Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, 14)
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Question #1
Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.
A.
physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
B.
destroys pathogens
C.
creates a physical barrier against pathogens
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
is toxic to pathogens
Question #2
Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
A.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics Anatomical and physiological barriers
B.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Phagocytosis and inflammation Anatomical and physiological barriers
C.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Use of drugs and antibiotics Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products
D.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics
Question #3
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.
A.
tonsils
B.
thymus
C.
spleen
D.
GALT
E.
lymph nodes
Question #4
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.
A.
diapedesis
B.
chemotaxis
C.
vasodilation
D.
motility
E.
phagocytosis
Question #5
Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?
A.
Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
B.
Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C.
Include Kupffer cells
D.
After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
E.
Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei
Question #6
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A.
B cells; neutrophils
B.
Basophils; T cells
C.
B cells; T cells
D.
T cells; B cells
E.
Monocytes; basophils
Question #7
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A.
Bloodstream
B.
Intracellular fluid
C.
Lymphatic system
D.
Extracellular fluid
Question #8
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
A.
urinary tract
B.
eyes
C.
digestive tract
D.
respiratory tract
E.
skin
Question #9
Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?
A.
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
B.
Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
C.
Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
D.
It can last hours to years.
E.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
Question #10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
A.
Calor—warmth
B.
Dolar—pain
C.
Tumor—cancer
D.
None of these are mismatched.
E.
Rubor—redness
Question #11
Plasma ________.
A.
is mostly water
B.
contains albumin and globulins
C.
contains fibrinogen
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
Question #12
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.
A.
mucus
B.
unbroken skin
C.
tears
D.
hairs
E.
T cells
Question #13
Diapedesis is the ________.
A.
loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
B.
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
C.
production of only red blood cells
D.
plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
E.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Question #14
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A.
Block further invasion
B.
Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
C.
Cause a fever
D.
Start tissue repair
E.
Destroy microbes
Question #15
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A.
agranulocytes
B.
granulocytes
C.
monocytes
D.
leukocytes
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #16
The granules of basophils contain ________.
A.
histamine
B.
antigens
C.
lysozyme
D.
antibodies
E.
digestive enzymes
Question #17
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.
A.
redness
B.
chills
C.
pain
D.
swelling
E.
warmth
Question #18
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
A.
Basophils
B.
Neutrophils
C.
Eosinophils
D.
Monocytes
E.
Lymphocytes
Question #19
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.
A.
dendritic cells
B.
mast cells
C.
platelets
D.
eosinophils
E.
macrophages
Question #20
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.
A.
cytotoxic T cells
B.
neutrophils
C.
macrophages
D.
killer T cells
E.
primary phagocytes
Question #21
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
A.
monocytes
B.
lymphocytes
C.
neutrophils
D.
eosinophils
E.
basophils
Question #22
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense?
A.
Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B.
Involves barriers at portals of entry Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
C.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
D.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves barriers at portals of entry Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears
Question #23
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.
A.
stimulates hematopoiesis
B.
reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
C.
increases metabolism
D.
increases the availability of iron
E.
increases phagocytosis
Question #24
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
A.
Digestive tract
B.
Respiratory tract
C.
Eyes
D.
Skin
E.
Urinary tract
Question #25
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.
A.
IgG only
B.
IgM and IgD
C.
IgD and IgE
D.
IgM only
E.
IgD only
Question #26
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
A.
islet of Langerhans cells
B.
eosinophils
C.
red blood cells
D.
leukocytes
E.
epithelial cells
Question #27
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
A.
located in the thymus gland
B.
glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
E.
found on the third chromosome
F.
Question #28
Lymphocytes ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
C.
gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
D.
possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
E.
develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
Question #29
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A.
IgA
B.
IgD
C.
IgG
D.
IgE
E.
IgM
Question #30
Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #31
Superantigens are ________.
A.
cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
B.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
C.
body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
those that evoke allergic reactions
Question #32
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.
A.
has 10 antigen binding sites
B.
contains a central J chain
C.
is a dimer
D.
can serve as a B-cell receptor
E.
is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
Question #33
B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #34
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
C.
self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
D.
certain secreted complement components
E.
all HLA antigens
Question #35
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A.
Helper T cells
B.
Cytotoxic T cells
C.
Plasma cells
D.
B cells
E.
Antigen-presenting cells
Question #36
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
A.
helper T cells
B.
cytotoxic T cells
C.
delayed hypersensitivity T cells
D.
suppressor T cells
E.
natural killer (NK) cells
Question #37
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.
A.
allergens
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
heterophilic antigens
D.
autoantigens
E.
superantigens
Question #38
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.
A.
are cells or large, complex molecules
B.
are foreign to the immune system
C.
are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
D.
have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
E.
have molecular complexity
Question #39
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
are the result of genetic expression
C.
function in recognition of self molecules
D.
aid in cellular development
E.
receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
Question #40
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
A.
hapten
B.
antigen binding site
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
epitope
E.
variable region
Question #41
Helper T cells ________.
A.
secrete antibodies
B.
directly destroy target cells
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
activate B cells and other T cells
E.
suppress immune reactions
Question #42
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
A.
IgD
B.
IgM
C.
IgA
D.
IgE
E.
IgG
Question #43
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
A.
binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
B.
binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
C.
D.
interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
E.
typically a protein antigen
F.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #44
There are only two major subsets of T cells.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #45
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
A.
hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
B.
include macrophages
C.
include dendritic cells
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
Question #46
Plasma cells ________.
A.
activate B cells and other T cells
B.
directly destroy target cells
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
secrete antibodies
E.
suppress immune reactions
Question #47
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
A.
Fc
B.
terminal
C.
hinge
D.
Fab
E.
variable
Question #48
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
C.
hormonal signals that initiate development
D.
release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
E.
T cells maturing in the thymus
Question #49
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
A.
two identical light polypeptide chains
B.
a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain
C.
disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
D.
two identical heavy polypeptide chains
E.
four antigen binding sites
Question #50
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.
A.
histamine
B.
platelet-activating factor
C.
prostaglandin
D.
serotonin
E.
leukotriene
Question #51
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.
A.
rheumatoid arthritis
B.
myasthenia gravis
C.
tuberculin reaction
D.
Graves' disease
E.
multiple sclerosis
Question #52
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
A.
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
B.
Both anaphylaxis and antibody mediated
C.
Anaphylaxis
D.
Immune complex mediated
E.
Antibody mediated
Question #53
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
Formation of autoantibodies
C.
Host rejection of graft
D.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
E.
Graft versus host disease
Question #54
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
A.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
B.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
C.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
D.
Degranulation
E.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
Question #55
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ________.
A.
None of thechoices are correct.
B.
desensitization
C.
sensitization
D.
degranulation
E.
tissue matching
Question #56
What involves determination of donor HLA antigens compared to those of the recipient's tissue?
A.
Both skin graft and organ transplantation
B.
Organ transplantation
C.
All of thechoices are correct.
D.
Skin graft
E.
Blood transfusion
Question #57
A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ________.
A.
eczema
B.
anaphylaxis
C.
atopic dermatitis
D.
asthma
E.
allergic rhinitis
Question #58
Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?
A.
Involves an immune complex reaction
B.
Serum sickness is a systemic response
C.
The Arthus reaction is a local response
D.
Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies
E.
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues
Question #59
Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against ________.
A.
cells in thyroid follicles
B.
acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle
C.
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system
D.
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle
E.
sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane
Question #60
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
A.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
B.
Degranulation
C.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
D.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
E.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
Question #61
Corticosteroids will ________.
A.
block synthesis of leukotrienes
B.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
C.
inhibit the activity of lymphocytes
D.
relieve inflammatory symptoms
E.
reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles
Question #62
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?
A.
Sneezing
B.
Rhinitis
C.
Diarrhea
D.
Rashes
E.
Contact dermatitis
Question #63
Autoimmunity is typically due to ________.
A.
a deficiency in T-cell development
B.
a transfusion reaction
C.
autoantibodies and T cells
D.
IgE and mast cells
E.
graft rejection
Question #64
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.
A.
type I and type IV
B.
type I, type II, type III, and type IV
C.
type IV only
D.
type I only
E.
type I, type II, and type III
Question #65
Histamine causes all of the following except ________.
A.
wheal and flare reaction in skin
B.
relaxes vascular smooth muscle
C.
pruritus and headache
D.
increased sensitivity to pain
E.
constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine
Question #66
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
Contactant
C.
Inhalant
D.
Injectant
E.
Ingestant
Question #67
Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.
A.
allograft
B.
hypograft
C.
xenograft
D.
autograft
E.
F.
isograft
Question #68
Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.
A.
metastatic cancer
B.
rheumatic fever
C.
type I diabetes
D.
Graves' disease
E.
systemic lupus erythematosus
Question #69
All of the following are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity except ________.
A.
complement
B.
IgM
C.
IgG
D.
IgE
E.
foreign cells
Question #70
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
A.
immunopathology
B.
epidemiology
C.
humoralpathology
D.
hemopathology
E.
histopathology
Question #71
Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.
A.
autoimmune disease
B.
desensitization
C.
immunodeficiency
D.
hypersensitivity
E.
transfusion reaction
Question #72
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
A.
fetal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + mother
B.
maternal Rh + cells enter an Rh -fetus
C.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh + mother
D.
maternal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + fetus
E.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh - mother
Question #73
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
A.
T-cell mediated
B.
antibody mediated
C.
atopic
D.
delayed
E.
systemic anaphylactic
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