A.   Genetic drift describes random changes in allele frequences, while selection is influenced by the fitness of the alleles.

B.   Genetic drift involves non-synonimous (neurtal) mutations, and selection involves synonymous mutations.

C.   Genetic drift describes survival of the fittest, while selection decribes artificial breeding methods.

A.   Small populations do not experience genetic drift.

B.   Small populations are subject to stronger effects of genetic drift.

C.   Small populations are subject to lesser effects of genetic drift.

A.   This describes a population that transitions through a small effective population size. It will either collapse or recover. Maintaining sufficient genetic diversity (standing variation) is a concern during this transition.

B.   Bottleneck describes a deleterious mutation of the 9th cervical vertebra of tetrapods due to inbreeding. This neck was charactersitic of the Habsburg Royal family in northern Rheinland (France). It is believed the Notredamme story is based on the Habsburg neck.

C.   This describes a very large population that drifts towards its environmental capacity until it cannot expand more (bottleneck). For example, the Tyranosarus rex could not increase further in population due to insufficient mammuts present as prey.

A.   When a deleterious mutation transitions through an adaptive valley.

B.   When a beneficial mutation is so strongly selected for, that it replaces (deletes) the other allele and becomes fixed in the population.

C.   When a beneficial mutation is lost due to genetic drift.

A.   When artificial breeding is used for a genetic sweep.

B.   When beneficial alleles become fixed in a population through a peak shift.

C.   Loss of beneficial alelles and fixation of deleterious alleles by genetic drift in populations of small effective size.

A.   Migration and dispersal.

B.   Through adaptation.

C.   Through converging evolution.

A.   By comparing the population size (using the molecular clock).

B.   By looking at the relative fixation probability.

C.   By comparing the frequency of an allele between populations (e.g. via the F-ST statistic).

A.   The allele will increase in frequency.

B.   The allele will slowly decrease in frequency.

C.   The allele will keep the frequency from the original population’s location.

A.   Only genetic drift.

B.   Only natural selection.

C.   Both genetic drift and natural selection.

A.   If the climate change occours slowly, the species does not notice it. Only quick changes trigger succesful migration (frog in the boiling water syndrome).

B.   A dispersal barrier in form of a mountain, or ocean can limit migration possibilites.

C.   This does not makes sense, because global warming is global, so migrations to a different climate do not happen.