A.   A large gene pool with many species can develop into many more species. One species by itself is unable to pass an evolutionary bottleneck.

B.   A founder event where many species arrive into a new place usually focusses evolution by reducing the number of species (evolutionary constraints).

C.   A diverse environment can offer many niches (different islands) for sympatric speciation that leads to many new species.

A.   A typical hybridization process without clonal interference.

B.   Siblings, in an inbreeding scenario.

C.   Species, according to the Biological Species Concept.

A.   When two populations in adjacent geographic areas sharing a contact zone evolve into different species over time.

B.   When two populations in the same area occupy different niches and evolve to form different species over time.

C.   When two populations in two distinct, isolated areas evolve to form different species over time.

A.   Hybrids have genes from different species and thus always have a higher fitness that the homozygous parents.

B.   Hybrids between species do not occur in nature, and can only be created in the lab.

C.   Depending on how fully distinct species are, they might not produce hybrids, or the hybrids have reduced fitness or are infertile.

A.   The sex ratio is usually determined by genetic drift, inversely related to gene flow.

B.   By adjusting the lifespan of the offspring according to the Fisherian runaway rule.

C.   For example through sequencial hermaphroditism, where individuals undergo a sex change.

A.   This is anisogamy and optimizes fertilization, because mobility and energy storage are incorporated without canceling each other out.

B.   Because sperm is smaller, there is more sperm than ovules and consequently more males in the population.

C.   This is only of importance in Angiosperm plants, where the smaller male gametes form pollen for wind pollination.

A.   No survival for sexual traits is always directly correlated with selection for survival.

B.   Yes, but this can only occur in hermaphrodites, due to the Fisherian principle (self-selection).

C.   Yes, where sexual selection is in conflict with fitness selection, there is a trade off involved.

A.   When good genes are selected for survival.

B.   The good genes mechanism is the unfortunate event of losing good genes due to genetic drift.

C.   When indicator traits reflect fitness of an individual (healthy color).

A.   Sexual or asexual reproduction both achieve the same genetic diversity, as variation only depends on mutation rate.

B.   No, never change a wining strategy. Recombination can spread deleterious mutations (inbreeding).

C.   Since the environment always changes, it is best to increase standing variation and change with it (Red Queen hypothesis).

A.   In a population with asexual reproduction there can be no benefitial mutations, so deleterious mutations are fixed.

B.   In a population with asexual reproduction (no recombination) benefitial alleles will be fixed much quicker.

C.   In a population with sexual reproduction (with recombination) benefitial alleles will be fixed much quicker.