Psychology 103 - Physiological Psychology » Spring 2022 » Final Exam
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Question #1
The amyloid plaques displayed by transgenic mice are most prevalent in and around the
A.
hypothalamus.
B.
basal ganglia.
C.
cerebellum.
D.
parietal cortex.
E.
structures of the medial temporal lobes.
Question #2
The general effect of synapse rearrangement is to
A.
increase the number of different target cells innervated by each neuron.
B.
focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells.
C.
increase the ratio of axosomatic synapses to axodendritic synapses.
D.
increase the number of synapses.
E.
increase the number of synaptic contacts received by each neuron.
Question #3
Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?
A.
angiography
B.
EEG
C.
CT
D.
PET
E.
MRI
Question #4
Most of the cell death associated with early development of the brain is
A.
necrotic.
B.
all of these
C.
apoptotic.
D.
passive.
E.
none of these
Question #5
The cutaneous somatosensory system responds to
A.
nociceptive stimuli.
B.
mechanical stimuli.
C.
none of these
D.
all of these
E.
thermal stimuli.
Question #6
Generally speaking, feminization of the body at puberty
A.
occurs automatically even if testosterone is present in large amounts.
B.
is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens.
C.
can be blocked by hormones but is not stimulated by them.
D.
occurs automatically unless testosterone is present.
E.
is stimulated by a high ratio of androgens to estrogens.
Question #7
On the basis of their receptive field properties, most neurons in lower layer IV of the primary visual cortex are classified as
A.
hypercomplex cells.
B.
simple cells or complex cells.
C.
complex cells or hypercomplex cells.
D.
on-center or off-center cells.
E.
type A or type B cells.
Question #8
Unlike Old-World monkeys, apes
A.
have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation.
B.
have tails.
C.
do not have opposable thumbs.
D.
cannot walk upright for short distances.
E.
do not have tails.
Question #9
The last part of the human brain to reach full maturity is the
A.
amygdala.
B.
hypothalamus.
C.
occipital cortex.
D.
hippocampus.
E.
prefrontal cortex.
Question #10
Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is
A.
applied research.
B.
pure research.
C.
case-study research.
D.
correlational research.
E.
biopsychological research.
Question #11
The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the
A.
red nucleus.
B.
superior colliculi.
C.
cerebral aqueduct.
D.
periaqueductal gray.
E.
substantia nigra.
Question #12
Another word for "integration" is
A.
"release."
B.
"all-or-none."
C.
"activation."
D.
"summation."
E.
"firing."
Question #13
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the
A.
cerebral hemispheres.
B.
all of these
C.
great cerebral commissure.
D.
cerebellum.
E.
brain.
Question #14
Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into
A.
a Müllerian system.
B.
testes.
C.
ovaries.
D.
the penis.
E.
a Wolffian system.
Question #15
A neuron normally fires when
A.
there is an IPSP.
B.
its buttons are stimulated.
C.
there is an EPSP.
D.
its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated.
E.
the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation.
Question #16
Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?
A.
sympathetic nervous system
B.
cranial nerves
C.
autonomic nervous system
D.
parasympathetic nervous system
E.
somatic nervous system
Question #17
Color vision is mediated by
A.
rods.
B.
the scotopic system.
C.
rhodopsin.
D.
the photopic system.
E.
duplexity.
Question #18
In essence, on-center and off-center cells of the retina-geniculate-striate system respond best to
A.
movement.
B.
contrast.
C.
dots of light.
D.
circles.
E.
straight lines.
Question #19
The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of
A.
nodes of Ranvier.
B.
voltage-activated ion channels.
C.
EPSPs.
D.
ligand-activated ion channels.
E.
myelin.
Question #20
Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology?
A.
psychophysiology
B.
neuropsychology
C.
psychopharmacology
D.
physiological psychology
E.
clinical psychology
Question #21
The basal ganglia:
A.
None of these
B.
Regulates movement.
C.
Integrates and coordinates the activity of sensorimotor structures.
D.
all of these
E.
Initiates movement.
Question #22
Which of the following statements is NOT true? Testosterone replacement injections administered to adult orchidectomized males usually
A.
increase their muscularity.
B.
increase their sex drive.
C.
render them potent.
D.
enable them to achieve an erection.
E.
eliminate their sterility.
Question #23
The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that
A.
None of these
B.
depressed people have low levels of monoamines.
C.
most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine antagonists.
D.
depressed people have high levels of monoamines.
E.
most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.
Question #24
Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for
A.
cognitive behavior.
B.
neurophysiology.
C.
behavioral psychology.
D.
neuroscience.
E.
biopsychology.
Question #25
Which of the following suggested that the amygdala plays an important role in human sexual behavior?
A.
John Money
B.
estrous cycle
C.
anabolic steroids
D.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
E.
sexual dimorphism
Question #26
The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are
A.
parts of the autonomic nervous system.
B.
neurons.
C.
neuroglia.
D.
myelin.
E.
meninges.
Question #27
In contrast to the ventromedial corticospinal tract, before descending to the spinal cord, the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract interacts with the
A.
none of these
B.
vestibular nuclei.
C.
all of these
D.
tectum.
E.
reticular formation.
Question #28
Studies have shown that about ______ new neurons are created each day in each hippocampus of humans.
A.
16
B.
4
C.
700
D.
8
E.
12
Question #29
The neural crest develops into the
A.
circulatory system of the brain.
B.
cortex.
C.
ventricular system.
D.
peripheral nervous system.
E.
neural tube.
Question #30
The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized
A.
from top to bottom.
B.
retinotopically.
C.
on the basis of wavelength.
D.
from left to right.
E.
ipsilaterally.
Question #31
The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include
A.
all of these
B.
difficulty in maintaining steady postures.
C.
inability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions.
D.
severe disturbances of balance, gait, speech, and eye movement.
E.
inability to precisely control the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movements.
Question #32
The ________ is important in regulating such hormones as growth, hunger, sleep and sex.
A.
Cochlea
B.
Hippocampus
C.
Ruffini Ending
D.
Hypothalamus
Question #33
In addition to the radial migration of developing neurons, there is considerable __________ migration.
A.
rapid
B.
axonal
C.
circuitous
D.
intermediate
E.
tangential
Question #34
During sensorimotor learning,
A.
the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control mechanisms.
B.
all of these
C.
individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs.
D.
the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy.
Question #35
The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized
A.
ipsilaterally.
B.
on the basis of wavelength.
C.
from left to right.
D.
retinotopically.
E.
from top to bottom.
Question #36
Which of the following contains the receptors of the vestibular system?
A.
ossicles
B.
semicircular canals
C.
vestibular nucleus
D.
cochlea
E.
basilar membrane
Question #37
A compelling illustration of contrast enhancement is
A.
color constancy.
B.
lateral inhibition.
C.
the cocktail sausage demonstration.
D.
the complementary color afterimage demonstration.
E.
the Mach band demonstration.
Question #38
Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain
A.
acetylcholine.
B.
small-molecule neurotransmitters.
C.
neuropeptides.
D.
glutamate.
E.
dopamine.
Question #39
A.
absence epilepsy.
B.
multiple sclerosis.
C.
Parkinson's disease.
D.
human epileptogenesis.
E.
MPTP.
Question #40
There is good evidence in some species that testosterone does not masculinize the brain directly, that it is first converted to estradiol, which then masculinizes the brain. This hypothesis is called the __________ hypothesis.
A.
dimorphic
B.
dihydrotestosterone
C.
aromatization
D.
cholesterol
E.
alpha fetoprotein
Question #41
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light
A.
opens potassium channels.
B.
depolarizes rods.
C.
hyperpolarizes rods.
D.
depolarizes cones.
E.
opens sodium channels.
Question #42
The CSF circulates through the
A.
subarachnoid space.
B.
none of these
C.
lateral ventricles.
D.
all of these
E.
central canal.
Question #43
A dermatome is a
A.
fast adapting cutaneous receptor.
B.
free nerve ending.
C.
slowly adapting cutaneous receptor.
D.
none of these
Question #44
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) has been of particular interest to researchers because
A.
women have twice as much as men.
B.
regeneration is not possible without it.
C.
BDNF is localized in the prefrontal lobes.
D.
it plays an important role in mental health.
E.
treatments that improve depression increase BDNF.
Question #45
Embryonic cells that have the potential for unlimited renewal and have the ability to develop into different kinds of mature cells if they are transplanted to different sites are often called
A.
multipolar cells.
B.
daughter cells.
C.
zygotes.
D.
ectodermal cells.
E.
embryonic stem cells.
Question #46
This is an illustration of the developing neural tube. The line points to one of the brain's major divisions, the
A.
telencephalon.
B.
metencephalon.
C.
mesencephalon.
D.
myelencephalon.
E.
diencephalon.
Question #47
Multiple sclerosis
A.
all of these
B.
is a progressive disorder.
C.
is a disease of CNS myelin.
D.
attacks young adults.
E.
is associated with the development of areas of scar tissue in the CNS white matter.
Question #48
Parkinson's disease is treated with
A.
norepinephrine.
B.
L-dopa.
C.
serotonin.
D.
dopamine.
E.
acetylcholine.
Question #49
"Stroke" commonly refers to
A.
brain infarcts.
B.
cerebrovascular disorders of sudden onset.
C.
closed-head injuries of sudden onset.
D.
cancerous brain tumors of sudden onset.
Question #50
Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?
A.
EEG
B.
angiography
C.
PET
D.
CT
E.
functional MRI
Question #51
Which technique records the BOLD signal?
A.
fMRI
B.
CT
C.
MEG
D.
MRI
E.
PET
Question #52
Much of SII is
A.
adjacent to SI.
B.
none of these
C.
all of these
D.
in the parietal cortex.
E.
in the lateral fissure.
Question #53
The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to
A.
D1 receptors.
B.
autoreceptors.
C.
glutamate receptors.
D.
D2 receptors.
E.
dopamine.
Question #54
To be considered a major depressive disorder, symptoms must
A.
last more than 2 weeks.
B.
NOT involve anhedonia.
C.
be triggered by an obvious traumatic event.
D.
last less than 2 weeks.
E.
involve a suicide attempt.
Question #55
The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into
A.
ovaries.
B.
the frenulum.
C.
the Wolffian system.
D.
the female sex ducts.
E.
testes.
Question #56
In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are
A.
case studies.
B.
randomized experiments.
C.
quasiexperiments.
D.
true experiments.
E.
unethical.
Question #57
Convergent evolution produces structures that are
A.
analogous.
B.
homologous.
C.
convergent.
D.
none of these
Question #58
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
A.
ANS and the PNS.
B.
SNS and the CNS.
C.
ANS and the CNS.
D.
PNS and the CNS.
E.
brain and the spinal cord.
Question #59
Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
A.
glycine
B.
GABA
C.
dopamine
D.
glutamate
E.
serotonin
Question #60
In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to
A.
provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.
B.
mediate reflexes.
C.
specialize in guiding learned sequences.
D.
program specific patterns of movement.
E.
terminate response sequences.
Question #61
Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be observed
A.
passing through the cribriform plate.
B.
in the olfactory mucosa.
C.
in the olfactory bulb.
D.
all of these
E.
in the nasal passages.
Question #62
Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients?
A.
PET scans
B.
X-ray photography
C.
CT scans
D.
cerebral angiography
E.
pneumoencephalography
Question #63
There seem to be two different mechanisms of neural migration: glia-mediated migration and
A.
amoeboid migration.
B.
pioneer migration.
C.
growth cone translocation.
D.
somal translocation.
Question #64
Evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a major role in the
A.
perception of pain.
B.
expectation of pain.
C.
all of these
D.
adaptive responses to minimize pain.
E.
emotional reaction to pain.
Question #65
The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its
A.
guano.
B.
confounds.
C.
converging operations.
D.
zeitgeist.
Question #66
The conventional view that all tastes are encoded by various combinations of activity in five primary taste receptors has a problem:
A.
Evidence suggests that there may be more than five primary tastes.
B.
Thirty receptors have been discovered for bitter.
C.
No receptors have been discovered for salty and sour.
D.
all of these
E.
Many tastes cannot be created from combinations of the five current primaries.
Question #67
Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem?
A.
mesencephalon
B.
myelencephalon
C.
metencephalon
D.
medulla
E.
telencephalon
Question #68
Epigenetic investigations, though relatively recent, have already identified
A.
histone remodeling as an important mechanism by which experience can influence gene expression.
B.
various kinds of small RNA molecules.
C.
DNA methylation as an important epigenetic mechanism.
D.
many active areas of nongene (junk) DNA.
E.
all of these
Question #69
At 18 days after conception, this structure becomes visible in the developing embryo; it is the neural
A.
plate.
B.
mesoderm.
C.
crest.
D.
tube.
E.
floor.
Question #70
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
A.
all of these
B.
incoherent speech or thought
C.
delusions
D.
hallucinations
E.
inappropriate affect
Question #71
Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?
A.
indolamines
B.
monoamines
C.
amino acids
D.
catecholamines
Question #72
Philip suffered great pain in the elbow of his phantom arm, which seemed to be locked in an awkward position. Ramachandran successfully treated him by
A.
injecting his stump with stem cells.
B.
having him practice moving his phantom limb while he imagined that he saw it moving.
C.
having him practice moving his phantom limb while his good arm was tied down.
D.
having him make synchronous, bilaterally symmetrical movements of "both arms" while directly viewing his good arm and a mirror image of it where his phantom limb would have been.
E.
injecting his stump with curare.
Question #73
The purpose of the ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A.
supplies nutrients to the nervous system
B.
protects (cushions ) brain and spinal cord
C.
removes waste products from cerebral metabolism
D.
all of these
Question #74
Bilateral transplantation of fetal substantia nigra tissue in monkeys has proven successful in alleviating the symptoms of
A.
epilepsy.
B.
MPTP poisoning.
C.
Huntington's disease.
D.
Alzheimer's disease.
E.
autotransplants.
Question #75
Communication of the left and right hemispheres are due to this structure:
A.
Basal Ganglia
B.
Hippocampus
C.
Corpus Collasum
D.
Frontal Lobe
Question #76
In this area damage to the primary auditory cortex will result in problems hearing sounds. Damage to the left hemisphere of this structure will result in problems understanding what someone says to you.
A.
Parietal Lobe
B.
Frontal Lobe
C.
Broca's Area
D.
Temporal Lobe
Question #77
The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called
A.
sulci.
B.
oligodendroglia.
C.
neurons.
D.
axons.
E.
glial cells.
Question #78
Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on
A.
Betz cells.
B.
interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs.
C.
muscles of the fingers and thumb.
D.
motor neurons that project to the fingers.
E.
muscles of the hands and wrists.
Question #79
Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for monozygotic twins is
A.
greater for males than for females.
B.
much more than 50%.
C.
much less than 100%.
D.
more than for dizygotic twins.
Question #80
The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called
A.
gametes.
B.
genotypes.
C.
alleles.
D.
dominants.
E.
phenotypes.
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