In an experimental design, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

In which design are cases classified into groups based on characteristics they already possess?

A researcher is investigating whether sugar consumption is associated with number of truancies in high school students. In this study, the PV is:

A researcher is investigating whether sugar consumption is associated with number of truancies in high school students. In this study, the cases are:

Statisticians are mostly interested in learning about the _________.

Determine what type of study is being done: correlational, experimental, or quasi-experimental. A consumer behavior researcher is curious as to whether, in terms of the monetary value of Christmas presents received, it makes a difference if a child is naughty or nice. She has parents classify their children as naughty or nice, then calculates how much the parents spent on Christmas presents for the two different groups of children. 

Using this data set: 8, 9, 5, 4 ,7, and 8, find the following: ∑X²

Using this data set: 13,18, and 11, find the following: ∑(X－14)

Use the APA rounding rules to round the following final results: 189.9953