A.   transform boundary

B.   divergent boundary and transform boundary

C.   convergent boundary

D.   convergent boundary and transform boundary

E.   divergent boundary

A.   continental plate; sediment

B.   continental plate; magma

C.   oceanic plate; magma

D.   oceanic plate; sediment

A.   an accretionary wedge

B.   a forearc basin

C.   a trench

D.   a batholith

E.   a continental volcanic arc

A.   Emplacement of batholiths

B.   Extension of the continent through rifting

C.   Crumpling of the continent through collision with another continent

D.   Downwarping of the continent due to crustal subsidence

A.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct due to the fact that they contained fossils.

B.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terrains, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

C.   During orogenesis, less dense oceanic crust containing marine fossils crumples up with denser continental crust during convergence. The lower density of the oceanic crust places marine fossils near the tops of the resulting mountains

D.   The rocks at the top of these mountains that contain fossils are oceanic terranes, which are blocks of rock that used to be various parts of oceanic crust. Thicker oceanic blocks of rock were tectonically moved toward the oceanic trench, colliding with the crustal rocks because they were too large to subduct.

E.   When two plates collide at their continental margins, their deformable seaward rock containing marine organisms crumples up to the top of the resulting mountains.

A.   Subduction Zone

B.   Hot Spot

C.   Mid-oceanic ridge

D.   Convergent continental-continental plate bouundary

A.   Himalayas

B.   Andes

C.   Appalachians

D.   Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A.   Alpine-type mountains

B.   Andean-type mountains

C.   Island arc-type mountains

D.   Fault-block mountains

A.   subsidence; uplift

B.   uplift; subduction

C.   uplift; subsidence

D.   subduction; uplift

A.   gravity

B.   plate tectonics

C.   water

D.   glaciers

A.   old, broad mountain

B.   the great plains

C.   densely vegetated land

D.   steep slopes

A.   adding water to sediments

B.   planting vegetation

C.   drought

D.   removal of water from sediments

A.   volcanic activity; mass movement

B.   plate tectonics; plate tectonics

C.   mass movement; erosion

D.   mass movement; plate tectonics

A.   saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly

B.   the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter

C.   permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

D.   soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing

A.   rivers

B.   lakes

C.   glaciers

D.   groundwater

A.   it completely melts and creates a lake where the ice used to be

B.   ice within the permafrost may melt, causing the ground to slide, slump, or subside.

C.   it can crack in several places, creating crevices and collapsing into sinkholes

D.   it completely melts and undersaturates the soil beneath it.

A.   runoff

B.   transpiration

C.   groundwater

D.   clouds and precipitation

A.   runoff

B.   evaporation

C.   infiltration

D.   precipitation

A.   1

B.   10

C.   50

D.   97

A.   Stream

B.   Watershed

C.   Divide

D.   Tributary

A.   Continental Divide

B.   Mississippi River

C.   Sediment production zone

D.   Appalachian Mountains

A.   The river speeds up and more sediments deposit from it

B.   The river speeds up and less sediments deposit from it

C.   The river slows down and less sediments deposit from it

D.   The river slows down and more sediments deposit from it

A.   sea level

B.   dam level

C.   lake level

D.   a canyon

A.   flash; regional

B.   flash; ice-jam

C.   regional; flash

D.   regional; ice-jam

A.   evaporates

B.   has chemically reacted with the surrounding rock

C.   does not exist

D.   has completely filled the pore spaces

A.   below the unsaturated zone

B.   below the saturated zone

C.   above the Earth's surface

D.   above the zone of soil moisture

A.   salinity

B.   gravity

C.   plate tectonics

D.   erosion

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Permeability is highly concerned with the volume of open space within a rock, whereas porosity is not.

B.   Porosity is highly concerned with the connectedness of pore spaces, whereas permeability is not.

C.   Permeability is expressed as a percentage, whereas porosity is not.

D.   Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

E.   Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

A.   be drilled into the unsaturated zone

B.   be drilled through an aquitard

C.   penetrate well below the regional water table surface

D.   be drilled into a perched aquifer

A.   the climate

B.   friction

C.   the sun

D.   magma and igneous rocks

A.   precipitates; alkalinity

B.   dissolves; acidity

C.   dissolves; alkalinity

D.   precipitates; acidity

A.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 1000 meters (~3000 feet) lower than it is today.

B.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 25 meters (~75 feet) lower than it is today.

C.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 50 meters (~150 feet) lower than it is today.

D.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 10 meters (~30 feet) lower than it is today.

E.   At the last glacial maximum, sea level was about 100 meters (~300 feet) lower than it is today.

A.   They can form from frozen seawater

B.   They are required for crystallization of magma to occur

C.   They contribute to erosion

D.   Upon melting, they create oceans

A.   Canada

B.   The Arctic Ocean

C.   Greenland

D.   Iceland

A.   Ice does not flow in a glacier.

B.   upslope

C.   downslope

D.   both upslope and downslope

A.   advancing

B.   retreating

C.   stagnant

A.   Y

B.   U

C.   V

D.   W

A.   600 million years

B.   since the origin of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago

C.   30 million years

D.   since the last glacial maximum

A.   All answer choices

B.   Plate tectonics and the movement of continents on the Earth

C.   Changes in the atmopsheric carbon dioxide levels

D.   Variations in the Earth's orbit around the sun

A.   Deserts are always located in hot, humid coastal areas.

B.   Deserts are defined by their sand content.

C.   Deserts are located where there are ascending air masses and low atmospheric pressure.

D.   Although rainfalls are infrequent, erosion and deposition related to water are more important than wind in deserts.

A.   Dissolution

B.   Erosional

C.   Mechanical

D.   Chemical

A.   Humid areas experience significantly less wind than dry regions.

B.   The sediment in humid regions is consistently gravel-sized or larger, which is difficult or impossible for wind to move.

C.   Vegetation in humid areas anchors the soil, which inhibits wind erosion.

D.   Humid areas are only underlain by lithified bedrock and never have any loose sediment that wind can transport.