Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, 14)
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Question #1
Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.
A.
creates a physical barrier against pathogens
B.
physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
destroys pathogens
E.
is toxic to pathogens
Question #2
Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
A.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics
B.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Phagocytosis and inflammation Anatomical and physiological barriers
C.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics Anatomical and physiological barriers
D.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Use of drugs and antibiotics Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products
Question #3
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.
A.
spleen
B.
lymph nodes
C.
GALT
D.
tonsils
E.
thymus
Question #4
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.
A.
vasodilation
B.
diapedesis
C.
phagocytosis
D.
motility
E.
chemotaxis
Question #5
Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?
A.
Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
B.
Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei
C.
After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
D.
Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E.
Include Kupffer cells
Question #6
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A.
B cells; neutrophils
B.
Monocytes; basophils
C.
Basophils; T cells
D.
T cells; B cells
E.
B cells; T cells
Question #7
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A.
Bloodstream
B.
Lymphatic system
C.
Extracellular fluid
D.
Intracellular fluid
Question #8
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
A.
digestive tract
B.
urinary tract
C.
eyes
D.
respiratory tract
E.
skin
Question #9
Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?
A.
It can last hours to years.
B.
Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
C.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
D.
Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E.
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
Question #10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
A.
Dolar—pain
B.
Calor—warmth
C.
None of these are mismatched.
D.
Rubor—redness
E.
Tumor—cancer
Question #11
Plasma ________.
A.
is mostly water
B.
is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
contains fibrinogen
E.
contains albumin and globulins
Question #12
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.
A.
hairs
B.
tears
C.
unbroken skin
D.
mucus
E.
T cells
Question #13
Diapedesis is the ________.
A.
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
B.
production of only red blood cells
C.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
D.
plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
E.
loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
Question #14
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A.
Start tissue repair
B.
Block further invasion
C.
Destroy microbes
D.
Cause a fever
E.
Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
Question #15
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A.
monocytes
B.
leukocytes
C.
granulocytes
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
agranulocytes
Question #16
The granules of basophils contain ________.
A.
antibodies
B.
lysozyme
C.
histamine
D.
antigens
E.
digestive enzymes
Question #17
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.
A.
pain
B.
swelling
C.
redness
D.
warmth
E.
chills
Question #18
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
A.
Monocytes
B.
Lymphocytes
C.
Neutrophils
D.
Eosinophils
E.
Basophils
Question #19
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.
A.
macrophages
B.
eosinophils
C.
platelets
D.
dendritic cells
E.
mast cells
Question #20
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.
A.
primary phagocytes
B.
neutrophils
C.
macrophages
D.
cytotoxic T cells
E.
killer T cells
Question #21
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
A.
lymphocytes
B.
monocytes
C.
eosinophils
D.
basophils
E.
neutrophils
Question #22
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense?
A.
Involves barriers at portals of entry Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves barriers at portals of entry Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears
C.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
D.
Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Question #23
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.
A.
increases the availability of iron
B.
increases phagocytosis
C.
stimulates hematopoiesis
D.
increases metabolism
E.
reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
Question #24
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
A.
Skin
B.
Digestive tract
C.
Eyes
D.
Urinary tract
E.
Respiratory tract
Question #25
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.
A.
IgG only
B.
IgM only
C.
IgD and IgE
D.
IgM and IgD
E.
IgD only
Question #26
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
A.
red blood cells
B.
epithelial cells
C.
islet of Langerhans cells
D.
eosinophils
E.
leukocytes
Question #27
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
A.
located in the thymus gland
B.
found on the third chromosome
C.
glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
F.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
Question #28
Lymphocytes ________.
A.
possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
B.
develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
C.
have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
Question #29
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A.
IgA
B.
IgD
C.
IgE
D.
IgG
E.
IgM
Question #30
Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #31
Superantigens are ________.
A.
cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
D.
body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
E.
those that evoke allergic reactions
Question #32
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.
A.
is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
B.
is a dimer
C.
has 10 antigen binding sites
D.
can serve as a B-cell receptor
E.
contains a central J chain
Question #33
B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #34
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
A.
self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
all HLA antigens
D.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
E.
certain secreted complement components
Question #35
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A.
Cytotoxic T cells
B.
Plasma cells
C.
Helper T cells
D.
Antigen-presenting cells
E.
B cells
Question #36
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
A.
delayed hypersensitivity T cells
B.
helper T cells
C.
natural killer (NK) cells
D.
cytotoxic T cells
E.
suppressor T cells
Question #37
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
heterophilic antigens
C.
superantigens
D.
autoantigens
E.
allergens
Question #38
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.
A.
are foreign to the immune system
B.
have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
C.
are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
D.
have molecular complexity
E.
are cells or large, complex molecules
Question #39
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.
A.
function in recognition of self molecules
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
D.
are the result of genetic expression
E.
aid in cellular development
Question #40
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
A.
hapten
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
variable region
D.
antigen binding site
E.
epitope
Question #41
Helper T cells ________.
A.
function in allergic reactions
B.
suppress immune reactions
C.
secrete antibodies
D.
activate B cells and other T cells
E.
directly destroy target cells
Question #42
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
A.
IgE
B.
IgD
C.
IgM
D.
IgG
E.
IgA
Question #43
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
A.
B.
typically a protein antigen
C.
binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
D.
binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
E.
interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
F.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #44
There are only two major subsets of T cells.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #45
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
A.
engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
D.
include macrophages
E.
include dendritic cells
Question #46
Plasma cells ________.
A.
directly destroy target cells
B.
suppress immune reactions
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
secrete antibodies
E.
activate B cells and other T cells
Question #47
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
A.
hinge
B.
Fab
C.
Fc
D.
variable
E.
terminal
Question #48
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.
A.
release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
B.
hormonal signals that initiate development
C.
B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
T cells maturing in the thymus
Question #49
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
A.
disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
B.
four antigen binding sites
C.
a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain
D.
two identical heavy polypeptide chains
E.
two identical light polypeptide chains
Question #50
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.
A.
histamine
B.
serotonin
C.
prostaglandin
D.
leukotriene
E.
platelet-activating factor
Question #51
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.
A.
rheumatoid arthritis
B.
myasthenia gravis
C.
Graves' disease
D.
tuberculin reaction
E.
multiple sclerosis
Question #52
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
A.
Antibody mediated
B.
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
C.
Both anaphylaxis and antibody mediated
D.
Immune complex mediated
E.
Anaphylaxis
Question #53
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
A.
Graft versus host disease
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
D.
Host rejection of graft
E.
Formation of autoantibodies
Question #54
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
A.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
B.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
C.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
D.
Degranulation
E.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
Question #55
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ________.
A.
None of thechoices are correct.
B.
desensitization
C.
degranulation
D.
tissue matching
E.
sensitization
Question #56
What involves determination of donor HLA antigens compared to those of the recipient's tissue?
A.
Blood transfusion
B.
Organ transplantation
C.
All of thechoices are correct.
D.
Skin graft
E.
Both skin graft and organ transplantation
Question #57
A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ________.
A.
atopic dermatitis
B.
anaphylaxis
C.
eczema
D.
asthma
E.
allergic rhinitis
Question #58
Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?
A.
Involves an immune complex reaction
B.
Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies
C.
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues
D.
The Arthus reaction is a local response
E.
Serum sickness is a systemic response
Question #59
Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against ________.
A.
cells in thyroid follicles
B.
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system
C.
acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle
D.
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle
E.
sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane
Question #60
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
A.
Degranulation
B.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
D.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
E.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Question #61
Corticosteroids will ________.
A.
reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles
B.
relieve inflammatory symptoms
C.
block synthesis of leukotrienes
D.
inhibit the activity of lymphocytes
E.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
Question #62
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?
A.
Rhinitis
B.
Sneezing
C.
Diarrhea
D.
Rashes
E.
Contact dermatitis
Question #63
Autoimmunity is typically due to ________.
A.
a deficiency in T-cell development
B.
autoantibodies and T cells
C.
graft rejection
D.
a transfusion reaction
E.
IgE and mast cells
Question #64
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.
A.
type I, type II, and type III
B.
type I only
C.
type I and type IV
D.
type I, type II, type III, and type IV
E.
type IV only
Question #65
Histamine causes all of the following except ________.
A.
constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine
B.
wheal and flare reaction in skin
C.
increased sensitivity to pain
D.
pruritus and headache
E.
relaxes vascular smooth muscle
Question #66
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
A.
Ingestant
B.
Inhalant
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
Injectant
E.
Contactant
Question #67
Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.
A.
xenograft
B.
C.
isograft
D.
autograft
E.
allograft
F.
hypograft
Question #68
Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.
A.
type I diabetes
B.
metastatic cancer
C.
rheumatic fever
D.
Graves' disease
E.
systemic lupus erythematosus
Question #69
All of the following are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity except ________.
A.
foreign cells
B.
IgG
C.
IgE
D.
complement
E.
IgM
Question #70
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
A.
immunopathology
B.
epidemiology
C.
humoralpathology
D.
hemopathology
E.
histopathology
Question #71
Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.
A.
hypersensitivity
B.
transfusion reaction
C.
autoimmune disease
D.
immunodeficiency
E.
desensitization
Question #72
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
A.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh - mother
B.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh + mother
C.
fetal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + mother
D.
maternal Rh + cells enter an Rh -fetus
E.
maternal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + fetus
Question #73
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
A.
delayed
B.
T-cell mediated
C.
systemic anaphylactic
D.
atopic
E.
antibody mediated
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