Ocean 115 - Introduction to Oceanography » Spring 2022 » Gould paper

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Question #1
Is the history of life necessarily progressive?
A.   No
B.   Yes
Question #2
Gould argues that humans arose because of what?
A.   A fortuitous and contingent outcome of thousands of linked events
B.   A clear pathway from lower life forms to higher life forms
C.   A clear ability of mammals to outthink all non-mammals on the planet
D.   A victory of higher life forms over lower life forms
Question #3
What are the oldest unaltered rocks?
A.   2 billion years
B.   1 billion years
C.   47 billion years
D.   4.6 billion years
E.   3.5 billion years
Question #4
What did McShea and Boyajian separately discover?
A.   That whales are the closest mammal group to humans
B.   That there is no evolutionary tendency to favor complexity
C.   That plants evolve but animals do not
D.   That evolution favors more complex body parts as a group develops
E.   That animals evolve but plants do not
Question #5
How long was life strictly unicellular?
A.   5/6 of Earth’s history
B.   5/8 of Earth’s history
C.   1/4 of Earth’s history
D.   1/6 of Earth’s history
E.   2/5 of Earth’s history
Question #6
What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
A.   A large asteroid hit the planet
B.   The appearance of ½ of the animal phyla in the fossil record
C.   The appearance of all but one of  the animal phyla in the fossil record
D.   A massive volcanic eruption the size of the Yellowstone volcano
Question #7
How many mass extinctions have occurred in life’s history?
A.   17
B.   3
C.   5
D.   7
E.   1
Question #8
Why did diatoms survive the end Cretaceous mass extinction better than coccoliths?
A.   They can hold their breath longer than other plankton
B.   They have shells
C.   They are deeper divers than other plankton
D.   They have a dormancy stage
Question #9
What did Freud observe?
A.   That scientific revolutions require multiple scientists to work together for them to succeed
B.   That fish have the same ability to dream as people
C.   That scientific revolutions require a great mind to work in isolation
D.   That great revolutions in science always knock human arrogance off one pedestal after another
Question #10
When do the teleosts originate and rise to dominance?
A.   During the Cambrian Explosion
B.   During the time of dinosaurs
C.   During the time land animals first developed
D.   During the same time modern humans developed
Question #11
Why is this important for Gould’s argument?
A.   It shows that fish are the ancestors of humans
B.   It shows that fish share a large number of traits with birds
C.   It shows that primates are the last successful group to develop so they need to be at the end of all sequences
D.   It shows that many successful groups continue to arise after primates so it is strange to put humans at the end of all sequences

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