A.   divergent boundary and transform boundary

B.   convergent boundary and transform boundary

C.   transform boundary

D.   convergent boundary

E.   divergent boundary

A.   oceanic plate; sediment

B.   continental plate; sediment

C.   continental plate; magma

D.   oceanic plate; magma

A.   a batholith

B.   a trench

C.   an accretionary wedge

D.   a continental volcanic arc

E.   a forearc basin

A.   Extension of the continent through rifting

B.   Downwarping of the continent due to crustal subsidence

C.   Crumpling of the continent through collision with another continent

D.   Emplacement of batholiths

A.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

B.   When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains.

C.   During orogenesis, less dense oceanic crust containing marine fossils crumples up with denser continental crust during convergence. The lower density of the oceanic crust places marine fossils near the tops of the resulting mountains

D.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terrains, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

E.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct due to the fact that they contained fossils.

A.   Subduction Zone

B.   Hot Spot

C.   Convergent continental-continental plate bouundary

D.   Mid-oceanic ridge

A.   Appalachians

B.   Himalayas

C.   Mid-Atlantic Ridge

D.   Andes

A.   Island arc-type mountains

B.   Andean-type mountains

C.   Fault-block mountains

D.   Alpine-type mountains

A.   subsidence; uplift

B.   subduction; uplift

C.   uplift; subduction

D.   uplift; subsidence

A.   water

B.   gravity

C.   plate tectonics

D.   glaciers

A.   densely vegetated land

B.   old, broad mountain

C.   steep slopes

D.   the great plains

A.   drought

B.   removal of water from sediments

C.   adding water to sediments

D.   planting vegetation

A.   mass movement; erosion

B.   plate tectonics; plate tectonics

C.   mass movement; plate tectonics

D.   volcanic activity; mass movement

A.   the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter

B.   permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

C.   soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing

D.   saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly

A.   rivers

B.   glaciers

C.   lakes

D.   groundwater

A.   it completely melts and undersaturates the soil beneath it.

B.   it can crack in several places, creating crevices and collapsing into sinkholes

C.   it completely melts and creates a lake where the ice used to be

D.   ice within the permafrost may melt, causing the ground to slide, slump, or subside.

A.   transpiration

B.   runoff

C.   clouds and precipitation

D.   groundwater

A.   evaporation

B.   precipitation

C.   infiltration

D.   runoff

A.   1

B.   10

C.   97

D.   50

A.   Divide

B.   Tributary

C.   Watershed

D.   Stream

A.   Sediment production zone

B.   Mississippi River

C.   Continental Divide

D.   Appalachian Mountains

A.   The river slows down and less sediments deposit from it

B.   The river speeds up and less sediments deposit from it

C.   The river slows down and more sediments deposit from it

D.   The river speeds up and more sediments deposit from it

A.   a canyon

B.   sea level

C.   lake level

D.   dam level

A.   flash; ice-jam

B.   regional; ice-jam

C.   regional; flash

D.   flash; regional

A.   has completely filled the pore spaces

B.   has chemically reacted with the surrounding rock

C.   does not exist

D.   evaporates

A.   above the zone of soil moisture

B.   below the unsaturated zone

C.   below the saturated zone

D.   above the Earth's surface

A.   gravity

B.   salinity

C.   erosion

D.   plate tectonics

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Permeability is expressed as a percentage, whereas porosity is not.

B.   Porosity is highly concerned with the connectedness of pore spaces, whereas permeability is not.

C.   Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

D.   Permeability is highly concerned with the volume of open space within a rock, whereas porosity is not.

E.   Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

A.   be drilled into the unsaturated zone

B.   penetrate well below the regional water table surface

C.   be drilled into a perched aquifer

D.   be drilled through an aquitard

A.   friction

B.   the sun

C.   magma and igneous rocks

D.   the climate

A.   precipitates; alkalinity

B.   dissolves; alkalinity

C.   precipitates; acidity

D.   dissolves; acidity

A.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 10 meters (~30 feet) lower than it is today.

B.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 50 meters (~150 feet) lower than it is today.

C.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 1000 meters (~3000 feet) lower than it is today.

D.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 100 meters (~300 feet) lower than it is today.

E.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 25 meters (~75 feet) lower than it is today.

A.   They are required for crystallization of magma to occur

B.   Upon melting, they create oceans

C.   They can form from frozen seawater

D.   They contribute to erosion

A.   Greenland

B.   Iceland

C.   Canada

D.   The Arctic Ocean

A.   upslope

B.   downslope

C.   both upslope and downslope

D.   Ice does not flow in a glacier.

A.   retreating

B.   advancing

C.   stagnant

A.   W

B.   U

C.   V

D.   Y

A.   600 million years

B.   since the origin of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago

C.   since the last glacial maximum

D.   30 million years

A.   Changes in the atmopsheric carbon dioxide levels

B.   Variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun

C.   All answer choices

D.   Plate tectonics and the movement of continents on the Earth

A.   Deserts are defined by their sand content.

B.   Deserts are located where there are ascending air masses and low atmospheric pressure.

C.   Although rainfalls are infrequent, erosion and deposition related to water are more important than wind in deserts.

D.   Deserts are always located in hot, humid coastal areas.

A.   Dissolution

B.   Erosional

C.   Chemical

D.   Mechanical

A.   Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion.

B.   Humid areas are only underlain by lithified bedrock and never have any loose sediment that wind can transport.

C.   The sediment in humid regions is consistently gravel-sized or larger, which is difficult or impossible for wind to move.

D.   Humid areas experience significantly less wind than dry regions.