Psychology 1010 - General Psychology » Summer 2022 » Test 1
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Question #1
A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is provided after a pre-established number of responses.
A.
variable-ratio
B.
fixed-interval
C.
fixed-ratio
D.
variable-interval
Question #2
A characteristic that can take on different values is called a(n):
A.
operational definition.
B.
theory.
C.
hypothesis.
D.
variable.
Question #3
A relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience is called:
A.
cognition.
B.
development.
C.
learning.
D.
perception.
Question #4
A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food. After conditioning, he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone. The interval is the _____ variable. The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.
A.
independent; dependent
B.
independent; control
C.
dependent; independent
D.
dependent; experimental
Question #5
A synapse is a:
A.
joint.
B.
gap.
C.
signal.
D.
chemical.
Question #6
Alphonse suffered a stroke, resulting in a lesion in his temporal lobe. Which of Alphonse's perceptual or cognitive functions is MOST likely impaired?
A.
decision-making
B.
hearing
C.
motor coordination
D.
vision
Question #7
An axon is a:
A.
long, tube-like structure extending from a neuron's cell body.
B.
support cell in the nervous system.
C.
neuron's cell body.
D.
branch-like fiber extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body.
Question #8
At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of:
A.
natural selection.
B.
unconscious conflict.
C.
free will
D.
environmental determinism.
Question #9
Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiments were intended to demonstrate:
A.
observational learning.
B.
latent learning.
C.
insight.
D.
shaping.
Question #10
Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as _____ is to _____.
A.
reading; speaking
B.
language production; language comprehension
C.
reading; writing
D.
language comprehension; language production
Question #11
Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. The neighborhood looks dangerous; Carmen feels lost and on edge. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation.
A.
serotonin
B.
dopamine
C.
GABA
D.
norepinephrine
Question #12
Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by:
A.
dendrites.
B.
glial cells.
C.
myelin.
D.
terminal buds.
Question #13
Engineering the consequences of her daughter's behavior is a key element in Laureen's parenting strategy. As an example, Laura's daughter is allowed to select the evening movie if she completes her homework before dinner. Laura appears to echo _____ in emphasizing the importance of _____ conditioning in learning.
A.
Pavlov; operant
B.
Pavlov; classical
C.
Skinner; classical
D.
Skinner; operant
Question #14
In Bandura's observational learning work, which of the following is MOST likely a dependent variable?
A.
whether the model in the film behaves aggressively or not
B.
whether children see a film of an adult model or not
C.
whether children are allowed to play with the doll after the film
D.
whether children mimic the model's aggressive behavior
Question #15
In a roller-blading mishap, Wendy fell down and injured the very back of her head. Which of her senses is MOST likely impaired?
A.
touch
B.
smell
C.
hearing
D.
vision
Question #16
In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology
A.
cognitive
B.
sociocultural
C.
psychoanalytic
D.
biological
Question #17
In variable-ratio reinforcement:
A.
reinforcers are delivered after pre-established time periods.
B.
the specific reinforcer changes from trial to trial.
C.
reinforcers are delivered after a changing number of responses.
D.
reinforcers are delivered after a fluctuating period of time.
Question #18
Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to be. Which research method would be aimed at verifying the relationship between these two variables?
A.
naturalistic observation
B.
correlational research
C.
case study
D.
experimental method
Question #19
Kate has suffered right-hemisphere damage. Which of the following processes is LEAST likely to be affected?
A.
reciting a shopping list out loud
B.
determining whether a painting she is hanging is straight or crooked
C.
understanding a pun
D.
recognizing a familiar look on her boyfriend's face
Question #20
Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of _____, the brain's natural painkillers.
A.
endorphins
B.
dopamine
C.
adenosine
D.
acetylcholine
Question #21
Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.
A.
psychoanalytic
B.
biological
C.
humanistic
D.
cognitive
Question #22
Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for the perpetrator. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.
A.
humanistic
B.
psychoanalytic
C.
behavioral
D.
cognitive
Question #23
Parkinson's disease is to dopamine as _____ is to _____.
A.
Alzheimer's disease; norpinephrine
B.
depression; acetylcholine
C.
depression; serotonin
D.
Alzheimer's disease; serotonin
Question #24
Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of stimuli and reinforcers in the environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.
A.
cognitive
B.
behavioral
C.
sociocultural
D.
psychoanalytic
Question #25
Perhaps the MOST influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by:
A.
Pavlov.
B.
Watson.
C.
Skinner.
D.
Bandura.
Question #26
Perhaps the broadest, most integrative approach in psychology is the _____ perspective.
A.
biological
B.
humanistic
C.
psychoanalytic
D.
biopsychosocial
Question #27
Prediction is to explanation as _____ is to______.
A.
experiment; theory
B.
experiment; hypothesis
C.
hypothesis; theory
D.
theory; hypothesis
Question #28
Psychology is defined as the:
A.
scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
B.
study of mental processes.
C.
study of mental disorders and their treatment.
D.
science of behavior.
Question #29
Salary is to commission as _____ is to _____.
A.
secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
B.
interval schedule; ratio schedule
C.
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
D.
ratio schedule; interval schedule
Question #30
Slot machine is to vending machine as _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.
A.
secondary; primary
B.
positive; negative
C.
negative; positive
D.
primary; secondary
Question #31
The ______ appears to support some aspects of personality development.
A.
corpus callosum
B.
frontal lobe
C.
brainstem
D.
parietal lobe
Question #32
The addition of a pleasant stimulus following a target behavior is called _____ reinforcement.
A.
partial
B.
primary
C.
secondary
D.
positive
Question #33
The branch-like fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called:
A.
nodes of Ranvier.
B.
axons.
C.
glial fibers.
D.
dendrites.
Question #34
The building blocks of the nervous system are cells called:
A.
neurons.
B.
dendrites.
C.
synapses.
D.
axons.
Question #35
The chemicals that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called:
A.
agonists.
B.
vesicles.
C.
action potentials.
D.
neurotransmitters.
Question #36
The formal beginning of psychology is associated with:
A.
Wundt.
B.
Descartes.
C.
Titchener.
D.
James.
Question #37
The process by which the brain reorganizes itself throughout development is termed:
A.
neuroadaptation.
B.
neurogenesis.
C.
neuroplasticity.
D.
neuromutability.
Question #38
The process psychologists use to conduct research is called:
A.
critical thinking.
B.
educated guessing.
C.
the scientific method.
D.
informed speculation.
Question #39
The temporal lobe is _____ the _____ lobe.
A.
behind; parietal
B.
behind; occipital
C.
beneath; parietal
D.
beneath; occipital
Question #40
The temporal lobe is to the occipital lobe as _____ is to _____.
A.
hearing; touch
B.
vision; hearing
C.
hearing; vision
D.
touch; vision
Question #41
Vision is to the occipital lobe as _____ is to the _____ lobe.
A.
hearing; frontal
B.
hearing; parietal
C.
touch; frontal
D.
touch; parietal
Question #42
Watson and Rayner are known for their study of:
A.
Little Albert and conditioned fear.
B.
cats in puzzle boxes.
C.
children playing with a Bobo doll.
D.
rats in Skinner boxes.
Question #43
Which brain study technique is NOT correctly matched with a limitation?
A.
electroencephalogram (EEG) – expensive and time-consuming
B.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) – does not necessarily localize the cognitive processes of interest
C.
positron emission tomography (PET) – expose people to radiation
D.
computerized axial tomography (CAT) – expose people to radiation
Question #44
Which choice correctly pairs a pioneering woman in psychology with a "first"?
A.
Mamie Phipps Clark – first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology
B.
Margaret Floy Washburn – first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology
C.
Mamie Phipps Clark – first female president of the APA
D.
Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman to earn a PhD in psychology
Question #45
Which descriptive research technique is correctly matched with a description?
A.
All of these choices are correctly matched.
B.
survey – Participants are systematically studied in their natural environment.
C.
naturalistic observation – Questionnaires or interviews are used to probe behavior or attitudes.
D.
case study – A single individual or group is examined in detail.
Question #46
A.
A pigeon pecking a disk receives food after 4 pecks, then after 7, after 5, and then after 6.
B.
Every 7th time a rat presses a lever, it receives food pellets.
C.
Every 6 minutes, a rat receives food for pressing a lever. Then the schedule changes to every 5 minutes, then to every 9 minutes.
D.
A pigeon pecking a disk receives food every 6 minutes.
Question #47
Which method is NOT a descriptive research technique?
A.
naturalistic observation
B.
survey
C.
experiment
D.
case study
Question #48
Which neurotransmitter is correctly matched with a psychological function?
A.
glutamate – relief of pain
B.
dopamine – facilitates learning
C.
acetylcholine – produces feelings of pleasure
D.
serotonin – contributes to memory
Question #49
_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which organisms associate actions with consequences.
A.
Classical
B.
Secondary
C.
Operant
D.
Social
Question #50
_____ is credited for laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.
A.
Skinner
B.
Pavlov
C.
Thorndike
D.
Watson
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