Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)
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Question #1
The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct
B.
sporicidal time
C.
thermal death point (TDP)
D.
thermal death time (TDT)
E.
death phase point
Question #2
Pseudomonas is resistant to soaps.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #3
Which of the following represent the cellular targets for physical and chemical control agents?
A.
Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes
B.
Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins
C.
Cell membrane, Lysosomes
D.
Lysosomes, Proteins
Question #4
Pasteurization ________.
A.
reduces the number of endospores
B.
kills all vegetative forms
C.
increases food nutrient value
D.
None of the choices are correct
E.
reduces the number of vegetative forms
Question #5
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.
A.
degermation
B.
sanitization
C.
disinfection
D.
antisepsis
E.
sterilization
Question #6
Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?
A.
Germicide
B.
Fungicide
C.
Sporicide
D.
Bactericide
E.
Virucide
Question #7
Soaps and detergents are very effective as sterilants.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #8
Sterilization is achieved by ________.
A.
boiling water
B.
All of the choices are correct
C.
flash pasteurization
D.
steam autoclave
E.
hot water
Question #9
Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except _______.
A.
ultraviolet radiation
B.
hydrogen peroxide
C.
boiling water
D.
pasteurization
E.
HEPA filters
Question #10
Analine dyes, like crystal violet, have antimicrobial activity particularly against gram-positive bacteria and some fungi.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #11
Regarding use of heat to control microbial growth, dry heat at lower temperatures is as effective as moist heat at the same temperature.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #12
The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are ________.
A.
endospores
B.
mycobacteria and staphylococci
C.
protozoan cysts
D.
vegetative bacteria and fungi
E.
prions
Question #13
Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except _______.
A.
moist heat
B.
acids
C.
alcohol
D.
metallic ions
E.
X rays
Question #14
The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.
A.
antisepsis
B.
decontamination
C.
disinfection
D.
sterilization
E.
sanitation
Question #15
Surfactants work by ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct
B.
blocking transport out from the organism
C.
coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment
D.
blocking transport into the organism
E.
disrupting membrane integrity
Question #16
Placing organisms at 4 oC is _______.
A.
decontamination
B.
bactericidal
C.
bacteriostatic
D.
None of the choices are correct
E.
sterilization
Question #17
Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents except ______.
A.
cell walls
B.
cell membranes
C.
cytoplasm
D.
ribosomes
E.
cellular proteins
Question #18
Dry heat ________.
A.
cannot sterilize
B.
includes tyndallization
C.
is less efficient than moist heat
D.
will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes
E.
is used in devices called autoclaves
Question #19
Ethylene oxide is a sterilizing gas.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #20
The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.
A.
antisepsis
B.
sterilization
C.
disinfection
D.
virilization
E.
decontamination
Question #21
The lowest temperature needed to kill all microbes in 10 minutes is the ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct
B.
thermal death time (TDT)
C.
sporicidal time
D.
thermal death point (TDP)
E.
death phase point
Question #22
______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.
A.
Moist; dry
B.
Moist; high
C.
Dry; moist
D.
High; dry
E.
High; moist
Question #23
A cleansing method that mechanically removes microbes and other debris to reduce contamination is _______.
A.
sterilization.
B.
sanitization
C.
degermation
D.
antisepsis
Question #24
Phenols are useful antimicrobial compounds in that they are effective against bacteria fungi and viruses, disrupting several cellular targets, however, they have been removed from many consumer products because of their high toxicity and propensity to select for resistant strains of microorganisms.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #25
Aldehyde-based compounds, while effective sterilants, can be unstable and costly to use.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #26
Selective toxicity refers to ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
damage to prokaryotic cell membranes
C.
damage to the target organisms but not host cells
D.
damage to nucleic acids
E.
damage to pathogenic organisms
Question #27
Most antibiotics are derived from which bacterial and fungal genera?
A.
Streptococcus, Penicillium
B.
Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium
C.
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium
D.
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
Question #28
Aminoglycosides _______.
A.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
B.
block folic acid synthesis
C.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
D.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
E.
damage cell membranes
Question #29
When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #30
Select the four main categories of antifungal agents.
A.
Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins
B.
Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles
C.
Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins
D.
Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins
Question #31
Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except _______.
A.
tetracycline
B.
erythromycin
C.
gentamycin
D.
streptomycin
E.
polymyxins
Question #32
The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.
A.
nephrotoxicity
B.
selective toxicity
C.
prophylaxis
D.
synergism
E.
chemotherapy
Question #33
It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #34
A narrow-spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #35
An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #36
Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than nonbiofilm infections.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #37
Sulfonamides _______.
A.
block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules
B.
damage cell membranes
C.
interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan
D.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
E.
block folic acid synthesis
Question #38
What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?
A.
Aztreonam
B.
Clavulanic acid
C.
Synercid
D.
Penicillinase
E.
Imipenem
Question #39
A.
antibiotics
B.
semisynthetic drugs
C.
narrow-spectrum drugs
D.
broad-spectrum drugs
E.
synthetic drugs
Question #40
Polymyxin B and daptomycin are both narrow spectrum drugs that target the cell membrane. They differ in that polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative organisms since it disrupts both the inner and outer membranes whereas daptomycin integrates only into the gram-positive cell wall creating leakage.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #41
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______.
A.
do not cause serious side effects in humans
B.
high toxicity against microbial cells
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids
E.
low toxicity for human tissues
Question #42
Sulfa drugs work on _______.
A.
nucleic acid biosynthesis
B.
ribosome biosynthesis
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
folic acid biosynthesis
E.
F.
peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Question #43
Aminoglycosides demonstrate selective toxicity since they target the bacterial 30s subunit, leaving the host 40s subunit largely unaffected.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #44
Select all of the true statements about azoles.
A.
They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.
B.
They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.
C.
They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.
Question #45
Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs are often less toxic to human tissues because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic protozoa and helminths.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #46
Each of the following affect cell walls except ________.
A.
penicillin
B.
erythromycin
C.
cephalosporin
D.
isoniazid
E.
vancomycin
Question #47
Select potential new antimicrobial therapies that are under investigation.
A.
CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,
B.
Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx
C.
Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy
D.
CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs
Question #48
Select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.
A.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
B.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
C.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
D.
The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased. A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.
Question #49
Many researchers believe that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. Which of the following is a true statement?
A.
Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
B.
Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
C.
Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.
D.
Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
Question #50
The cytokine storm seen in patients with severe COVID-19 is an example of a microbe causing disease in which way?
A.
Epigenetic changes
B.
Causing an overreaction of the host immune system
C.
Secretion of exotoxins
D.
Causing direct damage through exoenzymes
Question #51
While one person's microbiome differs when compared to another person, one individual's microbiome is uniform throughout the body; for example, the organisms on the left hand will be the same as the organisms on the right.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #52
Under certain circumstances, members of a person's resident biota can become opportunistic pathogens.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #53
Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.
A.
To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable
B.
To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota
C.
To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable
D.
To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease. To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.
Question #54
Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections.
A.
chronic
B.
asymptomatic
C.
latent
D.
persistent
Question #55
An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______.
A.
an enterotoxin
B.
exogenous
C.
endogenous
D.
an exotoxin
E.
axenic
Question #56
Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost, superficial layers of the epidermis.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #57
The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______.
A.
during and immediately after birth
B.
when an infant gets its first infectious disease
C.
before birth, in utero
D.
when a child first goes to school
E.
during puberty
Question #58
Normal biota includes each of the following except ________.
A.
bacteria
B.
fungi
C.
protozoans
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
viruses
Question #59
The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______.
A.
indigenous biota
B.
infectious dose
C.
endotoxin
D.
virulence factor
E.
minimal dose
Question #60
Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #61
Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?
A.
Adhesion
B.
Encapsulation
C.
Phagocytosis
D.
Exocytosis
E.
Margination
Question #62
The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______.
A.
urinary system
B.
gastrointestinal system
C.
respiratory system
D.
skin
E.
genital system
Question #63
BecauseSARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) _______ infection.
A.
vector-borne
B.
zoonotic
C.
polymicrobial
D.
noncommunicable
Question #64
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A.
Fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B.
Hemolysins - damage red blood cells
C.
Leukocidins - damage white blood cells
D.
Coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
E.
Capsules - antiphagocytic factor
Question #65
Exotoxins are _______.
A.
proteins
B.
only released after a cell is damaged or lysed
C.
D.
antiphagocytic factors
E.
secretions that always target nervous tissue
F.
lipopolysaccharides
Question #66
Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?
A.
Secretion of slime
B.
Secretion of a capsule
C.
Adhering to the host
D.
Ability to survive intracellularly
E.
Production of leukocidins
Question #67
The spread of influenza, which is particularly widespread during the winter months, is an example of a propagated epidemic.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #68
Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.
A.
gastrointestinal system
B.
skin
C.
genital system
D.
urinary system
E.
respiratory system
Question #69
Enterotoxins are _______.
A.
exotoxins
B.
All of thechoices are correct.
C.
proteins
D.
toxins that target the intestines
E.
virulence factors
Question #70
Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #71
Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except ________.
A.
bottle feeding
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
the birth process through the birth canal
D.
breast feeding
E.
contact with hospital staff
Question #72
The term infection refers to _______.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
microorganisms colonizing the body
C.
contact with microorganisms
D.
contact with pathogens
E.
pathogens penetrating host defenses
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