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Question #1
Classical theorists were guided by the assumption that humans are ___.
A.
religious
B.
educated
C.
rational
D.
political animals
Question #2
Cesare Lombroso concluded that ___.
A.
individuals become criminals because of social factors
B.
there is a born criminal
C.
criminals cannot be recognized
D.
criminals are often handsome
Question #3
Emile Durkheim developed the concept of ___ to characterize the condition of a society or group with a high degree of confusion and contradiction in its basic social norms.
A.
suicide
B.
strain
C.
alienation
D.
anomie
Question #4
During times of social upheaval, social norms become confusing and contradictory and according to Durkheim, ___.
A.
the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability
B.
suicide rates drop dramatically
C.
the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended
D.
people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability
Question #5
Durkheim contended that unusually high suicide rates were best understood and predicted from careful study of ___.
A.
arrest rates
B.
local government
C.
prevailing social conditions
D.
economic status
Question #6
Which of the following involves a rigid adherence to the culturally approved methods for getting ahead and making progress?
A.
rebellion
B.
retreatism
C.
ritualism
D.
centralism
Question #7
Which of the following roughly corresponds to merton's conformity mode of adaptation?
A.
"delinquent boy"
B.
"corner boy"
C.
the "college boy"
D.
none of the above
Question #8
Thorsten Sellin, in explaining fluctuating crime rates in different parts of urban society, noted that values, customs, and standards of conducts were ___.
A.
not uniform throughout population
B.
really not important
C.
not identifiable
D.
uniform throughout the population
Question #9
which of the following is associated with concentric zone theory?
A.
William Bennett
B.
Charles Murray
C.
Earnest Burgess
D.
Roland Chilton
Question #10
Shaw and MacKay concluded that delinquency rates reflected ___.
A.
lack of government commitment to social improvements
B.
the kids of neighborhoods in which children were raised
C.
inadequate educational opportunities
D.
lack of parental concern
Question #11
The social learning theories assume that ___ human behavior is learned.
A.
some
B.
no
C.
very little
D.
virtually all
Question #12
Which of the following refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to persons functioning or social beings?
A.
politicization
B.
crystallization
C.
socialization
D.
characterization
Question #13
According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey, if the definitions favorable to the law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation, the balance scale is tipped and the youth ___.
A.
loses interest in society
B.
can never become a law-abiding citizens
C.
slips into juvenile delinquency
D.
will become a ward of the sate
Question #14
Differential associations may vary ___.
A.
only in frequency
B.
only in priority
C.
only in duration
D.
in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
Question #15
Who supplemented Sutherland and Cressy's Theory of Differential Association by adding the concept of differential identification?
A.
daniel glaser
B.
martin morris
C.
norman dunn
D.
thomas ward
Question #16
When applying Reckless Containment theory to delinquency, the term "pull factors" might encompass such variables as ___.
A.
alienation and frustration
B.
membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
C.
pride and self worth
D.
mental conflict and anxiety
Question #17
Inner containment ___.
A.
applies only to juveniles
B.
does not vary among individuals
C.
cannot be applied to juveniles
D.
represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
Question #18
Sykes and Matza called their construction of the delinquency process ___.
A.
outer containment
B.
techniques of neutralization
C.
containment theory
D.
inner containment
Question #19
How many elements of the social bond tie individuals to conventional society according to Hirschi?
A.
five
B.
four
C.
three
D.
two
Question #20
Social status ___.
A.
has no relation to formal education
B.
is an individuals prestige position
C.
pertains to a person's particular religion
D.
is not important in the us
Question #21
A biological characteristic such as sex or age ___.
A.
may ascribe social status
B.
is never considered in a matters relating to social status
C.
does not affect social status
D.
is the only factor affecting social status
Question #22
A social role ___.
A.
is usually not noted
B.
is of little concern to most citizen
C.
has no real relation to status
D.
is the set of behavior expectations that accompanies a particular status
Question #23
Howard Becker defined and described labeling as ___.
A.
an interactive process
B.
an educational process
C.
an unimportant process
D.
a political process
Question #24
The classic concept of the "looking glass self" is associated with ___.
A.
B.F. skinner
B.
G. M. sykes and D. Matza
C.
Charles Horton Cooley and W.I. Thomas
D.
Sutherland and Cressy
Question #25
The concept of "definition of the situation" essentially means that ___.
A.
no situation is ever the same
B.
situations are defined differently
C.
situations can cause serious consequences
D.
when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences
Question #26
Frank Tannenbaum concluded ___.
A.
people are difficult to describe
B.
people do not care how they are described
C.
the adult criminal is usually the delinquent grown up
D.
description has no effect on a person
Question #27
When does primary deviation occur?
A.
when and individuals self concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed
B.
when an individual may commit a deviant act(s) but does not internalize the deviant self concept and still conforms
C.
when a deviant act is instigated by the parent
D.
when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten
Question #28
What view did howard becker propound in his book, The Outsiders?
A.
deviance really does not exist
B.
deviance cannot be seen
C.
deviance is the same to all
D.
deviance, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder
Question #29
In studying hedonism and the media, we find that ___.,,
A.
there is no impact between media and hedonism
B.
posting acts on the internet increases the concept of entertainment
C.
videotaping acts of delinquency increases the concept of fun
Question #30
One of the longest standing and most agreed upon facts in studying juvenile delinquency is that ___ and ___ are related.
A.
age and crime
B.
IQ and crime
C.
weather and crime
D.
social class and martial status
Question #31
Life - course offenders are best defined by those who engage in ___.
A.
criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy
B.
antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire lives
C.
delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults
D.
criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens
Question #32
Rational Choice Theory contends that the law violating behavior occurs when an offender deciders to take a chance violating the law, therefore ___.
A.
the responsibility can be blamed on society
B.
the responsibility is directly on him/her
C.
the responsibility is on both the individual and society
D.
the responsibility can never be fully understood
Question #33
Specific Deterrence is best described as discouraging ___.
A.
an individual from committing similar acts in the future
B.
individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts
C.
others from committing similar acts
D.
all of the above apply
Question #34
Deterrence theories have been ignoring that many youths are handicapped by dysfunctional ___.
A.
socioeconomic factors
B.
psychological factors
C.
biological factors
D.
all of the above
Question #35
In her book "odd girl out" simmons pointed out that the culture's socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for ___.
A.
their relations with others
B.
their academic abilities
C.
their athletic abilities
D.
their appearance
Question #36
Which types of aggression was categorized by the intent to damage anthers persons self esteem or social status within a group?
A.
relational aggression
B.
social aggression
C.
physical aggression
D.
indirect aggression
Question #37
Feminist theorists are very interested in the connection between ___.
A.
gender
B.
class
C.
race
D.
all of the above
Question #38
Freda Adler's hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called ___.
A.
frustration hypothesis
B.
gender gap hypothesis
C.
maturation hypothesis
D.
liberation hypothesis
Question #39
The chivalry factor in delinquency is best explained by ___.,,
A.
females being treated with more leniency by police
B.
male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women
C.
females being suspected less or criminal behavior
Question #40
Social strain theory explains some juvenile delinquency as the ___.
A.
the types of people youths associated themselves with
B.
perception of blocked opportunities
C.
commitment in school
D.
levels of attachment with others
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