Sociology 1 - Introduction to Sociology » Summer 2022 » Exam 2

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Question #1
From a functionalist perspective, why is social placement or tracking of students beneficial to society?
A.   It ensures that the more capable people fill positions requiring higher intellectual levels.
B.   It reproduces the racial and ethnic structure of society for the next generation.
C.   It perpetuates the class system that has been in place for generations.
D.   It creates dedicated workers who will sacrifice personal ambition for the needs of society.
Question #2
According to the data presented in the class on "Alleviating Prejudice and Discrimination"
A.   there is really nothing that can be done as prejudice and discrimination cannot be alleviated.
B.   educating those who are racist will not work as individual's views do not change.
C.   consistent and intensive nteractions with other groups can alleviate prejudicial feelings.
D.   cooperative tasks has not worked in the past as individual achievement is a core U.S. value.
Question #3
Anthony and Cathy have been married for thirty-one years. They have always had a joint bank account, discussed big expenditures before making them, and shared household duties. Which term best describes their family based on this information?
A.   It is a unilateral family.
B.   It is a bilateral family.
C.   It is an extended family.
D.   It is an egalitarian family.
Question #4
As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive stuffed animals and gifts that are more passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?
A.   the hidden curriculum
B.   gender socialization
C.   gender tracking
D.   resocialization
Question #5
Based on control bond theory, when are inner controls more effective?
A.   When we are able to reject negative labels and neutralize our deviance.
B.   When we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society.
C.   When we are members of the middle or upper classes and have too much to lose.
D.   When punishment is feared from authorities such as parents or the court system.
Question #6
In Jane Elliot's "Lesson on Discrimination" it was found that
A.   children do not adopt stereotypes or learn prejudice from their significant others or agents of socialization.
B.   having children experience discrimination first hand can alleviate prejudicial beliefs in adulthood.
C.   parents who are prejudice want their children to experience discrimination.
D.   learning about prejudice and experiencing discrimination has no effect on children.
Question #7
Mark lives in a gang infested community and recently joined a gang for protection. The social theory that best describes this situation is _________.
A.   Labeling Theory
B.   Differential Association Theory
C.   Control-Bond Theory
D.   Rational-Choice/Exchange Theory
Question #8
Nathan's father left his mother when he was six months old and Nathan has not seen him since. His mother works two jobs and is rarely home. Nathan has decided to join a gang. Nathan's deviant behavior can be best explained by which theory of deviance?
A.   Differential Association Theory
B.   Control-Bond Theory
C.   Labeling Theory
D.   Rational-Choice Theory
E.   Strain Theory
Question #9
According to the data presented on parental and parentified children ________________________________.
A.   these children take on adult reponsibilites.
B.   all of these.
C.   these children may have a "mid-life crisis" in adulthood as they may revert back to stages they missed in childhood.
D.   these children miss out on key stages of their childhood.
Question #10
In the United States, what single factor determines who attends college more than any other?
A.   age at application
B.   standardized test scores
C.   family background
D.   high school rank
Question #11
Prejudice describes ________ while discrimination describes ________.
A.   attitudes; actions
B.   norms; beliefs
C.   values; attitudes
D.   actions; attitudes
Question #12
Psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis observed the interactions of mothers and children to determine if the children were socialized differently depending on the child's sex. What was the conclusion they reached following their research?
A.   Mothers subconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent.
B.   Mothers kept their sons closer to them when they played.
C.   Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.
D.   Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of the child's sex.
Question #13
Race is to biology as ________ is to cultural heritage.
A.   religion
B.   ethnicity
C.   education
D.   social class
Question #14
Samy was an unwanted child, he was spanked for punishment each time he misbehaved, and his father was an alcoholic. Studies have found that as an adult, Samy is more likely to _____________ due to his socialization experiences growing up.
A.   be obese and/or have low self-esteem.
B.   be aggressive and have a weak bond with his parents.
C.   become an alcoholic or marry an alcoholic.
D.   all of these.
Question #15
The Robber's Cave Experiment which offers evidence of explanations of prejudice and discrimination found that
A.   hierarchial statuses formed quickly in the group of boys just as it does in the greater society.
B.   competition breeds friction between groups.
C.   all of these.
D.   cooperative tasks is inversely related with group conflict.
Question #16
The film "The Sociology of Crime and Deviance" explained the sociological perspective of deviance and criminal behavior as
A.   caused by positivism.
B.   being due to individuals having a criminal personality.
C.   caused by biological drives.
D.   caused by a defective environment.
Question #17
The study by Chambliss titled, "The Saints and the Roughnecks" demonstrated which theory of deviance?
A.   Differential Association Theory
B.   Strain Theory
C.   Control-Bond Theory
D.   Labeling Theory
Question #18
What variable did Ray Rist identify as being the underlying basis for assigning children to different learning groups in kindergarten?
A.   language skills
B.   social class
C.   individual IQ scores
D.   physical attractiveness
Question #19
What variable did William Chambliss conclude was the deciding difference between the labels received by the "Saints" and "Roughnecks"?
A.   The age of the Saints compared to the age of the Roughnecks.
B.   The difference in the social class of the Saints compared to the Roughnecks.
C.   The race of the members of each group.
D.   The intellectual status of each group.
Question #20
Which are not factors of one's playing field?
A.   parents' education level and occupation.
B.   being male or female and one's race.
C.   none of these are examples of one's playing field
D.   social class level, gender, and geographic location.
E.   all are factors of one's playing field.
Question #21
Which of the following was not noted in the research presented in the article "Social Class and Childrearing in Black and White Families"?
A.   Working class and poor parents are more likely to emphasize natural growth, provide basic support, and are more likely to give directives to their children.
B.   Middle class parents are likely to raise their children by methods of concerted cultivation.
C.   Middle class parents are more likely to stress language use, the development of reasoning skills, and negotiation.
D.   all of these were noted in the research findings.
Question #22
Which perspective is most aligned with the belief that family fulfills the role of control of economic production, socialization of children, and care of the sick and aged?
A.   the functionalist perspective
B.   the conflict perspective
C.   the feminist perspective
D.   the symbolic interactionist perspective
Question #23
Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. What is this scenario called?
A.   middle-age fatherhood
B.   child neglect
C.   serial fatherhood
D.   child abuse
Question #24
Which of the following set of functions are manifest functions of the American education system?
A.   teaching computer literacy, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system
B.   teaching the three Rs, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system
C.   teaching knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values, social integration
D.   providing child care service for working parents and the hidden curriculum
Question #25
The fact that 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while nearly 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates what concept?
A.   affirmative action
B.   feminization of the workplace
C.   political correctness
D.   gender tracking
Question #26
What is an unequal access to power, property, and prestige based on one's sex?
A.   sexual harassment
B.   sex-typing
C.   matriarchy
D.   gender stratification
Question #27
What would a comparative analysis of the Tiwi and the Abkhasians illustrate regarding the meanings that people attach to aging?
A.   Age is dependent on one's physical appearance.
B.   Age is dependent upon one's individual attitude and personality.
C.   Age has a similar meaning in most societies.
D.   Age is socially constructed.
Question #28
Ally’s father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally’s experience?
A.   Differential association theory
B.   Opaque theory
C.   Strain theory
D.   Labeling theory
Question #29
The term deviance can be defined as:
A.   Social reward for the violation of norms.
B.   The regulation and enforcement of norms.
C.   The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.
D.   A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.
Question #30
In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a “problem” child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott’s experience?
A.   Strain theory
B.   Control theory
C.   Labeling theory
D.   Differential association
Question #31
Strain theory:
A.   Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.
B.   Argues that morality is based on wealth.
C.   Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.
D.   States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
Question #32
Social control is:
A.   An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.
B.   The regulation and enforcement of norms.
C.   A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.
D.   A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual.
Question #33
Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he’s more prepared than Ted for coursework which includes computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of:
A.   Digital divide
B.   New media
C.   Technological pause
D.   Computer lag
Question #34
Tyson visits China over spring break, and after getting online to write home to her parents, she realizes some of her favorite social media sites are blocked by the Chinese government. She becomes concerned with how technology reinforces inequalities among communities, both within and among countries. What sociological perspective best fits Tyson’s concerns?
A.   Conflict
B.   Cyberfeminist
C.   Functionalist
D.   Symbolic Interactionist
Question #35
Sociologists have adopted the phrase, “the graying of the United States.” What does this phrase mean?
A.   The greatest part of the population is reaching the age of 65 and entering old age.
B.   With industrialization and the building of big cities, there is very little green nature left and everything is the color of steel.
C.   Gray is culturally considered beautiful and thus people are bleaching their hair.
D.   People are living under so much stress now, that they are going gray early.
Question #36
What is a dependency ratio?
A.   It is the comparison of children to parents.
B.   It is the comparison of grandparents to parents.
C.   It is the comparison of working people to non-working people.
D.   It is the comparison of healthcare professionals to the elderly.
Question #37
  
A.   As people age, they disengage with their friends in order to spend more time with their families.
B.   As people age, they begin to lose their friends and family and spend their last days mourning their losses.
C.   As people age, they generally withdraw from all forms of society.
D.   As people age, they think less and less about being married to their spouse, and more about their individuality.
Question #38
Some conflict theorists ascribe to the idea that as time and technology move forward, elderly people are left behind and they lose social standing and power. Which specific theory does this describe?
A.   Modernization theory
B.   Exchange theory
C.   Age stratification theory
D.   Continuity theory
Question #39
Family is a term that is difficult to define. When studying sociology it is important to remember that:
A.   Sociologist try to keep the definition open so that people who walk by each other on the street are a family.
B.   Sociologists only consider traditional marriage as a requirement to be a family.
C.   Sociologists only consider people who live in the same household to be a family.
D.   Sociologists try to keep the definition open to encompass all types of people who are emotionally close to each other.
Question #40
What is the relationship, if any, between people who cohabitate and then get married, and those people who wait to live together after they marry?
A.   Cohabitating, unmarried partners have the exact same divorce rate as the people who don’t cohabitate until marriage.
B.   Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly lower divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.
C.   Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly higher divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.
D.   It does not matter because divorce occurs when two people are incompatible and does not depend on how long people have lived with each other.
Question #41
Which is one reason that sociologist cite to explain why men and women are delaying marriage until their mid-to-late twenties?
A.   Many young people place education and career higher than marriage on their list of priorities.
B.   Many women fear having children too early and, consequently, having to give up a good career.
C.   Most people in the Millennial generation are caring for their aging parents and do not have time for long term, serious relationships.
D.   Most men spend at least a year traveling the world to get a better understanding of the world, and consequently, don’t want to be tied down by a wife.
Question #42
Which factors do sociologists suspect were the cause for such a high divorce rate during the 1960’s?
A.   Most people divorcing in the 1960’s grew up during World War II and struggled to make the austerity of their childhood correlate with their more abundant and fruitful lifestyles in the 1960’s.
B.   Men were granted more freedom and often allowed to work from home which put more strain on their marital relationships, and which also coincided with women becoming more educated and more aware of their legal rights.
C.   The 1960’s saw the birth of the zero-tolerance concept, which many men and women applied to their marriages, and which, many in society thought a great idea.
D.   There was an increase in women working outside of the home, and also, greater social acceptance of divorce.
Question #43
What is the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and marriage?
A.   Men and women who are married experience considerably more abuse, than those who are cohabitating.
B.   Men and women who are married prefer to seek therapy and counseling for their problems rather than hitting, punching, or screaming.
C.   Men and women who are married experience less abuse, than those who are cohabitating.
D.   Men and women who are married feel empowered to report abuse, thus the statistics we have on IPV between married couples are very accurate.
Question #44
Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity?
A.   Functionalism
B.   Conflict theory
C.   Symbolic interactionism
D.   None of the above.
Question #45
Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled “troubled,” and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to “live down” to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara’s experience?
A.   Feminist theory
B.   Symbolic interactionism
C.   Conflict theory
D.   Functionalism
Question #46
  
A.   Academic bribing
B.   GPA debt
C.   Systematic grading
D.   Grade inflation
Question #47
When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he’s not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as:
A.   Feminism
B.   Manifest function
C.   Grade inflation
D.   Tracking
Question #48
According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is:
A.   A product of the media
B.   No longer in existence
C.   Not biologically identifiable
D.   Biologically identifiable
Question #49
When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of:
A.   Affirmative action
B.   The social construction of race
C.   White privilege
D.   Intersection theory
Question #50
Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela’s view best align?
A.   Symbolic interactionism
B.   Feminism
C.   Functionalism
D.   Conflict theory
Question #51
What is the difference between sex and gender?
A.   Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy.
B.   Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.
C.   Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females.
D.   Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with.
Question #52
When Jeanette’s parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of:
A.   Homophobia
B.   A misunderstanding
C.   A double standard
D.   Gender identity
Question #53
For every dollar a man makes in the United States, how much does a woman make?
A.   55 cents
B.   77 cents
C.   92 cents
D.   $1.52
Question #54
When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. This exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff’s views?
A.   Conflict Theory
B.   Structural Functionalism
C.   Symbolic Interactionism
D.   Cyberfeminism
Question #55
The term doing gender can be defined as:
A.   The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements.
B.   Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.
C.   The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.
D.   When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.
Question #56
In 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder and as a result today homosexuality is not viewed as a mental illness. Which sociological perspective reflects this example of the change in classification and perspective/view of homosexuality by experts?
A.   Symbolic Interactionism
B.   Cyberfeminism
C.   Exchange Theory
D.   Structural Functionalism
Question #57
Which of the following is incorrect? The article, "Denying the Guilty Mind: Accounting for involvement in White Collar Crime"
A.   presented data from a study in which the research method utilized was interviews and the sample included convicted white-collar offenders.
B.   found that offenders went through a process of transformation of their identities.
C.   stated that the offenders utilized impression management techniques and techniques of neutralization (such as denial of victim) to avoid being labeled.
D.   found that all of the offenders stated that profit motive and extraordinary circumstances due to their employment difficulties were NOT factors in their criminal activity.
Question #58
The research conducted by Kozol and presented in the article "The Savage Ineualities of Public Education in New York" found that
A.   teacher expectations do not affect students' performance.
B.   all schools in the United States emphasize critical thinking skills today.
C.   there is equal funding in schools across the United States.
D.   there is a discrepancy in funding of public education in the United States and some schools lack resources and offer few opportunities for educational success for their students.
Question #59
Which of the following was not found in Kilbourne research (article, "The More You Subtract, the More You Add: Cutting Girls Down to Size")?
A.   Women's bodies are objectified in our society and women are constantly bombarded with images and messages that they must be thin.
B.   Women receive conflicting messages of what the "ideal" woman is.
C.   Adolescents are not considered prime targets for advertising.
D.   Teen girls today are growing up in a toxic culture and are at risk for a number of problems and disorders.

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