East Los Angeles College » Microbiology » Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022

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Question #1

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.

A. None of the choices are correct

B. sporicidal time

C. thermal death point (TDP)

D. death phase point

E. thermal death time (TDT)

Question #2

Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.

A. False

B. True

Question #3

Which of the following represent the cellular targets for physical and chemical control agents?

A. Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins

B. Lysosomes, Proteins

C. Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes

D. Cell membrane, Lysosomes

Question #4

Pasteurization ________.

A. increases food nutrient value

B. kills all vegetative forms

C. reduces the number of endospores

D. reduces the number of vegetative forms

E. None of the choices are correct

Question #5

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.

A. disinfection

B. antisepsis

C. sterilization

D. sanitization

E. degermation

Question #6

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

A. Fungicide

B. Virucide

C. Bactericide

D. Sporicide

E. Germicide

Question #7

Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.

A. False

B. True

Question #8

Sterilization is achieved by ________.

A. hot water

B. flash pasteurization

C. boiling water

D. steam autoclave

E. All of the choices are correct

Question #9

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except _______.

A. HEPA filters

B. ultraviolet radiation

C. pasteurization

D. hydrogen peroxide

E. boiling water

Question #10

Analine dyes, like crystal violet, have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.

A. True

B. False

Question #11

Regarding use of heat to control microbial growth, dry heat at lower temperatures is as effective as moist heat at the same temperature.

A. True

B. False

Question #12

The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are ________.

A. vegetative bacteria and fungi

B. mycobacteria and staphylococci

C. prions

D. protozoan cysts

E. endospores

Question #13

Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except _______.

A. X rays

B. moist heat

C. metallic ions

D. acids

E. alcohol

Question #14

The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.

A. sanitation

B. sterilization

C. decontamination

D. disinfection

E. antisepsis

Question #15

Surfactants work by ________.

A. blocking transport out from the organism

B. coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment

C. blocking transport into the organism

D. disrupting membrane integrity

E. All of the choices are correct

Question #16

Placing organisms at 4 oC is _______.

A. None of the choices are correct

B. bacteriostatic

C. decontamination

D. sterilization

E. bactericidal

Question #17

Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except ______.

A. cell membranes

B. cellular proteins

C. cell walls

D. ribosomes

E. cytoplasm

Question #18

Dry heat ________.

A. includes tyndallization

B. cannot sterilize

C. is less efficient than moist heat

D. will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes

E. is used in devices called autoclaves

Question #19

Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas.

A. False

B. True

Question #20

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.

A. sterilization

B. decontamination

C. disinfection

D. antisepsis

E. virilization

Question #21

The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.

A. thermal death time (TDT)

B. thermal death point (TDP)

C. death phase point

D. None of the choices are correct

E. sporicidal time

Question #22

______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.

A. Moist; dry

B. Moist; high

C. High; dry

D. Dry; moist

E. High; moist

Question #23

A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.

A. antisepsis

B. degermation

C. sanitization

D. sterilization.

Question #24

Phenols are useful antimicrobial compounds in that they are effective against bacteria fungi and viruses, disrupting several cellular targets, however, they have been removed from many consumer products because of their high toxicity and propensity to select for resistant strains of microorganisms.

A. False

B. True

Question #25

Aldehyde-based compounds, while effective sterilants, can be unstable and costly to use.

A. True

B. False

Question #26

Selective toxicity refers to ________.

A. damage to the target organisms but not host cells

B. damage to pathogenic organisms

C. None of the choices are correct.

D. damage to nucleic acids

E. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes

Question #27

Most antibiotics are derived from which bacterial and fungal genera?

A. Streptococcus, Penicillium

B. Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium

C. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

D. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium

Question #28

Aminoglycosides _______.

A. block folic acid synthesis

B. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

C. damage cell membranes

D. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

Question #29

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

A. False

B. True

Question #30

Select the four main categories of antifungal agents.

A. Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles

B. Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

C. Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins

D. Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

Question #31

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except _______.

A. tetracycline

B. erythromycin

C. streptomycin

D. gentamycin

E. polymyxins

Question #32

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.

A. selective toxicity

B. prophylaxis

C. chemotherapy

D. nephrotoxicity

E. synergism

Question #33

It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.

A. False

B. True

Question #34

A narrow-spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

A. True

B. False

Question #35

An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.

A. True

B. False

Question #36

Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.

A. True

B. False

Question #37

Sulfonamides _______.

A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

B. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

C. block folic acid synthesis

D. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

E. damage cell membranes

Question #38

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A. Synercid

B. Clavulanic acid

C. Imipenem

D. Aztreonam

E. Penicillinase

Question #39

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _______.

A. broad-spectrum drugs

B. synthetic drugs

C. antibiotics

D. narrow-spectrum drugs

E. semisynthetic drugs

Question #40

Polymyxin B and daptomycin are both narrow spectrum drugs that target the cell membrane. They differ in that polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative organisms since it disrupts both the inner and outer membranes whereas daptomycin integrates only into the gram-positive cell wall creating leakage.

A. False

B. True

Question #41

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______.

A. do not cause serious side effects in humans

B. high toxicity against microbial cells

C. All of the choices are correct.

D. low toxicity for human tissues

E. stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids

Question #42

Sulfa drugs work on _______.

A. ribosome biosynthesis

B. folic acid biosynthesis

C. nucleic acid biosynthesis

D. peptidoglycan biosynthesis

F. None of the choices are correct.

Question #43

Aminoglycosides demonstrate selective toxicity since they target the bacterial 30s subunit, leaving the host 40s subunit largely unaffected.

A. False

B. True

Question #44

Select all of the true statements about azoles.

A. They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.

B. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.

C. They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.

Question #45

Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs are often less toxic to human tissues because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic protozoa and helminths.

A. True

B. False

Question #46

Each of the following affect cell walls except ________.

A. erythromycin

B. vancomycin

C. penicillin

D. cephalosporin

E. isoniazid

Question #47

Select potential new antimicrobial therapies that are under investigation.

A. CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs

B. Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy

C. Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx

D. CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,

Question #48

Select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.

A. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

B. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

C. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

D. The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

Question #49

Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?

A. Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.

B. Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

C. Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

D. Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

Question #50

The cytokine storm seen in patients with severe COVID-19 is an example of a microbe causing disease in which way?

A. Epigenetic changes

B. Secretion of exotoxins

C. Causing an overreaction of the host immune system

D. Causing direct damage through exoenzymes

Question #51

While one person's microbiome differs when compared to another person, one individual's microbiome is uniform throughout the body; for example, the organisms on the left hand will be the same as the organisms on the right.

A. False

B. True

Question #52

Under certain circumstances, members of a person's resident biota can become opportunistic pathogens.

A. True

B. False

Question #53

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.

A. To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable

B. To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease. To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.

C. To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable

D. To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota

Question #54

Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections.

A. persistent

B. latent

C. asymptomatic

D. chronic

Question #55

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______.

A. an exotoxin

B. endogenous

C. exogenous

D. axenic

E. an enterotoxin

Question #56

Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost, superficial layers of the epidermis.

A. False

B. True

Question #57

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______.

A. during puberty

B. during and immediately after birth

C. when a child first goes to school

D. before birth, in utero

E. when an infant gets its first infectious disease

Question #58

Normal biota includes each of the following except ________.

A. protozoans

B. All of the choices are correct.

C. fungi

D. bacteria

E. viruses

Question #59

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.

A. infectious dose

B. indigenous biota

C. minimal dose

D. virulence factor

E. endotoxin

Question #60

Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.

A. False

B. True

Question #61

Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A. Encapsulation

B. Margination

C. Phagocytosis

D. Adhesion

E. Exocytosis

Question #62

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.

A. respiratory system

B. skin

C. urinary system

D. gastrointestinal system

E. genital system

Question #63

BecauseSARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) _______ infection.

A. vector-borne

B. polymicrobial

C. noncommunicable

D. zoonotic

Question #64

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A. Hemolysins - damage red blood cells

B. Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots

C. Capsules - antiphagocytic factor

D. Leukocidins - damage white blood cells

E. Fimbriae - adherence to substrate

Question #65

Exotoxins are _______.

A. secretions that always target nervous tissue

B. proteins

C. lipopolysaccharides

D. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed

E. antiphagocytic factors

Question #66

Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A. Secretion of a capsule

B. Ability to survive intracellularly

C. Production of leukocidins

D. Adhering to the host

E. Secretion of slime

Question #67

The spread of influenza, which is particularly widespread during the winter months, is an example of a propagated epidemic.

A. False

B. True

Question #68

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.

A. gastrointestinal system

B. respiratory system

C. urinary system

D. skin

E. genital system

Question #69

Enterotoxins are _______.

A. exotoxins

B. proteins

C. toxins that target the intestines

D. All of thechoices are correct.

E. virulence factors

Question #70

Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

A. True

B. False

Question #71

Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except ________.

A. contact with hospital staff

B. All of the choices are correct.

C. breast feeding

D. the birth process through the birth canal

E. bottle feeding

Question #72

The term infection refers to _______.

A. None of the choices are correct.

B. microorganisms colonizing the body

C. contact with pathogens

D. contact with microorganisms

E. pathogens penetrating host defenses

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Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)

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