A.   divergent boundary

B.   convergent boundary

C.   divergent boundary and transform boundary

D.   transform boundary

E.   convergent boundary and transform boundary

A.   oceanic plate; magma

B.   continental plate; sediment

C.   continental plate; magma

D.   oceanic plate; sediment

A.   a trench

B.   a continental volcanic arc

C.   a batholith

D.   an accretionary wedge

E.   a forearc basin

A.   Downwarping of the continent due to crustal subsidence

B.   Extension of the continent through rifting

C.   Crumpling of the continent through collision with another continent

D.   Emplacement of batholiths

A.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terrains, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

B.   During orogenesis, less dense oceanic crust containing marine fossils crumples up with denser continental crust during convergence. The lower density of the oceanic crust places marine fossils near the tops of the resulting mountains

C.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct due to the fact that they contained fossils.

D.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

E.   When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains.

A.   Hot Spot

B.   Mid-oceanic ridge

C.   Subduction Zone

D.   Convergent continental-continental plate bouundary

A.   Himalayas

B.   Mid-Atlantic Ridge

C.   Appalachians

D.   Andes

A.   Island arc-type mountains

B.   Fault-block mountains

C.   Alpine-type mountains

D.   Andean-type mountains

A.   subsidence; uplift

B.   uplift; subsidence

C.   subduction; uplift

D.   uplift; subduction

A.   water

B.   plate tectonics

C.   gravity

D.   glaciers

A.   steep slopes

B.   densely vegetated land

C.   the great plains

D.   old, broad mountain

A.   drought

B.   removal of water from sediments

C.   planting vegetation

D.   adding water to sediments

A.   mass movement; erosion

B.   plate tectonics; plate tectonics

C.   volcanic activity; mass movement

D.   mass movement; plate tectonics

A.   permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

B.   saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly

C.   the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter

D.   soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing

A.   rivers

B.   glaciers

C.   lakes

D.   groundwater

A.   ice within the permafrost may melt, causing the ground to slide, slump, or subside.

B.   it can crack in several places, creating crevices and collapsing into sinkholes

C.   it completely melts and undersaturates the soil beneath it.

D.   it completely melts and creates a lake where the ice used to be

A.   groundwater

B.   runoff

C.   transpiration

D.   clouds and precipitation

A.   infiltration

B.   runoff

C.   evaporation

D.   precipitation

A.   50

B.   1

C.   10

D.   97

A.   Watershed

B.   Tributary

C.   Divide

D.   Stream

A.   Appalachian Mountains

B.   Continental Divide

C.   Mississippi River

D.   Sediment production zone

A.   The river slows down and more sediments deposit from it

B.   The river slows down and less sediments deposit from it

C.   The river speeds up and more sediments deposit from it

D.   The river speeds up and less sediments deposit from it

A.   lake level

B.   a canyon

C.   sea level

D.   dam level

A.   flash; ice-jam

B.   regional; ice-jam

C.   flash; regional

D.   regional; flash

A.   has completely filled the pore spaces

B.   does not exist

C.   has chemically reacted with the surrounding rock

D.   evaporates

A.   above the Earth's surface

B.   below the saturated zone

C.   above the zone of soil moisture

D.   below the unsaturated zone

A.   salinity

B.   gravity

C.   plate tectonics

D.   erosion

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Permeability is expressed as a percentage, whereas porosity is not.

B.   Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

C.   Permeability is highly concerned with the volume of open space within a rock, whereas porosity is not.

D.   Porosity is highly concerned with the connectedness of pore spaces, whereas permeability is not.

E.   Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

A.   be drilled into the unsaturated zone

B.   penetrate well below the regional water table surface

C.   be drilled into a perched aquifer

D.   be drilled through an aquitard

A.   friction

B.   the climate

C.   magma and igneous rocks

D.   the sun

A.   dissolves; alkalinity

B.   dissolves; acidity

C.   precipitates; alkalinity

D.   precipitates; acidity

A.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 10 meters (~30 feet) lower than it is today.

B.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 1000 meters (~3000 feet) lower than it is today.

C.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 50 meters (~150 feet) lower than it is today.

D.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 100 meters (~300 feet) lower than it is today.

E.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 25 meters (~75 feet) lower than it is today.

A.   They are required for crystallization of magma to occur

B.   They can form from frozen seawater

C.   Upon melting, they create oceans

D.   They contribute to erosion

A.   The Arctic Ocean

B.   Iceland

C.   Greenland

D.   Canada

A.   upslope

B.   both upslope and downslope

C.   downslope

D.   Ice does not flow in a glacier.

A.   stagnant

B.   advancing

C.   retreating

A.   U

B.   V

C.   Y

D.   W

A.   600 million years

B.   since the last glacial maximum

C.   30 million years

D.   since the origin of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago

A.   Variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun

B.   Changes in the atmopsheric carbon dioxide levels

C.   Plate tectonics and the movement of continents on the Earth

D.   All answer choices

A.   Deserts are located where there are ascending air masses and low atmospheric pressure.

B.   Deserts are always located in hot, humid coastal areas.

C.   Deserts are defined by their sand content.

D.   Although rainfalls are infrequent, erosion and deposition related to water are more important than wind in deserts.

A.   Chemical

B.   Erosional

C.   Dissolution

D.   Mechanical

A.   Humid areas are only underlain by lithified bedrock and never have any loose sediment that wind can transport.

B.   The sediment in humid regions is consistently gravel-sized or larger, which is difficult or impossible for wind to move.

C.   Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion.

D.   Humid areas experience significantly less wind than dry regions.