_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

_____ in quasi-experimental designs is more difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs lack the important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.

A 4 x 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

A factorial design involves:

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour. She finds that over time, the descriptions become shorter and less detailed. What may be responsible for this change in performance?

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty level (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____.

A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3, 6, and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9, 12, and 15 years old. In the context of developmental research designs, the researcher has used the _____ method.

A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design.

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.

An IV x PV design allows:

Developmental psychologists often study the ways that individuals change as a function of _____.

Dr. Jayden is studying the effect of exercise on cholesterol level. He first measures his patients' cholesterol level before recommending an exercise program and after one month of participating in an exercise program, he measures their cholesterol level again. What type of research design has Dr. Jayden employed?

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.

Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects.

From an ethical viewpoint, the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?

In a study with a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are:

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

In an ABAB reversal design, the second "B" period is necessary to rule out:

In order to study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 7, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _____ method.

Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method.

Sophia finds that her son Alex enjoys lemon candy. Sophia encourages Alex when he displays courteous behavior at home. She then starts reinforces this behavior at school, relatives' homes, and church. What type of single-case design does Sophia employ?

The serious flaw associated with the nonequivalent control group design is that ____ occur.

The simplest factorial design is that which has:

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior, a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period. For the next two weeks, she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed. Following this period, she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed. This procedure would be an example of a(n) _____ design.

When asked if he would like to have some fruits along with his breakfast, Milo declines. He then attends an all-day presentation on the nutritional benefits of eating fruits. At the end of the presentation, Milo is again offered some fruits to eat and he accepts. What effect may be responsible for the change in Milo's response?

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?

Which of the following is true of interactions?

Which of the following is true of single-case designs?