Los Angeles Mission College » Psychology » Psychology 041 - Lifespan Psychology » Spring 2016

Psychology 041 - Lifespan Psychology » Spring 2016 » Chapter 8 Quiz

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Question #1

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they

A. Become less contrary than they were as toddlers

B. Become hesitant to try new things

C. Have a new sense of purposefulness

D. Achieve the psychological conflict of the preschool years

Question #2

According to Erikson's theory, children best learn to cooperate to achieve goal through

A. Discipline

B. Scaffolding

C. Modeling

D. Play

Question #3

According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they

A. Identify to closely with other-sex parent

B. Are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

C. Have an overly lenient superego

D. Identify too closely with the same-sex parent

Question #4

When asked "Tell me about yourself," which of the following is 3-year-old Riley the most likely to say?

A. "I am friendly"

B. "I have new blue shoes"

C. "I am cheerful"

D. "I am shy"

Question #5

In observational research on Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan

A. Irish-American parents told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds

B. Chinese parents rarely told their preschoolers stories about children's transgressions

C. Chinese parents told stories stressing the impact of the child's misdeeds on others

D. Irish-American parents told stories interpreting the child's misbehavior as a negative act

Question #6

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our ________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgements are our ______.

A. Self-concept, self-esteem

B. Self-esteem, self-concept

C. Identity, self-concept

D. Self-concept, identify

Question #7

Between ages 2 and 6

A. The ego begins to cause children to feel guilt

B. Self-esteem develops from repeated experiences with failure

C. Emotional self-regulation improves

D. Preschoolers focus less intently on qualities that make them unique

Question #8

The more parents ______, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

A. Expect their children to behave like adults

B. Label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors

C. Encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers

D. Label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers

Question #9

Warm parents who _____ strengthen children's capacity to handle stress.

A. Explain strategies for controlling feelings

B. Rarely express emotion

C. Label children's feelings as overemotional

D. React boldly when angry or frustrated

Question #10

As the ability to take another's perspective improves,

A. Children rely less on words to convey empathic feelings

B. The tendency to focus on ones own anxiety increases

C. Sympathetic feelings decrease

D. Empathic responding increases

Question #11

Four-year-old Harry has parents who show sensitive, empathic concern for his feelings. When another child is unhappy, Harry is likely to respond with

A. Sympathetic concern

B. Anxiety and distress

C. Frowning and lip biting

D. Fear and anger

Question #12

According to Mildred Parten's research on peer sociability, play develops in what sequence?

A. Associative, cooperative, parallel, nonsocial

B. Nonsocial, parallel, associative, cooperative

C. Nonsocial, parallel, cooperative, associative

D. Cooperative, parellel, nonsocial, associative

Question #13

Parents should be concerned if their preschooler engages in more parallel play than nonsocial activity

A. More solitary play than play with peers

B. More parallel play than nonsocial activity

C. Nonsocial functional play involving repetitive motor action

D. More make-believe play than parallel play

Question #14

Preschoolers understand that a friend is someone who

A. Will be in a relationship with you for a long time

B. Likes you and shares toys

C. Understands you and cares about you

D. Trusts you and who you trust

Question #15

Roger wants to promote his preschool son's peer interaction skills. Which of the following is a particularly effective technique for Roger to try

A. Roger should talk to his son about the values associated with friendship

B. Roger should encourage his son to play group sports

C. Roger should arrange informal peer play activities

D. Roger should encourage his son to make his own play dates

Question #16

All theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape

A. In late childhood

B. In early childhood

C. Prenatally

D. At birth

Question #17

According to Freud, children

A. Listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt

B. Obey the ego to avoid feelings of mistrust

C. Obey the superego to avoid guilt

D. Listen to the id to avoid shame and doubt

Question #18

When parents use inductive discipline, they

A. Threaten to withdraw their love to motivate good behavior

B. Rely on rewards and punishment to shape their child's behavior

C. Model the behavior that they want their child to follow

D. Point out the effects of their child's misbehavior on others

Question #19

According to social learning theorists

A. Prosocial acts often occur spontaneously in early childhood

B. Children behave morally because they are capable of effortful control

C. Morality is acquired through reinforcement and modeling

D. Guilt is the only force that compels us to act morally

Question #20

Parents are most likely to use forceful methods of discipline when

A. Immediate obedience is necessary

B. Children are verbally aggressive towards others

C. Very serious transgression occur

D. They want to foster long-term goals

Question #21

Research on corporal punishment shows that african-american and Caucasian-American parents

A. Are usually highly agitated when they use physical punishment

B. Seem to mete out physical punishment differently

C. Culturally approve of physical discipline

D. Consider physical punishment to be wrong

Question #22

A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games

A. Increases the likelihood of aggressive children

B. Impacts girls more than boys

C. Has a greater impact on teens than on preschool and young school-age children

D. Does not spark hostile behavior in nonaggression children

Question #23

The V-chip

A. Remains optional for new television sets in the US

B. Identifies violent TV and computer programs

C. Violates the First Amendment right to free speech

D. Allows parents to block undesired TV programs

Question #24

The ______ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

A. Social learning

B. Psychoanalytic

C. Behaviorist

D. Cognitive- developmental

Question #25

Gender _____ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with ones or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

A. Selection

B. Identify

C. modeling

D. Typing

Question #26

Which of the following situation would most likely evoke a negative reaction from preschool peers?

A. A girl running in a race

B. A boy playing with a Barbie doll

C. A girl wearing overalls

D. A boy quietly looking at a book

Question #27

Research found that girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens showed a preference for

A. Quiet over active play

B. Girl playmates

C. Trucks and blocks over dolls

D. "ladylike" behavior

Question #28

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that

A. Girls are especially intolerant of "cross-gender" play in other girls

B. Preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups

C. Preschoolers often engage in "cross-gender" activities at home but rarely do so in the presence of peers

D. When preschoolers engage in "cross-gender" activities, peers criticize them

Question #29

According to cognitive-development theory, ______ comes before _____ in the development of gender identity

A. Gender constancy; gender identity

B. Behavior, self-perceptions

C. Self-perceptions, behavior

D. Gender constancy; gender awareness

Question #30

Authoritative parents

A. Insist on mature behavior and give reason for their expectations

B. Simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior

C. Exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children

D. Combine low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy

Question #31

Many permissive parents

A. Are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children

B. Insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations

C. Exercise firm, reasonable control over their children

D. Lack of confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior

Question #32

______ sharply reduces child maltreatment

A. Providing social supports to families

B. Involvement with Child Protective Services

C. The use of anti-depression

D. The use of anti-aggression medication

Question #33

Over time, maltreated children show

A. Serious adjustment problems

B. Improved executive function

C. Cognitive gains

D. Few long-term problems

Question #34

The majority of abusive and neglectful parents

A. Are skilled at establishing social relationships

B. Hyperfocus on their children

C. Lack "lifelines"

D. Have developmental problems

Question #35

Whether a child is maltreated largely depends on

A. Family size

B. The child's gender

C. The child's temperament

D. The parents' characteristics

Question #36

Rates of physical and emotional abuse are

A. Fairly similar for mothers and fathers

B. Higher for fathers than for mothers

C. Higher for mothers than for fathers

D. Lower than rates of sexual abuse

Question #37

Which of the following statements about child maltreatment is true?

A. Parents commit more than 80 percent of abusive incidents

B. Child abuse is modern problem and is especially common in non-industrialized nations

C. Nonparent relatives commit about 30 percent of abusive incidents

D. Neglect includes ridicule, humiliation and intimidation

Question #38

Which of the following children is the most likely to evoke warm, constant discipline?

A. Brigham, who has low self-esteem

B. Ryan, who is fearless

C. Isabella, who is cooperative

D. Bonny who is impulsive

Question #39

Uninvolved parents

A. Are overindulgent

B. Sometimes engage in neglect

C. Promote maturity and adjustment in children of diverse temperaments

D. Engage in psychological control

Question #40

Emotionally detached parents with depression often have a _____ style of child rearing

A. Permissive

B. Authoritative

C. Authoritarian

D. Uninvolved

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