A.   Because only 2% of our DNA are exons that are actually transcribed into phenotypic traits.

B.   Because the same DNA can be duplicated and achieve twice the differences.

C.   Because we have 2 times more DNA than other organisms.

A.   Possibly different gene expression, the coding sequence following the operon might be read twice, or wrong (e.g. forward slippage), or not at all.

B.   Mutations in any non-coding regions, including promoter or enhancer regions or operons have no effect as they cannot change what amino-acid is transcribed, only how many.

C.   Mutations in those regulatory regons of the DNA can either have no effect at all, or lead to neoteny, where the individual retains its juvenile or youth form (dwarfism).

A.   The DNA sequence for bones is present in all cells, and through differential gene regulation it is expressed in the skin (heteropy).

B.   The DNA transcription and expression for bones normally occurs earlier in the development, but is delayed and expressed last in these cases, when the skin is formed (heterochrony).

C.   Formation of bone-like structures in the skin is due to an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) leading to morphological plasticity.

A.   It suffers a mutation of hox genes regulating the position of structures along head-tail axis, and that gave this fly a second pair of wings.

B.   This fly clearly suffers a chromosome duplication, and probably also has twice the numbers of legs and other organs.

C.   It is a prehistoric fly that was created from Dinosaur blood. A million years ago this species had 4 wings.

A.   No, because if all individuals of the population have the ability to change in response to the environment, there can be no directional selection.

B.   Yes, a feature can become permanent through genetic assimilation.

C.   Yes, because a species can change looks and mate with a different species (mimicry-hybridization).

A.   Several species may have a common feature (e.g. hair) they inherited from a common ancestor, which had a basic form of that feature.

B.   Derived character states only resemble inherited features and were aquired independently, through convergent evolution.

C.   Derived character states are hypothetical models predicting future patterns of evolution.

A.   Rule of homoplasy.

B.   Incomplete lineage sorting.

C.   Method of parsimony.

A.   Wherever hox genes are involved, we can’t use the number of any organs to compare similarities or differences.

B.   When several species are the same and share no differences, it is difficult to sort them into a phylogenetic tree.

C.   Similarities don’t always share common ancenstry as they can develop independently.

A.   Introns and exons accumulate mutations at different rates, and also the three positions for a base in a protein-coding codon.

B.   DNA analysis can only be used for procaryotes, because they have no introns.

C.   Only protein-coding DNA sequences are reliable to use, and since there are so few of them in the genome, DNA analysis is rarely used.

A.   It can show how many years (usually in millions) it took for an ancestor to diverge into to different species.

B.   It can show how different one language is from another.

C.   It can tell us the consistence of proteins in bacteria billion of years ago.