Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, 14)
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Question #1
Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
is toxic to pathogens
C.
creates a physical barrier against pathogens
D.
destroys pathogens
E.
physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
Question #2
Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
A.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Use of drugs and antibiotics Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products
B.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics
C.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Phagocytosis and inflammation Anatomical and physiological barriers
D.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics Anatomical and physiological barriers
Question #3
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.
A.
spleen
B.
lymph nodes
C.
thymus
D.
GALT
E.
tonsils
Question #4
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.
A.
vasodilation
B.
motility
C.
diapedesis
D.
phagocytosis
E.
chemotaxis
Question #5
Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?
A.
Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
B.
Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei
C.
Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
D.
Include Kupffer cells
E.
After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
Question #6
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A.
T cells; B cells
B.
B cells; T cells
C.
Basophils; T cells
D.
B cells; neutrophils
E.
Monocytes; basophils
Question #7
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A.
Lymphatic system
B.
Extracellular fluid
C.
Bloodstream
D.
Intracellular fluid
Question #8
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
A.
eyes
B.
respiratory tract
C.
skin
D.
digestive tract
E.
urinary tract
Question #9
Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?
A.
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
B.
Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
C.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
D.
It can last hours to years.
E.
Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
Question #10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
A.
None of these are mismatched.
B.
Tumor—cancer
C.
Rubor—redness
D.
Dolar—pain
E.
Calor—warmth
Question #11
Plasma ________.
A.
is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
B.
contains fibrinogen
C.
contains albumin and globulins
D.
is mostly water
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #12
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.
A.
T cells
B.
mucus
C.
unbroken skin
D.
tears
E.
hairs
Question #13
Diapedesis is the ________.
A.
loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
B.
plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
C.
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
D.
production of only red blood cells
E.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Question #14
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A.
Cause a fever
B.
Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
C.
Start tissue repair
D.
Destroy microbes
E.
Block further invasion
Question #15
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
granulocytes
C.
leukocytes
D.
monocytes
E.
agranulocytes
Question #16
The granules of basophils contain ________.
A.
histamine
B.
antibodies
C.
antigens
D.
digestive enzymes
E.
lysozyme
Question #17
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.
A.
warmth
B.
redness
C.
chills
D.
pain
E.
swelling
Question #18
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
A.
Neutrophils
B.
Basophils
C.
Lymphocytes
D.
Monocytes
E.
Eosinophils
Question #19
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.
A.
macrophages
B.
mast cells
C.
eosinophils
D.
dendritic cells
E.
platelets
Question #20
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.
A.
macrophages
B.
killer T cells
C.
primary phagocytes
D.
cytotoxic T cells
E.
neutrophils
Question #21
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
A.
monocytes
B.
lymphocytes
C.
neutrophils
D.
basophils
E.
eosinophils
Question #22
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense?
A.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B.
Involves barriers at portals of entry Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
C.
Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
D.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves barriers at portals of entry Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears
Question #23
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.
A.
increases metabolism
B.
increases phagocytosis
C.
reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
D.
stimulates hematopoiesis
E.
increases the availability of iron
Question #24
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
A.
Eyes
B.
Respiratory tract
C.
Skin
D.
Digestive tract
E.
Urinary tract
Question #25
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.
A.
IgM and IgD
B.
IgG only
C.
IgM only
D.
IgD and IgE
E.
IgD only
Question #26
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
A.
epithelial cells
B.
red blood cells
C.
islet of Langerhans cells
D.
eosinophils
E.
leukocytes
Question #27
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
located in the thymus gland
C.
found on the third chromosome
D.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
E.
glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells
F.
Question #28
Lymphocytes ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
C.
gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
D.
develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
E.
possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
Question #29
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A.
IgD
B.
IgM
C.
IgE
D.
IgA
E.
IgG
Question #30
Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #31
Superantigens are ________.
A.
cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
B.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
those that evoke allergic reactions
E.
body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
Question #32
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.
A.
is a dimer
B.
is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
C.
contains a central J chain
D.
has 10 antigen binding sites
E.
can serve as a B-cell receptor
Question #33
B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #34
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
A.
self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
B.
all HLA antigens
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
E.
certain secreted complement components
Question #35
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A.
B cells
B.
Cytotoxic T cells
C.
Antigen-presenting cells
D.
Helper T cells
E.
Plasma cells
Question #36
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
A.
suppressor T cells
B.
cytotoxic T cells
C.
natural killer (NK) cells
D.
delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E.
helper T cells
Question #37
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.
A.
allergens
B.
heterophilic antigens
C.
superantigens
D.
autoantigens
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #38
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.
A.
have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
B.
are cells or large, complex molecules
C.
have molecular complexity
D.
are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
E.
are foreign to the immune system
Question #39
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.
A.
receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
are the result of genetic expression
D.
aid in cellular development
E.
function in recognition of self molecules
Question #40
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
A.
variable region
B.
epitope
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
hapten
E.
antigen binding site
Question #41
Helper T cells ________.
A.
secrete antibodies
B.
suppress immune reactions
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
directly destroy target cells
E.
activate B cells and other T cells
Question #42
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
A.
IgG
B.
IgE
C.
IgM
D.
IgA
E.
IgD
Question #43
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
A.
B.
interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
C.
typically a protein antigen
D.
binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
E.
binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
F.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #44
There are only two major subsets of T cells.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #45
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
A.
include macrophages
B.
hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
C.
engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
D.
include dendritic cells
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #46
Plasma cells ________.
A.
suppress immune reactions
B.
activate B cells and other T cells
C.
directly destroy target cells
D.
function in allergic reactions
E.
secrete antibodies
Question #47
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
A.
terminal
B.
Fc
C.
Fab
D.
hinge
E.
variable
Question #48
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.
A.
hormonal signals that initiate development
B.
T cells maturing in the thymus
C.
B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
D.
release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #49
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
A.
disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
B.
four antigen binding sites
C.
two identical heavy polypeptide chains
D.
a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain
E.
two identical light polypeptide chains
Question #50
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.
A.
platelet-activating factor
B.
serotonin
C.
prostaglandin
D.
leukotriene
E.
histamine
Question #51
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.
A.
tuberculin reaction
B.
Graves' disease
C.
multiple sclerosis
D.
myasthenia gravis
E.
rheumatoid arthritis
Question #52
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
A.
Antibody mediated
B.
Immune complex mediated
C.
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
D.
Both anaphylaxis and antibody mediated
E.
Anaphylaxis
Question #53
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
A.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
B.
Formation of autoantibodies
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
Host rejection of graft
E.
Graft versus host disease
Question #54
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
A.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
B.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C.
Degranulation
D.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
E.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Question #55
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ________.
A.
sensitization
B.
desensitization
C.
None of thechoices are correct.
D.
tissue matching
E.
degranulation
Question #56
What involves determination of donor HLA antigens compared to those of the recipient's tissue?
A.
Blood transfusion
B.
Skin graft
C.
Organ transplantation
D.
Both skin graft and organ transplantation
E.
All of thechoices are correct.
Question #57
A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ________.
A.
atopic dermatitis
B.
asthma
C.
anaphylaxis
D.
allergic rhinitis
E.
eczema
Question #58
Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?
A.
Involves an immune complex reaction
B.
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues
C.
Serum sickness is a systemic response
D.
Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies
E.
The Arthus reaction is a local response
Question #59
Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against ________.
A.
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle
B.
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system
C.
sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane
D.
cells in thyroid follicles
E.
acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle
Question #60
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
A.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
B.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
C.
Degranulation
D.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
E.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
Question #61
Corticosteroids will ________.
A.
reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles
B.
relieve inflammatory symptoms
C.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
D.
block synthesis of leukotrienes
E.
inhibit the activity of lymphocytes
Question #62
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?
A.
Rashes
B.
Diarrhea
C.
Rhinitis
D.
Contact dermatitis
E.
Sneezing
Question #63
Autoimmunity is typically due to ________.
A.
graft rejection
B.
a deficiency in T-cell development
C.
a transfusion reaction
D.
IgE and mast cells
E.
autoantibodies and T cells
Question #64
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.
A.
type I only
B.
type I and type IV
C.
type I, type II, and type III
D.
type IV only
E.
type I, type II, type III, and type IV
Question #65
Histamine causes all of the following except ________.
A.
increased sensitivity to pain
B.
relaxes vascular smooth muscle
C.
pruritus and headache
D.
constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine
E.
wheal and flare reaction in skin
Question #66
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
A.
Ingestant
B.
Inhalant
C.
Injectant
D.
Contactant
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #67
Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.
A.
hypograft
B.
xenograft
C.
autograft
D.
isograft
E.
allograft
F.
Question #68
Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.
A.
type I diabetes
B.
Graves' disease
C.
rheumatic fever
D.
systemic lupus erythematosus
E.
metastatic cancer
Question #69
All of the following are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity except ________.
A.
foreign cells
B.
complement
C.
IgM
D.
IgG
E.
IgE
Question #70
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
A.
humoralpathology
B.
hemopathology
C.
histopathology
D.
immunopathology
E.
epidemiology
Question #71
Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.
A.
hypersensitivity
B.
desensitization
C.
transfusion reaction
D.
autoimmune disease
E.
immunodeficiency
Question #72
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
A.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh - mother
B.
maternal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + fetus
C.
maternal Rh + cells enter an Rh -fetus
D.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh + mother
E.
fetal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + mother
Question #73
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
A.
delayed
B.
T-cell mediated
C.
atopic
D.
systemic anaphylactic
E.
antibody mediated
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