A.   capital accumulation

B.   rising per capita income

C.   increasing skills of the population

D.   the adoption of new technological styles

A.   Singapore

B.   Malaysia

C.   Taiwan

D.   South Korea

A.   have raised income levels among a small elite

B.   export heavy manufactured goods

C.   have achieved self-sustaining capital accumulation

D.   are periphery states that became core states

A.   core

B.   dependent

C.   periphery

D.   semiperiphery

A.   Nigeria and Indonesia

B.   Brazil and Chile

C.   Sudan and Somalia

D.   Pakistan and India

A.   small portions of money; wealthy people as beneficiaries; the support of economic self-sufficiency

B.   large portions of money; poor people, especially men, as beneficiaries; the support of economic self-sufficiency

C.   must often be refinanced or restructured

D.   small portions of money; poor people, especially women, as beneficiaries; the support of economic self-sufficiency

A.   Democracy always leads to economic development.

B.   Democracy is required but not sufficient for economic development.

C.   Democracy has ironically hindered economic development in most countries.

D.   Democracy has not accompanied economic development in a systematic or general way.

A.   Import substitution works best when the local industry is a service industry, whereas export-led growth works best when the exports are raw materials.

B.   Import substitution seeks to develop local industries to produce items that the country had been importing, whereas export-led growth seeks to develop local industries that can compete in specific niches in the world economy.

C.   Import substitution is effective in later phases of economic development, whereas export-led growth is effective in all phases of economic development.

D.   Import substitution has proven effective where it has been used, whereas export-led growth has had limited success.

A.   Food aid

B.   Military aid

C.   Loan money

D.   Grant money

A.   hinder the import of products into the donor state

B.   promote the export of products from the recipient state

C.   hinder the import of products into the recipient state

D.   promote the export of products from the donor state