Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, 14)
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Question #1
Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.
A.
is toxic to pathogens
B.
creates a physical barrier against pathogens
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
destroys pathogens
E.
physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
Question #2
Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
A.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Phagocytosis and inflammation Anatomical and physiological barriers
B.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics Anatomical and physiological barriers
C.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Use of drugs and antibiotics Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products
D.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics
Question #3
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.
A.
lymph nodes
B.
GALT
C.
tonsils
D.
thymus
E.
spleen
Question #4
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.
A.
motility
B.
phagocytosis
C.
diapedesis
D.
chemotaxis
E.
vasodilation
Question #5
Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?
A.
After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
B.
Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C.
Include Kupffer cells
D.
Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E.
Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei
Question #6
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A.
B cells; T cells
B.
Basophils; T cells
C.
T cells; B cells
D.
Monocytes; basophils
E.
B cells; neutrophils
Question #7
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A.
Extracellular fluid
B.
Intracellular fluid
C.
Bloodstream
D.
Lymphatic system
Question #8
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
A.
skin
B.
respiratory tract
C.
eyes
D.
digestive tract
E.
urinary tract
Question #9
Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?
A.
Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
B.
It can last hours to years.
C.
Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
E.
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
Question #10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
A.
Tumor—cancer
B.
None of these are mismatched.
C.
Rubor—redness
D.
Dolar—pain
E.
Calor—warmth
Question #11
Plasma ________.
A.
contains fibrinogen
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
is mostly water
D.
is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
E.
contains albumin and globulins
Question #12
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.
A.
T cells
B.
mucus
C.
tears
D.
unbroken skin
E.
hairs
Question #13
Diapedesis is the ________.
A.
plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
B.
production of only red blood cells
C.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
D.
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
E.
loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
Question #14
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A.
Block further invasion
B.
Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
C.
Destroy microbes
D.
Cause a fever
E.
Start tissue repair
Question #15
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A.
leukocytes
B.
agranulocytes
C.
granulocytes
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
monocytes
Question #16
The granules of basophils contain ________.
A.
lysozyme
B.
histamine
C.
antigens
D.
antibodies
E.
digestive enzymes
Question #17
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.
A.
warmth
B.
redness
C.
pain
D.
swelling
E.
chills
Question #18
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
A.
Neutrophils
B.
Eosinophils
C.
Lymphocytes
D.
Monocytes
E.
Basophils
Question #19
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.
A.
mast cells
B.
dendritic cells
C.
macrophages
D.
platelets
E.
eosinophils
Question #20
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.
A.
neutrophils
B.
macrophages
C.
cytotoxic T cells
D.
killer T cells
E.
primary phagocytes
Question #21
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
A.
neutrophils
B.
eosinophils
C.
basophils
D.
lymphocytes
E.
monocytes
Question #22
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense?
A.
Involves barriers at portals of entry Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
C.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves barriers at portals of entry Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears
D.
Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Question #23
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.
A.
reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
B.
stimulates hematopoiesis
C.
increases the availability of iron
D.
increases phagocytosis
E.
increases metabolism
Question #24
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
A.
Urinary tract
B.
Digestive tract
C.
Skin
D.
Respiratory tract
E.
Eyes
Question #25
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.
A.
IgD only
B.
IgD and IgE
C.
IgM only
D.
IgG only
E.
IgM and IgD
Question #26
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
A.
epithelial cells
B.
eosinophils
C.
red blood cells
D.
leukocytes
E.
islet of Langerhans cells
Question #27
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
A.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
B.
found on the third chromosome
C.
D.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
located in the thymus gland
F.
glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells
Question #28
Lymphocytes ________.
A.
develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
B.
gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
C.
possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
D.
have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #29
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A.
IgA
B.
IgM
C.
IgG
D.
IgE
E.
IgD
Question #30
Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #31
Superantigens are ________.
A.
those that evoke allergic reactions
B.
body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
C.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
D.
cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #32
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.
A.
contains a central J chain
B.
can serve as a B-cell receptor
C.
is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
D.
is a dimer
E.
has 10 antigen binding sites
Question #33
B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #34
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
A.
self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
certain secreted complement components
D.
all HLA antigens
E.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
Question #35
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A.
Cytotoxic T cells
B.
Plasma cells
C.
Helper T cells
D.
B cells
E.
Antigen-presenting cells
Question #36
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
A.
natural killer (NK) cells
B.
helper T cells
C.
cytotoxic T cells
D.
delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E.
suppressor T cells
Question #37
A.
superantigens
B.
allergens
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
heterophilic antigens
E.
autoantigens
Question #38
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.
A.
are foreign to the immune system
B.
have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
C.
have molecular complexity
D.
are cells or large, complex molecules
E.
are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
Question #39
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.
A.
are the result of genetic expression
B.
function in recognition of self molecules
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
E.
aid in cellular development
Question #40
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
A.
antigen binding site
B.
epitope
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
variable region
E.
hapten
Question #41
Helper T cells ________.
A.
function in allergic reactions
B.
directly destroy target cells
C.
secrete antibodies
D.
activate B cells and other T cells
E.
suppress immune reactions
Question #42
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
A.
IgD
B.
IgA
C.
IgM
D.
IgG
E.
IgE
Question #43
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
A.
binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
typically a protein antigen
D.
interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
E.
binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
F.
Question #44
There are only two major subsets of T cells.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #45
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
A.
include macrophages
B.
engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
include dendritic cells
E.
hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
Question #46
Plasma cells ________.
A.
activate B cells and other T cells
B.
directly destroy target cells
C.
suppress immune reactions
D.
function in allergic reactions
E.
secrete antibodies
Question #47
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
A.
variable
B.
terminal
C.
hinge
D.
Fc
E.
Fab
Question #48
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.
A.
release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
D.
hormonal signals that initiate development
E.
T cells maturing in the thymus
Question #49
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
A.
four antigen binding sites
B.
a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain
C.
two identical light polypeptide chains
D.
two identical heavy polypeptide chains
E.
disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
Question #50
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.
A.
serotonin
B.
prostaglandin
C.
platelet-activating factor
D.
leukotriene
E.
histamine
Question #51
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.
A.
Graves' disease
B.
tuberculin reaction
C.
rheumatoid arthritis
D.
multiple sclerosis
E.
myasthenia gravis
Question #52
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
A.
Anaphylaxis
B.
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
C.
Antibody mediated
D.
Both anaphylaxis and antibody mediated
E.
Immune complex mediated
Question #53
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
A.
Graft versus host disease
B.
Formation of autoantibodies
C.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
Host rejection of graft
Question #54
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
A.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
B.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
C.
Degranulation
D.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
E.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Question #55
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ________.
A.
desensitization
B.
sensitization
C.
tissue matching
D.
None of thechoices are correct.
E.
degranulation
Question #56
What involves determination of donor HLA antigens compared to those of the recipient's tissue?
A.
All of thechoices are correct.
B.
Both skin graft and organ transplantation
C.
Skin graft
D.
Organ transplantation
E.
Blood transfusion
Question #57
A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ________.
A.
atopic dermatitis
B.
anaphylaxis
C.
asthma
D.
allergic rhinitis
E.
eczema
Question #58
Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?
A.
Serum sickness is a systemic response
B.
The Arthus reaction is a local response
C.
Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies
D.
Involves an immune complex reaction
E.
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues
Question #59
Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against ________.
A.
cells in thyroid follicles
B.
acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle
C.
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle
D.
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system
E.
sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane
Question #60
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
A.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
B.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
D.
Degranulation
E.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
Question #61
Corticosteroids will ________.
A.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
B.
reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles
C.
relieve inflammatory symptoms
D.
inhibit the activity of lymphocytes
E.
block synthesis of leukotrienes
Question #62
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?
A.
Rashes
B.
Diarrhea
C.
Contact dermatitis
D.
Rhinitis
E.
Sneezing
Question #63
Autoimmunity is typically due to ________.
A.
a deficiency in T-cell development
B.
IgE and mast cells
C.
graft rejection
D.
a transfusion reaction
E.
autoantibodies and T cells
Question #64
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.
A.
type I, type II, and type III
B.
type I, type II, type III, and type IV
C.
type I only
D.
type IV only
E.
type I and type IV
Question #65
Histamine causes all of the following except ________.
A.
wheal and flare reaction in skin
B.
increased sensitivity to pain
C.
pruritus and headache
D.
relaxes vascular smooth muscle
E.
constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine
Question #66
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
A.
Injectant
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
Ingestant
D.
Contactant
E.
Inhalant
Question #67
Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.
A.
hypograft
B.
xenograft
C.
allograft
D.
autograft
E.
isograft
F.
Question #68
Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.
A.
metastatic cancer
B.
systemic lupus erythematosus
C.
Graves' disease
D.
rheumatic fever
E.
type I diabetes
Question #69
All of the following are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity except ________.
A.
IgG
B.
complement
C.
foreign cells
D.
IgM
E.
IgE
Question #70
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
A.
humoralpathology
B.
histopathology
C.
epidemiology
D.
immunopathology
E.
hemopathology
Question #71
Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.
A.
transfusion reaction
B.
hypersensitivity
C.
immunodeficiency
D.
desensitization
E.
autoimmune disease
Question #72
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
A.
fetal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + mother
B.
maternal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + fetus
C.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh + mother
D.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh - mother
E.
maternal Rh + cells enter an Rh -fetus
Question #73
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
A.
atopic
B.
delayed
C.
systemic anaphylactic
D.
antibody mediated
E.
T-cell mediated
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