Ocean 115 - Introduction to Oceanography » Spring 2022 » Gould paper

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Question #1
Is the history of life necessarily progressive?
A.   No
B.   Yes
Question #2
Gould argues that humans arose because of what?
A.   A fortuitous and contingent outcome of thousands of linked events
B.   A clear ability of mammals to outthink all non-mammals on the planet
C.   A victory of higher life forms over lower life forms
D.   A clear pathway from lower life forms to higher life forms
Question #3
What are the oldest unaltered rocks?
A.   4.6 billion years
B.   2 billion years
C.   3.5 billion years
D.   1 billion years
E.   47 billion years
Question #4
What did McShea and Boyajian separately discover?
A.   That there is no evolutionary tendency to favor complexity
B.   That plants evolve but animals do not
C.   That evolution favors more complex body parts as a group develops
D.   That animals evolve but plants do not
E.   That whales are the closest mammal group to humans
Question #5
How long was life strictly unicellular?
A.   5/6 of Earth’s history
B.   1/4 of Earth’s history
C.   2/5 of Earth’s history
D.   5/8 of Earth’s history
E.   1/6 of Earth’s history
Question #6
What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
A.   The appearance of ½ of the animal phyla in the fossil record
B.   A large asteroid hit the planet
C.   A massive volcanic eruption the size of the Yellowstone volcano
D.   The appearance of all but one of  the animal phyla in the fossil record
Question #7
How many mass extinctions have occurred in life’s history?
A.   5
B.   3
C.   1
D.   17
E.   7
Question #8
Why did diatoms survive the end Cretaceous mass extinction better than coccoliths?
A.   They have shells
B.   They have a dormancy stage
C.   They can hold their breath longer than other plankton
D.   They are deeper divers than other plankton
Question #9
What did Freud observe?
A.   That scientific revolutions require a great mind to work in isolation
B.   That great revolutions in science always knock human arrogance off one pedestal after another
C.   That fish have the same ability to dream as people
D.   That scientific revolutions require multiple scientists to work together for them to succeed
Question #10
When do the teleosts originate and rise to dominance?
A.   During the Cambrian Explosion
B.   During the same time modern humans developed
C.   During the time land animals first developed
D.   During the time of dinosaurs
Question #11
Why is this important for Gould’s argument?
A.   It shows that fish share a large number of traits with birds
B.   It shows that fish are the ancestors of humans
C.   It shows that many successful groups continue to arise after primates so it is strange to put humans at the end of all sequences
D.   It shows that primates are the last successful group to develop so they need to be at the end of all sequences

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