Microbiology 020 - General Microbiology » Winter 2022 » Lecture Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, 14)
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Question #1
Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.
A.
destroys pathogens
B.
creates a physical barrier against pathogens
C.
None of the choices are correct.
D.
is toxic to pathogens
E.
physically restricts pathogens to a specific region
Question #2
Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.
A.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Use of drugs and antibiotics Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products
B.
Internal cellular and chemical defenses Phagocytosis and inflammation Anatomical and physiological barriers
C.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics Anatomical and physiological barriers
D.
Host defenses due to B and T cells and their products Use of drugs and antibiotics
Question #3
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.
A.
spleen
B.
thymus
C.
tonsils
D.
lymph nodes
E.
GALT
Question #4
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except ________.
A.
vasodilation
B.
motility
C.
phagocytosis
D.
diapedesis
E.
chemotaxis
Question #5
Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?
A.
Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei
B.
After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
C.
Include Kupffer cells
D.
Develop from undifferentiated stem cells
E.
Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
Question #6
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A.
Basophils; T cells
B.
B cells; neutrophils
C.
T cells; B cells
D.
Monocytes; basophils
E.
B cells; T cells
Question #7
Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A.
Lymphatic system
B.
Bloodstream
C.
Extracellular fluid
D.
Intracellular fluid
Question #8
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
A.
eyes
B.
skin
C.
digestive tract
D.
urinary tract
E.
respiratory tract
Question #9
Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?
A.
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
B.
Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
C.
It can last hours to years.
D.
Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
E.
Basophils and mast cells release histamine.
Question #10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
A.
None of these are mismatched.
B.
Rubor—redness
C.
Calor—warmth
D.
Dolar—pain
E.
Tumor—cancer
Question #11
Plasma ________.
A.
is mostly water
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended
D.
contains albumin and globulins
E.
contains fibrinogen
Question #12
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.
A.
hairs
B.
tears
C.
mucus
D.
T cells
E.
unbroken skin
Question #13
Diapedesis is the ________.
A.
plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding
B.
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
C.
loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
D.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
E.
production of only red blood cells
Question #14
Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?
A.
Destroy microbes
B.
Block further invasion
C.
Start tissue repair
D.
Cause a fever
E.
Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
Question #15
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _______ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.
A.
monocytes
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
leukocytes
D.
agranulocytes
E.
granulocytes
Question #16
The granules of basophils contain ________.
A.
histamine
B.
antibodies
C.
lysozyme
D.
antigens
E.
digestive enzymes
Question #17
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.
A.
chills
B.
redness
C.
warmth
D.
pain
E.
swelling
Question #18
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
A.
Lymphocytes
B.
Eosinophils
C.
Basophils
D.
Monocytes
E.
Neutrophils
Question #19
Leukocytes that are derived from monocytes and have long, thin processes to trap pathogens are ________.
A.
mast cells
B.
platelets
C.
dendritic cells
D.
macrophages
E.
eosinophils
Question #20
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into ________.
A.
cytotoxic T cells
B.
macrophages
C.
neutrophils
D.
killer T cells
E.
primary phagocytes
Question #21
The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.
A.
lymphocytes
B.
neutrophils
C.
monocytes
D.
eosinophils
E.
basophils
Question #22
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the first line of defense?
A.
Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
B.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
C.
Includes chemicals such as lysozyme and lactic acid Involves barriers at portals of entry Examples include the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory passages, excretion of urine, and production of tears
D.
Involves barriers at portals of entry Involves phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Involves recognition of foreign agents by their pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Question #23
Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.
A.
stimulates hematopoiesis
B.
increases phagocytosis
C.
reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply
D.
increases metabolism
E.
increases the availability of iron
Question #24
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
A.
Eyes
B.
Digestive tract
C.
Skin
D.
Urinary tract
E.
Respiratory tract
Question #25
The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells are ________.
A.
IgM and IgD
B.
IgD and IgE
C.
IgD only
D.
IgG only
E.
IgM only
Question #26
MHC molecules are found on each of the following cells except ________.
A.
islet of Langerhans cells
B.
red blood cells
C.
eosinophils
D.
leukocytes
E.
epithelial cells
Question #27
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
A.
glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells
B.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
C.
D.
found on the third chromosome
E.
All of the choices are correct.
F.
located in the thymus gland
Question #28
Lymphocytes ________.
A.
gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens
D.
possess MHC antigens for recognizing self
E.
develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity
Question #29
________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum.
A.
IgM
B.
IgA
C.
IgE
D.
IgG
E.
IgD
Question #30
Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #31
Superantigens are ________.
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign
C.
cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members
D.
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
E.
those that evoke allergic reactions
Question #32
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except ________.
A.
is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell
B.
is a dimer
C.
has 10 antigen binding sites
D.
contains a central J chain
E.
can serve as a B-cell receptor
Question #33
B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules.
A.
true
B.
false
Question #34
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
A.
all HLA antigens
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
certain secreted complement components
D.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
E.
self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes
Question #35
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
A.
Antigen-presenting cells
B.
Plasma cells
C.
Helper T cells
D.
B cells
E.
Cytotoxic T cells
Question #36
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
A.
suppressor T cells
B.
cytotoxic T cells
C.
natural killer (NK) cells
D.
delayed hypersensitivity T cells
E.
helper T cells
Question #37
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.
A.
superantigens
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
allergens
D.
autoantigens
E.
heterophilic antigens
Question #38
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except ________.
A.
have molecular complexity
B.
are large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000
C.
have large polymers made up of repeating subunits
D.
are cells or large, complex molecules
E.
are foreign to the immune system
Question #39
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions ________.
A.
function in recognition of self molecules
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
D.
are the result of genetic expression
E.
aid in cellular development
Question #40
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
A.
variable region
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
hapten
D.
epitope
E.
antigen binding site
Question #41
Helper T cells ________.
A.
secrete antibodies
B.
suppress immune reactions
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
activate B cells and other T cells
E.
directly destroy target cells
Question #42
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
A.
IgD
B.
IgG
C.
IgA
D.
IgE
E.
IgM
Question #43
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
A.
interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
B.
typically a protein antigen
C.
binding of T-cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage
D.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
F.
binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen
Question #44
There are only two major subsets of T cells.
A.
false
B.
true
Question #45
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
A.
include macrophages
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
include dendritic cells
D.
engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic
E.
hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface
Question #46
Plasma cells ________.
A.
activate B cells and other T cells
B.
directly destroy target cells
C.
function in allergic reactions
D.
secrete antibodies
E.
suppress immune reactions
Question #47
Each ________ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope.
A.
variable
B.
Fc
C.
hinge
D.
Fab
E.
terminal
Question #48
Lymphocyte maturation involves ________.
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
B cells maturing in bone marrow sites
C.
T cells maturing in the thymus
D.
hormonal signals that initiate development
E.
release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs
Question #49
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
A.
two identical light polypeptide chains
B.
disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains
C.
four antigen binding sites
D.
a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain
E.
two identical heavy polypeptide chains
Question #50
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is ________.
A.
platelet-activating factor
B.
prostaglandin
C.
leukotriene
D.
serotonin
E.
histamine
Question #51
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all of the following diseases except ________.
A.
Graves' disease
B.
rheumatoid arthritis
C.
multiple sclerosis
D.
myasthenia gravis
E.
tuberculin reaction
Question #52
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
A.
Immune complex mediated
B.
Anaphylaxis
C.
Both anaphylaxis and antibody mediated
D.
Antibody mediated
E.
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
Question #53
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
Graft versus host disease
C.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
D.
Formation of autoantibodies
E.
Host rejection of graft
Question #54
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
A.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
B.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
C.
Degranulation
D.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
E.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
Question #55
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing ________.
A.
None of thechoices are correct.
B.
desensitization
C.
sensitization
D.
degranulation
E.
tissue matching
Question #56
What involves determination of donor HLA antigens compared to those of the recipient's tissue?
A.
Skin graft
B.
Organ transplantation
C.
All of thechoices are correct.
D.
Both skin graft and organ transplantation
E.
Blood transfusion
Question #57
A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ________.
A.
allergic rhinitis
B.
eczema
C.
anaphylaxis
D.
atopic dermatitis
E.
asthma
Question #58
Which of the following is not true of type III hypersensitivity?
A.
Involves production of IgG and IgE antibodies
B.
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the basement membrane of epithelial tissues
C.
Serum sickness is a systemic response
D.
The Arthus reaction is a local response
E.
Involves an immune complex reaction
Question #59
Myasthenia gravis disease arises from the production of autoantibodies against ________.
A.
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system
B.
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle
C.
sodium pump proteins in the cell membrane
D.
cells in thyroid follicles
E.
acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle
Question #60
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
A.
Histamine acts on smooth muscle
B.
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
C.
Degranulation
D.
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
E.
Bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
Question #61
Corticosteroids will ________.
A.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
B.
inhibit the activity of lymphocytes
C.
reverse spasms of respiratory smooth muscles
D.
block synthesis of leukotrienes
E.
relieve inflammatory symptoms
Question #62
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of type I hypersensitivity?
A.
Contact dermatitis
B.
Rashes
C.
Diarrhea
D.
Sneezing
E.
Rhinitis
Question #63
Autoimmunity is typically due to ________.
A.
IgE and mast cells
B.
a transfusion reaction
C.
a deficiency in T-cell development
D.
graft rejection
E.
autoantibodies and T cells
Question #64
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category ________.
A.
type I and type IV
B.
type I, type II, and type III
C.
type I only
D.
type IV only
E.
type I, type II, type III, and type IV
Question #65
Histamine causes all of the following except ________.
A.
pruritus and headache
B.
increased sensitivity to pain
C.
constriction of smooth muscle of bronchi and the intestine
D.
wheal and flare reaction in skin
E.
relaxes vascular smooth muscle
Question #66
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
A.
Injectant
B.
Ingestant
C.
Inhalant
D.
Contactant
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #67
Tissue transplanted from one body site on a patient to a different body site on that patient is called a(n) ________.
A.
autograft
B.
xenograft
C.
D.
allograft
E.
isograft
F.
hypograft
Question #68
Each of the following is an autoimmune disease except ________.
A.
Graves' disease
B.
systemic lupus erythematosus
C.
type I diabetes
D.
metastatic cancer
E.
rheumatic fever
Question #69
All of the following are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity except ________.
A.
IgM
B.
foreign cells
C.
IgG
D.
complement
E.
IgE
Question #70
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
A.
epidemiology
B.
humoralpathology
C.
hemopathology
D.
immunopathology
E.
histopathology
Question #71
Any heightened or inappropriate immune response resulting in tissue damage is called a(n) ________.
A.
hypersensitivity
B.
transfusion reaction
C.
desensitization
D.
immunodeficiency
E.
autoimmune disease
Question #72
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
A.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh - mother
B.
maternal Rh + cells enter an Rh -fetus
C.
fetal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + mother
D.
fetal Rh + cells enter an Rh + mother
E.
maternal Rh ˗ cells enter an Rh + fetus
Question #73
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
A.
delayed
B.
antibody mediated
C.
T-cell mediated
D.
systemic anaphylactic
E.
atopic
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