A short summary of a scholarly journal article that usually appears at its beginning; reference tool for locating journal article

Details of a scholar publications location that helps people to find it quickly

the ethical protection that participants remain nameless; their identity is protected from disclosure and remains unknown

The ethical protection for those who are studied by holding research data in confidence or keeping them secret from the public; not releasing information in a way that permits linking specific individuals to specific responses researchers do this by presenting data only in an aggregate for (e.g. percentages, means)

A type of experimental design in which all groups receive the treatment but at different times so that discomfort or benefits are shared and inequality is not created

A statement, usually written, that explains aspects of a study to participants and asks for their voluntary agreement to participate before the study begins

Research participants who, because of age, incarceration, potential coercion or less full physical mental, emotional or other capabilities, may lack complete freedom or awareness to grant voluntary consent to participate in a study

A committee at U.S. college's. hospitals and research institutes required by federal law to ensure that research involving humans is conducted in a responsible, ethical manner; examines study details before the research begins

A concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values

A type of variable that produces an EFFECT or result on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis

The effect or result variable that is CAUSED by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis

A variable that comes logically or temporally after the independent variable and before the dependent variable and through which their causal relation operates

A statement of a causal explanation or proposition that has at least one independent variable and has yet to be empirically tested

An apparent causal relationship that is illusionary due to the effect of an unseen or initially hidden causal factor; the unseen factor has a causal impact on both an independent and dependent variable, and produces the false impression that a relationship between them exists

A hypothesis stating that there is no significant effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable

A hypothesis paired with the null hypothesis that says than an independent variable has a significant effect on a dependent variable

The categories or levels of a variable

The idea that looking at something from

Research that proceeds in a clear, logical, step-by-step straight line often used in quantitative research

Research that proceeds in a cyclical, iterative, or back-and-forth pattern and is often used in qualitative research

The logic for the null hypothesis based on the idea that confirming empirical evidence makes a weak case for the existence of a relationship; instead of gathering supporting evidence, testing that no relationship exists provides more cautious, indirect support for its possible existence

the summing or combining of many separate measure of a construct or variable to create a single score

A scale often used in survey research in which people express attitudes or other responses in terms of ordinal-level categories that are ranked along a continuum

A class of quantitative data measures often used in survey research that captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a variable construct along a continuum; most are at the ordinal level of measurement

a type of composite measure used to summarize several discrete observations and to represent more general variables.

The process of developing, clear, rigorous, systematic conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts

A careful, systematic definition of a construct that is explicitly written down

A type of hypothesis that expresses variables and the relationships among them in abstract, conceptual terms

A type of hypothesis in which the researcher expresses variables in specific empirical terms and expresses the association among the measured indicators in observable, empirical terms

The process of moving from a construct's conceptual definition to specific activities or measures that allow a researcher to observe it empirically

A variable in terms of the specific actions to measure or indicate it in the empirical world

The use of multiple procedures or several specific measures to provide empirical evidence of the levels of a variable

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

A case or a single unit to be selected (think unit of analysis)

An available list that approximates the population and from which we draw a sample to represent the population

the proportion of elements in the population that are selected to be in a sample

A procedure in which the selected sampling units are spaced regularly throughout the population; that is, every n'th unit is selected.

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.