A.   convergent boundary

B.   transform boundary

C.   divergent boundary

D.   convergent boundary and transform boundary

E.   divergent boundary and transform boundary

A.   continental plate; sediment

B.   oceanic plate; magma

C.   continental plate; magma

D.   oceanic plate; sediment

A.   a continental volcanic arc

B.   a batholith

C.   an accretionary wedge

D.   a trench

E.   a forearc basin

A.   Extension of the continent through rifting

B.   Downwarping of the continent due to crustal subsidence

C.   Crumpling of the continent through collision with another continent

D.   Emplacement of batholiths

A.   When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains.

B.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

C.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct due to the fact that they contained fossils.

D.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terrains, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

E.   During orogenesis, less dense oceanic crust containing marine fossils crumples up with denser continental crust during convergence. The lower density of the oceanic crust places marine fossils near the tops of the resulting mountains

A.   Subduction Zone

B.   Hot Spot

C.   Mid-oceanic ridge

D.   Convergent continental-continental plate bouundary

A.   Appalachians

B.   Himalayas

C.   Andes

D.   Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A.   Alpine-type mountains

B.   Andean-type mountains

C.   Fault-block mountains

D.   Island arc-type mountains

A.   uplift; subduction

B.   subsidence; uplift

C.   uplift; subsidence

D.   subduction; uplift

A.   gravity

B.   plate tectonics

C.   glaciers

D.   water

A.   steep slopes

B.   the great plains

C.   old, broad mountain

D.   densely vegetated land

A.   removal of water from sediments

B.   planting vegetation

C.   adding water to sediments

D.   drought

A.   volcanic activity; mass movement

B.   plate tectonics; plate tectonics

C.   mass movement; erosion

D.   mass movement; plate tectonics

A.   soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing

B.   saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly

C.   permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

D.   the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter

A.   rivers

B.   lakes

C.   groundwater

D.   glaciers

A.   it completely melts and undersaturates the soil beneath it.

B.   it completely melts and creates a lake where the ice used to be

C.   ice within the permafrost may melt, causing the ground to slide, slump, or subside.

D.   it can crack in several places, creating crevices and collapsing into sinkholes

A.   clouds and precipitation

B.   groundwater

C.   transpiration

D.   runoff

A.   precipitation

B.   runoff

C.   infiltration

D.   evaporation

A.   10

B.   1

C.   97

D.   50

A.   Stream

B.   Watershed

C.   Tributary

D.   Divide

A.   Mississippi River

B.   Appalachian Mountains

C.   Sediment production zone

D.   Continental Divide

A.   The river slows down and less sediments deposit from it

B.   The river speeds up and more sediments deposit from it

C.   The river speeds up and less sediments deposit from it

D.   The river slows down and more sediments deposit from it

A.   dam level

B.   a canyon

C.   sea level

D.   lake level

A.   flash; ice-jam

B.   regional; flash

C.   flash; regional

D.   regional; ice-jam

A.   has chemically reacted with the surrounding rock

B.   has completely filled the pore spaces

C.   evaporates

D.   does not exist

A.   below the unsaturated zone

B.   above the Earth's surface

C.   above the zone of soil moisture

D.   below the saturated zone

A.   gravity

B.   erosion

C.   salinity

D.   plate tectonics

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

B.   Permeability is highly concerned with the volume of open space within a rock, whereas porosity is not.

C.   Porosity is highly concerned with the connectedness of pore spaces, whereas permeability is not.

D.   Permeability is expressed as a percentage, whereas porosity is not.

E.   Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

A.   be drilled into the unsaturated zone

B.   penetrate well below the regional water table surface

C.   be drilled into a perched aquifer

D.   be drilled through an aquitard

A.   friction

B.   the climate

C.   the sun

D.   magma and igneous rocks

A.   dissolves; acidity

B.   precipitates; alkalinity

C.   precipitates; acidity

D.   dissolves; alkalinity

A.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 25 meters (~75 feet) lower than it is today.

B.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 50 meters (~150 feet) lower than it is today.

C.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 10 meters (~30 feet) lower than it is today.

D.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 1000 meters (~3000 feet) lower than it is today.

E.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 100 meters (~300 feet) lower than it is today.

A.   Upon melting, they create oceans

B.   They are required for crystallization of magma to occur

C.   They can form from frozen seawater

D.   They contribute to erosion

A.   Canada

B.   The Arctic Ocean

C.   Greenland

D.   Iceland

A.   Ice does not flow in a glacier.

B.   downslope

C.   upslope

D.   both upslope and downslope

A.   stagnant

B.   retreating

C.   advancing

A.   W

B.   U

C.   V

D.   Y

A.   since the last glacial maximum

B.   since the origin of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago

C.   30 million years

D.   600 million years

A.   Variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun

B.   Changes in the atmopsheric carbon dioxide levels

C.   Plate tectonics and the movement of continents on the Earth

D.   All answer choices

A.   Deserts are defined by their sand content.

B.   Deserts are always located in hot, humid coastal areas.

C.   Although rainfalls are infrequent, erosion and deposition related to water are more important than wind in deserts.

D.   Deserts are located where there are ascending air masses and low atmospheric pressure.

A.   Mechanical

B.   Dissolution

C.   Chemical

D.   Erosional

A.   Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion.

B.   The sediment in humid regions is consistently gravel-sized or larger, which is difficult or impossible for wind to move.

C.   Humid areas are only underlain by lithified bedrock and never have any loose sediment that wind can transport.

D.   Humid areas experience significantly less wind than dry regions.