

Question #52

Under certain circumstances, members of a person's resident biota can become opportunistic pathogens.

A. True

B. False

Question #53

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.

A. To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable

B. To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota

C. To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable

D. To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease. To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.

Question #54

Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections.

A. asymptomatic

B. latent

C. persistent

D. chronic

Question #55

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______.

A. axenic

B. exogenous

C. endogenous

D. an exotoxin

E. an enterotoxin

Question #56

Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost, superficial layers of the epidermis.

A. False

B. True

Question #57

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______.

A. before birth, in utero

B. when a child first goes to school

C. during and immediately after birth

D. during puberty

E. when an infant gets its first infectious disease

Question #58

Normal biota includes each of the following except ________.

A. All of the choices are correct.

B. protozoans

C. fungi

D. bacteria

E. viruses

Question #59

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.

A. infectious dose

B. virulence factor

C. minimal dose

D. endotoxin

E. indigenous biota

Question #60

Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.

A. False

B. True

Question #61

Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A. Encapsulation

B. Exocytosis

C. Margination

D. Adhesion

E. Phagocytosis

Question #62

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.

A. urinary system

B. respiratory system

C. gastrointestinal system

D. genital system

E. skin

Question #63

BecauseSARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) _______ infection.

A. zoonotic

B. noncommunicable

C. vector-borne

D. polymicrobial

Question #64

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A. Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots

B. Capsules - antiphagocytic factor

C. Leukocidins - damage white blood cells

D. Hemolysins - damage red blood cells

E. Fimbriae - adherence to substrate

Question #65

Exotoxins are _______.

B. secretions that always target nervous tissue

C. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed

D. lipopolysaccharides

E. antiphagocytic factors

F. proteins

Question #66

Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A. Secretion of a capsule

B. Secretion of slime

C. Ability to survive intracellularly

D. Production of leukocidins

E. Adhering to the host

Question #67

The spread of influenza, which is particularly widespread during the winter months, is an example of a propagated epidemic.

A. False

B. True

Question #68

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.

A. gastrointestinal system

B. respiratory system

C. urinary system

D. skin

E. genital system

Question #69

Enterotoxins are _______.

A. toxins that target the intestines

B. exotoxins

C. proteins

D. virulence factors

E. All of thechoices are correct.

Question #70

Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

A. True

B. False

Question #71

Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except ________.

A. the birth process through the birth canal

B. bottle feeding

C. contact with hospital staff

D. breast feeding

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question #72

The term infection refers to _______.

A. contact with pathogens

B. None of the choices are correct.

C. microorganisms colonizing the body

D. pathogens penetrating host defenses

E. contact with microorganisms

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Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)

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