A.   The term came from Mark Twain's eponymous novel where characters chase economic success while sacrificing their principles for the pursuit of wealth.

B.   The phrase represented the new trends in fashion, art, and literature that celebrated economic status through overly ornate embellishment.

C.   The name developed out of the Populist political movement that advocated for economic regulations that would benefit lower- and middle-class citizens.

D.   The expression referred to the European immigrants of the era who mistakenly believed the myth that America's streets were 'paved with gold.'

A.   Gilded Age literature focused more on poetry and fanciful imagery that antebellum literature.

B.   Gilded Age literature contained more upper-class characters than antebellum literature

C.   Gilded Age literature utilized more dialogue and contained fewer descriptive passages than antebellum literature.

D.   Gilded Age literature was more pragmatic and less romantic than antebellum literature.

A.   Scholars have uncovered a concerted effort by previous researchers to marginalize many nineteenth century writers based on their political principles.

B.   Scholars have discovered caches of unpublished texts by Gilded Age authors that challenge the traditional interpretation of the era's literature.

C.   Scholars have determined that Gilded Age literature needs to be read through the lenses of feminist and psychoanalytic literary theory in order to be modernized.

D.   Scholars have recently become concerned that prior academic analysis too narrowly defined literary movements in late nineteenth century.

A.   Increasing religiosity

B.   Expanded democracy

C.   Material prosperity

D.   A national identity

A.   Many American citizens had read propaganda that immigrants were carriers of disease, so citizens feared health epidemics.

B.   Some white American citizens were concerned that immigrants would change the racial and religious character of the country.

C.   Few of the immigrants spoke English, so American citizens worried that English would be displaced as the national language.

D.   Migrants came from repressive European political regimes, so American citizens thought immigrants would foment political unrest.

A.   It offered an apology from the United States' government for the displacement of tribes to reservations and included reparations to Native Americans for these offences.

B.   It provided educational grants for Native American children to attend primary and secondary schools, which weakened traditional tribal culture and practices.

C.   It offered employment to Native Americans in the expanding factories of Midwestern cities, which resulted in a massive relocation of Indians to urban centers.

D.   It dissolved tribal land holdings and gave smaller land parcels to individual Native Americans, which fragmented tribal property and reduced their land base.

A.   Northern and Southern politicians negotiated a deal where the Northern Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would be elected president in return for the end of Reconstruction policies in the South.

B.   Southerners voted to end Reconstruction in statewide elections because they preferred to rebuild their infrastructure and industries to their own specifications without Northern interference.

C.   Politicians realized they needed to address the influx of migrants from Europe in Northern states rather than continuing to rebuild a portion of the country that had a smaller immigrant population.

D.   The North realized that the money spent to rebuild the South could be spent on improving Northern industry, so Reconstruction funds were redirected to Northern manufacturing efforts.

A.   Poetry was replaced by fiction as the most popular literary genre

B.   Several classes of readers developed and increased across the nation

C.   The publishing industry relocated to New York City from New England

D.   Book reviewing became standardized and more widespread

A.   Critics derided realism for making literature too accessible to lower-class readers, which would dilute literature's aesthetic.

B.   Critics noted that realist writing contained too much plot and ignored the development of character and setting.

C.   Critics complained realism was too factual and too minutely detailed to be considered an artistic achievement.

D.   Critics condemned realist writers for being too focused on commercial success instead of developing their artistic craft.

A.   Readers demanded novelty in literature, which regional writers could provide through new settings and characters.

B.   Regional writers used dialect which was the literary rage of the late nineteenth century.

C.   Regionalism challenged society's norms which excited middle-class reading audiences.

D.   Urban audiences were interested in learning about distant peoples and their cultures.

A.   Dialect became an accepted literary technique for expressing underlying racist attitudes about society.

B.   Dialect represented the social distances among characters or between characters and audience.

C.   Dialect was used as a literary method to reinforce American's new role as a melting pot of culture and language.

D.   Dialect developed out of a desire to push traditional literary boundaries towards the avant-garde.

A.   They bequeathed small business loans to women who wanted to become financially independent.

B.   They allowed women to create community-based organizations for child and elder care.

C.   They provided women home-based employment so women could begin to earn a wage.

D.   They gave women the ability to discussion important cultural and political issues of the era.

A.   Since evolution occurred through adaptation to one's environment, people needed to prove that they could adjust to a modern economic system by participating in a capitalist society.

B.   Economic progress could be achieved in the modern world, but only through people's ruthless and violent competition, so a laissez-faire economic system was necessary.

C.   In order to differentiate themselves from animals lower on the evolutionary scale, people had to demonstrate the ability to generate wealth in an open economic system.

D.   People evolved to be more concerned about their personal economic conditions, so they needed to be able to compete freely in the marketplace to accumulate wealth.

A.   Naturalist writing stressed the importance of plot and included more romance and myth than realist writing.

B.   Naturalist writing developed characters more in-depth and included more character flaws than realist writing.

C.   Naturalist writing utilized American's newly-acquired territories as settings more often than realist writing.

D.   Naturalist writing more deeply explored the intense internal motivations of characters than realist writing.

A.   The pressure of immigration was reduced since migrants were sent to colonize Cuba after the war

B.   The war gave American men a chance to prove themselves both mentally and physically

C.   The United States gained access to new markets for the sale of industrially manufactured goods

D.   The United States established itself as a legitimate rival to European imperial powers