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Question #1
Classical theorists were guided by the assumption that humans are ___.
A.
religious
B.
rational
C.
educated
D.
political animals
Question #2
Cesare Lombroso concluded that ___.
A.
criminals are often handsome
B.
individuals become criminals because of social factors
C.
there is a born criminal
D.
criminals cannot be recognized
Question #3
Emile Durkheim developed the concept of ___ to characterize the condition of a society or group with a high degree of confusion and contradiction in its basic social norms.
A.
suicide
B.
anomie
C.
strain
D.
alienation
Question #4
During times of social upheaval, social norms become confusing and contradictory and according to Durkheim, ___.
A.
suicide rates drop dramatically
B.
people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability
C.
the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability
D.
the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended
Question #5
Durkheim contended that unusually high suicide rates were best understood and predicted from careful study of ___.
A.
prevailing social conditions
B.
arrest rates
C.
local government
D.
economic status
Question #6
Which of the following involves a rigid adherence to the culturally approved methods for getting ahead and making progress?
A.
rebellion
B.
ritualism
C.
centralism
D.
retreatism
Question #7
Which of the following roughly corresponds to merton's conformity mode of adaptation?
A.
"delinquent boy"
B.
"corner boy"
C.
the "college boy"
D.
none of the above
Question #8
Thorsten Sellin, in explaining fluctuating crime rates in different parts of urban society, noted that values, customs, and standards of conducts were ___.
A.
not identifiable
B.
really not important
C.
not uniform throughout population
D.
uniform throughout the population
Question #9
which of the following is associated with concentric zone theory?
A.
Earnest Burgess
B.
William Bennett
C.
Charles Murray
D.
Roland Chilton
Question #10
Shaw and MacKay concluded that delinquency rates reflected ___.
A.
the kids of neighborhoods in which children were raised
B.
lack of government commitment to social improvements
C.
inadequate educational opportunities
D.
lack of parental concern
Question #11
The social learning theories assume that ___ human behavior is learned.
A.
some
B.
very little
C.
virtually all
D.
no
Question #12
Which of the following refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to persons functioning or social beings?
A.
politicization
B.
crystallization
C.
characterization
D.
socialization
Question #13
According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey, if the definitions favorable to the law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation, the balance scale is tipped and the youth ___.
A.
loses interest in society
B.
can never become a law-abiding citizens
C.
will become a ward of the sate
D.
slips into juvenile delinquency
Question #14
Differential associations may vary ___.
A.
in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
B.
only in priority
C.
only in duration
D.
only in frequency
Question #15
Who supplemented Sutherland and Cressy's Theory of Differential Association by adding the concept of differential identification?
A.
daniel glaser
B.
martin morris
C.
norman dunn
D.
thomas ward
Question #16
When applying Reckless Containment theory to delinquency, the term "pull factors" might encompass such variables as ___.
A.
pride and self worth
B.
membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
C.
alienation and frustration
D.
mental conflict and anxiety
Question #17
Inner containment ___.
A.
represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
B.
does not vary among individuals
C.
cannot be applied to juveniles
D.
applies only to juveniles
Question #18
Sykes and Matza called their construction of the delinquency process ___.
A.
containment theory
B.
outer containment
C.
inner containment
D.
techniques of neutralization
Question #19
How many elements of the social bond tie individuals to conventional society according to Hirschi?
A.
two
B.
four
C.
three
D.
five
Question #20
Social status ___.
A.
pertains to a person's particular religion
B.
is an individuals prestige position
C.
is not important in the us
D.
has no relation to formal education
Question #21
A biological characteristic such as sex or age ___.
A.
is never considered in a matters relating to social status
B.
does not affect social status
C.
is the only factor affecting social status
D.
may ascribe social status
Question #22
A social role ___.
A.
is usually not noted
B.
is of little concern to most citizen
C.
is the set of behavior expectations that accompanies a particular status
D.
has no real relation to status
Question #23
Howard Becker defined and described labeling as ___.
A.
an educational process
B.
a political process
C.
an interactive process
D.
an unimportant process
Question #24
The classic concept of the "looking glass self" is associated with ___.
A.
Sutherland and Cressy
B.
Charles Horton Cooley and W.I. Thomas
C.
B.F. skinner
D.
G. M. sykes and D. Matza
Question #25
The concept of "definition of the situation" essentially means that ___.
A.
when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences
B.
situations are defined differently
C.
no situation is ever the same
D.
situations can cause serious consequences
Question #26
Frank Tannenbaum concluded ___.
A.
people do not care how they are described
B.
people are difficult to describe
C.
description has no effect on a person
D.
the adult criminal is usually the delinquent grown up
Question #27
When does primary deviation occur?
A.
when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten
B.
when an individual may commit a deviant act(s) but does not internalize the deviant self concept and still conforms
C.
when a deviant act is instigated by the parent
D.
when and individuals self concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed
Question #28
What view did howard becker propound in his book, The Outsiders?
A.
deviance cannot be seen
B.
deviance really does not exist
C.
deviance, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder
D.
deviance is the same to all
Question #29
In studying hedonism and the media, we find that ___.,,
A.
videotaping acts of delinquency increases the concept of fun
B.
there is no impact between media and hedonism
C.
posting acts on the internet increases the concept of entertainment
Question #30
One of the longest standing and most agreed upon facts in studying juvenile delinquency is that ___ and ___ are related.
A.
social class and martial status
B.
weather and crime
C.
age and crime
D.
IQ and crime
Question #31
Life - course offenders are best defined by those who engage in ___.
A.
delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults
B.
criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy
C.
antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire lives
D.
criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens
Question #32
Rational Choice Theory contends that the law violating behavior occurs when an offender deciders to take a chance violating the law, therefore ___.
A.
the responsibility can never be fully understood
B.
the responsibility can be blamed on society
C.
the responsibility is on both the individual and society
D.
the responsibility is directly on him/her
Question #33
Specific Deterrence is best described as discouraging ___.
A.
individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts
B.
an individual from committing similar acts in the future
C.
others from committing similar acts
D.
all of the above apply
Question #34
Deterrence theories have been ignoring that many youths are handicapped by dysfunctional ___.
A.
socioeconomic factors
B.
psychological factors
C.
biological factors
D.
all of the above
Question #35
In her book "odd girl out" simmons pointed out that the culture's socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for ___.
A.
their appearance
B.
their relations with others
C.
their academic abilities
D.
their athletic abilities
Question #36
Which types of aggression was categorized by the intent to damage anthers persons self esteem or social status within a group?
A.
physical aggression
B.
indirect aggression
C.
relational aggression
D.
social aggression
Question #37
Feminist theorists are very interested in the connection between ___.
A.
class
B.
gender
C.
race
D.
all of the above
Question #38
Freda Adler's hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called ___.
A.
gender gap hypothesis
B.
liberation hypothesis
C.
frustration hypothesis
D.
maturation hypothesis
Question #39
The chivalry factor in delinquency is best explained by ___.,,
A.
male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women
B.
females being treated with more leniency by police
C.
females being suspected less or criminal behavior
Question #40
Social strain theory explains some juvenile delinquency as the ___.
A.
the types of people youths associated themselves with
B.
levels of attachment with others
C.
commitment in school
D.
perception of blocked opportunities
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