A.   The term came from Mark Twain's eponymous novel where characters chase economic success while sacrificing their principles for the pursuit of wealth.

B.   The expression referred to the European immigrants of the era who mistakenly believed the myth that America's streets were 'paved with gold.'

C.   The phrase represented the new trends in fashion, art, and literature that celebrated economic status through overly ornate embellishment.

D.   The name developed out of the Populist political movement that advocated for economic regulations that would benefit lower- and middle-class citizens.

A.   Gilded Age literature contained more upper-class characters than antebellum literature

B.   Gilded Age literature focused more on poetry and fanciful imagery that antebellum literature.

C.   Gilded Age literature utilized more dialogue and contained fewer descriptive passages than antebellum literature.

D.   Gilded Age literature was more pragmatic and less romantic than antebellum literature.

A.   Scholars have determined that Gilded Age literature needs to be read through the lenses of feminist and psychoanalytic literary theory in order to be modernized.

B.   Scholars have discovered caches of unpublished texts by Gilded Age authors that challenge the traditional interpretation of the era's literature.

C.   Scholars have recently become concerned that prior academic analysis too narrowly defined literary movements in late nineteenth century.

D.   Scholars have uncovered a concerted effort by previous researchers to marginalize many nineteenth century writers based on their political principles.

A.   Expanded democracy

B.   A national identity

C.   Material prosperity

D.   Increasing religiosity

A.   Few of the immigrants spoke English, so American citizens worried that English would be displaced as the national language.

B.   Some white American citizens were concerned that immigrants would change the racial and religious character of the country.

C.   Migrants came from repressive European political regimes, so American citizens thought immigrants would foment political unrest.

D.   Many American citizens had read propaganda that immigrants were carriers of disease, so citizens feared health epidemics.

A.   It offered an apology from the United States' government for the displacement of tribes to reservations and included reparations to Native Americans for these offences.

B.   It dissolved tribal land holdings and gave smaller land parcels to individual Native Americans, which fragmented tribal property and reduced their land base.

C.   It offered employment to Native Americans in the expanding factories of Midwestern cities, which resulted in a massive relocation of Indians to urban centers.

D.   It provided educational grants for Native American children to attend primary and secondary schools, which weakened traditional tribal culture and practices.

A.   Northern and Southern politicians negotiated a deal where the Northern Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would be elected president in return for the end of Reconstruction policies in the South.

B.   The North realized that the money spent to rebuild the South could be spent on improving Northern industry, so Reconstruction funds were redirected to Northern manufacturing efforts.

C.   Southerners voted to end Reconstruction in statewide elections because they preferred to rebuild their infrastructure and industries to their own specifications without Northern interference.

D.   Politicians realized they needed to address the influx of migrants from Europe in Northern states rather than continuing to rebuild a portion of the country that had a smaller immigrant population.

A.   Several classes of readers developed and increased across the nation

B.   Poetry was replaced by fiction as the most popular literary genre

C.   Book reviewing became standardized and more widespread

D.   The publishing industry relocated to New York City from New England

A.   Critics noted that realist writing contained too much plot and ignored the development of character and setting.

B.   Critics derided realism for making literature too accessible to lower-class readers, which would dilute literature's aesthetic.

C.   Critics condemned realist writers for being too focused on commercial success instead of developing their artistic craft.

D.   Critics complained realism was too factual and too minutely detailed to be considered an artistic achievement.

A.   Regional writers used dialect which was the literary rage of the late nineteenth century.

B.   Urban audiences were interested in learning about distant peoples and their cultures.

C.   Readers demanded novelty in literature, which regional writers could provide through new settings and characters.

D.   Regionalism challenged society's norms which excited middle-class reading audiences.

A.   Dialect was used as a literary method to reinforce American's new role as a melting pot of culture and language.

B.   Dialect represented the social distances among characters or between characters and audience.

C.   Dialect developed out of a desire to push traditional literary boundaries towards the avant-garde.

D.   Dialect became an accepted literary technique for expressing underlying racist attitudes about society.

A.   They allowed women to create community-based organizations for child and elder care.

B.   They bequeathed small business loans to women who wanted to become financially independent.

C.   They gave women the ability to discussion important cultural and political issues of the era.

D.   They provided women home-based employment so women could begin to earn a wage.

A.   Since evolution occurred through adaptation to one's environment, people needed to prove that they could adjust to a modern economic system by participating in a capitalist society.

B.   Economic progress could be achieved in the modern world, but only through people's ruthless and violent competition, so a laissez-faire economic system was necessary.

C.   People evolved to be more concerned about their personal economic conditions, so they needed to be able to compete freely in the marketplace to accumulate wealth.

D.   In order to differentiate themselves from animals lower on the evolutionary scale, people had to demonstrate the ability to generate wealth in an open economic system.

A.   Naturalist writing stressed the importance of plot and included more romance and myth than realist writing.

B.   Naturalist writing developed characters more in-depth and included more character flaws than realist writing.

C.   Naturalist writing utilized American's newly-acquired territories as settings more often than realist writing.

D.   Naturalist writing more deeply explored the intense internal motivations of characters than realist writing.

A.   The war gave American men a chance to prove themselves both mentally and physically

B.   The pressure of immigration was reduced since migrants were sent to colonize Cuba after the war

C.   The United States gained access to new markets for the sale of industrially manufactured goods

D.   The United States established itself as a legitimate rival to European imperial powers