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Question #1
Classical theorists were guided by the assumption that humans are ___.
A.
educated
B.
religious
C.
rational
D.
political animals
Question #2
Cesare Lombroso concluded that ___.
A.
criminals cannot be recognized
B.
there is a born criminal
C.
individuals become criminals because of social factors
D.
criminals are often handsome
Question #3
Emile Durkheim developed the concept of ___ to characterize the condition of a society or group with a high degree of confusion and contradiction in its basic social norms.
A.
alienation
B.
anomie
C.
strain
D.
suicide
Question #4
During times of social upheaval, social norms become confusing and contradictory and according to Durkheim, ___.
A.
the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended
B.
the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability
C.
suicide rates drop dramatically
D.
people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability
Question #5
Durkheim contended that unusually high suicide rates were best understood and predicted from careful study of ___.
A.
arrest rates
B.
economic status
C.
local government
D.
prevailing social conditions
Question #6
Which of the following involves a rigid adherence to the culturally approved methods for getting ahead and making progress?
A.
retreatism
B.
rebellion
C.
centralism
D.
ritualism
Question #7
Which of the following roughly corresponds to merton's conformity mode of adaptation?
A.
"delinquent boy"
B.
the "college boy"
C.
"corner boy"
D.
none of the above
Question #8
Thorsten Sellin, in explaining fluctuating crime rates in different parts of urban society, noted that values, customs, and standards of conducts were ___.
A.
uniform throughout the population
B.
really not important
C.
not uniform throughout population
D.
not identifiable
Question #9
which of the following is associated with concentric zone theory?
A.
Roland Chilton
B.
Charles Murray
C.
William Bennett
D.
Earnest Burgess
Question #10
Shaw and MacKay concluded that delinquency rates reflected ___.
A.
inadequate educational opportunities
B.
the kids of neighborhoods in which children were raised
C.
lack of government commitment to social improvements
D.
lack of parental concern
Question #11
The social learning theories assume that ___ human behavior is learned.
A.
some
B.
virtually all
C.
no
D.
very little
Question #12
Which of the following refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to persons functioning or social beings?
A.
characterization
B.
crystallization
C.
politicization
D.
socialization
Question #13
According to the reasoning of Sutherland and Cressey, if the definitions favorable to the law violation outweigh the definitions unfavorable to law violation, the balance scale is tipped and the youth ___.
A.
slips into juvenile delinquency
B.
can never become a law-abiding citizens
C.
loses interest in society
D.
will become a ward of the sate
Question #14
Differential associations may vary ___.
A.
only in priority
B.
only in duration
C.
in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
D.
only in frequency
Question #15
Who supplemented Sutherland and Cressy's Theory of Differential Association by adding the concept of differential identification?
A.
daniel glaser
B.
thomas ward
C.
martin morris
D.
norman dunn
Question #16
When applying Reckless Containment theory to delinquency, the term "pull factors" might encompass such variables as ___.
A.
mental conflict and anxiety
B.
membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture
C.
pride and self worth
D.
alienation and frustration
Question #17
Inner containment ___.
A.
cannot be applied to juveniles
B.
does not vary among individuals
C.
applies only to juveniles
D.
represents the ability of a person to resist temptations
Question #18
Sykes and Matza called their construction of the delinquency process ___.
A.
containment theory
B.
inner containment
C.
techniques of neutralization
D.
outer containment
Question #19
How many elements of the social bond tie individuals to conventional society according to Hirschi?
A.
four
B.
five
C.
three
D.
two
Question #20
Social status ___.
A.
is an individuals prestige position
B.
has no relation to formal education
C.
pertains to a person's particular religion
D.
is not important in the us
Question #21
A biological characteristic such as sex or age ___.
A.
is the only factor affecting social status
B.
may ascribe social status
C.
does not affect social status
D.
is never considered in a matters relating to social status
Question #22
A social role ___.
A.
is usually not noted
B.
is of little concern to most citizen
C.
is the set of behavior expectations that accompanies a particular status
D.
has no real relation to status
Question #23
Howard Becker defined and described labeling as ___.
A.
an interactive process
B.
an unimportant process
C.
a political process
D.
an educational process
Question #24
The classic concept of the "looking glass self" is associated with ___.
A.
B.F. skinner
B.
Sutherland and Cressy
C.
G. M. sykes and D. Matza
D.
Charles Horton Cooley and W.I. Thomas
Question #25
The concept of "definition of the situation" essentially means that ___.
A.
no situation is ever the same
B.
when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences
C.
situations can cause serious consequences
D.
situations are defined differently
Question #26
Frank Tannenbaum concluded ___.
A.
people do not care how they are described
B.
the adult criminal is usually the delinquent grown up
C.
description has no effect on a person
D.
people are difficult to describe
Question #27
When does primary deviation occur?
A.
when a deviant act is instigated by the parent
B.
when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten
C.
when and individuals self concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed
D.
when an individual may commit a deviant act(s) but does not internalize the deviant self concept and still conforms
Question #28
What view did howard becker propound in his book, The Outsiders?
A.
deviance cannot be seen
B.
deviance really does not exist
C.
deviance is the same to all
D.
deviance, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder
Question #29
In studying hedonism and the media, we find that ___.,,
A.
there is no impact between media and hedonism
B.
posting acts on the internet increases the concept of entertainment
C.
videotaping acts of delinquency increases the concept of fun
Question #30
One of the longest standing and most agreed upon facts in studying juvenile delinquency is that ___ and ___ are related.
A.
age and crime
B.
social class and martial status
C.
weather and crime
D.
IQ and crime
Question #31
Life - course offenders are best defined by those who engage in ___.
A.
criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy
B.
antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire lives
C.
delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults
D.
criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens
Question #32
Rational Choice Theory contends that the law violating behavior occurs when an offender deciders to take a chance violating the law, therefore ___.
A.
the responsibility is directly on him/her
B.
the responsibility can never be fully understood
C.
the responsibility is on both the individual and society
D.
the responsibility can be blamed on society
Question #33
Specific Deterrence is best described as discouraging ___.
A.
an individual from committing similar acts in the future
B.
individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts
C.
others from committing similar acts
D.
all of the above apply
Question #34
Deterrence theories have been ignoring that many youths are handicapped by dysfunctional ___.
A.
socioeconomic factors
B.
biological factors
C.
psychological factors
D.
all of the above
Question #35
In her book "odd girl out" simmons pointed out that the culture's socialization of girls as caretakers teaches them to be valued for ___.
A.
their appearance
B.
their athletic abilities
C.
their relations with others
D.
their academic abilities
Question #36
Which types of aggression was categorized by the intent to damage anthers persons self esteem or social status within a group?
A.
relational aggression
B.
physical aggression
C.
indirect aggression
D.
social aggression
Question #37
Feminist theorists are very interested in the connection between ___.
A.
gender
B.
class
C.
race
D.
all of the above
Question #38
Freda Adler's hypothesis as to why women have been historically underrepresented in crime and delinquency is called ___.
A.
gender gap hypothesis
B.
frustration hypothesis
C.
maturation hypothesis
D.
liberation hypothesis
Question #39
The chivalry factor in delinquency is best explained by ___.,,
A.
male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women
B.
females being treated with more leniency by police
C.
females being suspected less or criminal behavior
Question #40
Social strain theory explains some juvenile delinquency as the ___.
A.
the types of people youths associated themselves with
B.
levels of attachment with others
C.
commitment in school
D.
perception of blocked opportunities
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