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Question #1
Classical theorists were guided by the assumption that humans are ___.
A.
religious
B.
rational
C.
educated
D.
political animals
Question #2
Cesare Lombroso concluded that ___.
A.
there is a born criminal
B.
criminals cannot be recognized
C.
individuals become criminals because of social factors
D.
criminals are often handsome
Question #3
Emile Durkheim developed the concept of ___ to characterize the condition of a society or group with a high degree of confusion and contradiction in its basic social norms.
A.
anomie
B.
suicide
C.
strain
D.
alienation
Question #4
During times of social upheaval, social norms become confusing and contradictory and according to Durkheim, ___.
A.
people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability
B.
the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended
C.
suicide rates drop dramatically
D.
the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability
Question #5
Durkheim contended that unusually high suicide rates were best understood and predicted from careful study of ___.
A.
arrest rates
B.
economic status
C.
prevailing social conditions
D.
local government
Question #6
Which of the following involves a rigid adherence to the culturally approved methods for getting ahead and making progress?
A.
rebellion
B.
centralism
C.
ritualism
D.
retreatism
Question #7
Which of the following roughly corresponds to merton's conformity mode of adaptation?
A.
the "college boy"
B.
"corner boy"
C.
"delinquent boy"
D.
none of the above
Question #8
Thorsten Sellin, in explaining fluctuating crime rates in different parts of urban society, noted that values, customs, and standards of conducts were ___.
A.
really not important
B.
not identifiable
C.
not uniform throughout population
D.
uniform throughout the population
Question #9
which of the following is associated with concentric zone theory?
A.
Earnest Burgess
B.
Roland Chilton
C.
William Bennett
D.
Charles Murray
Question #10
Shaw and MacKay concluded that delinquency rates reflected ___.
A.
lack of government commitment to social improvements
B.
the kids of neighborhoods in which children were raised
C.
lack of parental concern
D.
inadequate educational opportunities
Question #11
The social learning theories assume that ___ human behavior is learned.
A.
very little
B.
some
C.
no
D.
virtually all
Question #12
Which of the following refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to persons functioning or social beings?
A.
characterization
B.
politicization
C.
crystallization
D.
socialization
Question #13
According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey, if the definitions favorable to the law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation, the balance scale is tipped and the youth ___.
A.
loses interest in society
B.
will become a ward of the sate
C.
slips into juvenile delinquency
D.
can never become a law-abiding citizens
Question #14
Differential associations may vary ___.
A.
only in frequency
B.
in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
C.
only in duration
D.
only in priority
Question #15
Who supplemented Sutherland and Cressy's Theory of Differential Association by adding the concept of differential identification?
A.
thomas ward
B.
martin morris
C.
daniel glaser
D.
norman dunn
Question #16
When applying Reckless Containment theory to delinquency, the term "pull factors" might encompass such variables as ___.
A.
membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
B.
alienation and frustration
C.
pride and self worth
D.
mental conflict and anxiety
Question #17
Inner containment ___.
A.
cannot be applied to juveniles
B.
represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
C.
applies only to juveniles
D.
does not vary among individuals
Question #18
Sykes and Matza called their construction of the delinquency process ___.
A.
techniques of neutralization
B.
containment theory
C.
inner containment
D.
outer containment
Question #19
How many elements of the social bond tie individuals to conventional society according to Hirschi?
A.
five
B.
two
C.
four
D.
three
Question #20
Social status ___.
A.
is an individuals prestige position
B.
pertains to a person's particular religion
C.
is not important in the us
D.
has no relation to formal education
Question #21
A biological characteristic such as sex or age ___.
A.
may ascribe social status
B.
does not affect social status
C.
is the only factor affecting social status
D.
is never considered in a matters relating to social status
Question #22
A social role ___.
A.
is usually not noted
B.
is the set of behavior expectations that accompanies a particular status
C.
is of little concern to most citizen
D.
has no real relation to status
Question #23
Howard Becker defined and described labeling as ___.
A.
a political process
B.
an educational process
C.
an unimportant process
D.
an interactive process
Question #24
The classic concept of the "looking glass self" is associated with ___.
A.
Charles Horton Cooley and W.I. Thomas
B.
Sutherland and Cressy
C.
G. M. sykes and D. Matza
D.
B.F. skinner
Question #25
The concept of "definition of the situation" essentially means that ___.
A.
when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences
B.
no situation is ever the same
C.
situations are defined differently
D.
situations can cause serious consequences
Question #26
Frank Tannenbaum concluded ___.
A.
people do not care how they are described
B.
the adult criminal is usually the delinquent grown up
C.
people are difficult to describe
D.
description has no effect on a person
Question #27
When does primary deviation occur?
A.
when a deviant act is instigated by the parent
B.
when and individuals self concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed
C.
when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten
D.
when an individual may commit a deviant act(s) but does not internalize the deviant self concept and still conforms
Question #28
What view did howard becker propound in his book, The Outsiders?
A.
deviance really does not exist
B.
deviance is the same to all
C.
deviance cannot be seen
D.
deviance, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder
Question #29
In studying hedonism and the media, we find that ___.,,
A.
videotaping acts of delinquency increases the concept of fun
B.
posting acts on the internet increases the concept of entertainment
C.
there is no impact between media and hedonism
Question #30
One of the longest standing and most agreed upon facts in studying juvenile delinquency is that ___ and ___ are related.
A.
social class and martial status
B.
weather and crime
C.
age and crime
D.
IQ and crime
Question #31
Life - course offenders are best defined by those who engage in ___.
A.
criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy
B.
delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults
C.
antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire lives
D.
criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens
Question #32
Rational Choice Theory contends that the law violating behavior occurs when an offender deciders to take a chance violating the law, therefore ___.
A.
the responsibility can never be fully understood
B.
the responsibility is on both the individual and society
C.
the responsibility is directly on him/her
D.
the responsibility can be blamed on society
Question #33
Specific Deterrence is best described as discouraging ___.
A.
others from committing similar acts
B.
individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts
C.
an individual from committing similar acts in the future
D.
all of the above apply
Question #34
Deterrence theories have been ignoring that many youths are handicapped by dysfunctional ___.
A.
biological factors
B.
psychological factors
C.
socioeconomic factors
D.
all of the above
Question #35
In her book "odd girl out" simmons pointed out that the culture's socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for ___.
A.
their relations with others
B.
their appearance
C.
their academic abilities
D.
their athletic abilities
Question #36
Which types of aggression was categorized by the intent to damage anthers persons self esteem or social status within a group?
A.
indirect aggression
B.
social aggression
C.
physical aggression
D.
relational aggression
Question #37
Feminist theorists are very interested in the connection between ___.
A.
gender
B.
class
C.
race
D.
all of the above
Question #38
Freda Adler's hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called ___.
A.
gender gap hypothesis
B.
liberation hypothesis
C.
frustration hypothesis
D.
maturation hypothesis
Question #39
The chivalry factor in delinquency is best explained by ___.,,
A.
females being treated with more leniency by police
B.
females being suspected less or criminal behavior
C.
male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women
Question #40
Social strain theory explains some juvenile delinquency as the ___.
A.
perception of blocked opportunities
B.
commitment in school
C.
levels of attachment with others
D.
the types of people youths associated themselves with
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