Sociology 001 - Introduction to Sociology » Summer 2022 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?
A.
temperament
B.
ability at sports
C.
vocational choice
D.
aptitude for mathematics
Question #2
From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person’s socialization?
A.
race
B.
blood type
C.
class
D.
gender
Question #3
Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?
A.
the influence of positive peers
B.
the ability to take the role of another
C.
an average or above-average IQ
D.
a well-developed id
Question #4
Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?
A.
biological makeup
B.
strict discipline
C.
basic intelligence
D.
intimate early social interaction
Question #5
Which type of group best describes the Los Angeles Dodgers?
A.
an in-group
B.
a secondary group
C.
a primary group
D.
an aggregate
Question #6
Which of the following is the least significant agent of childhood socialization?
A.
the workplace
B.
schools
C.
peers
D.
family
Question #7
According to George Mead, in the final stage in the development of the "self", individuals learn the common behavioral expectations of society. This is known as
A.
the imitation stage
B.
the game stage
C.
the "Looking Glass" self.
D.
the generalized other
Question #8
What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?
A.
The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.
B.
The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.
C.
The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
D.
The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
Question #9
Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?
A.
Learning to read and write
B.
Knowing locker room etiquette
C.
Following a schedule
D.
Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent
Question #10
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
A.
in-group
B.
out-group
C.
primary group
D.
secondary group
Question #11
It is believed by some sociologists that attempts to humanize the workplace are simply ways to manipulate workers into cooperating in their own exploitation. This belief is most aligned with the ________ perspective.
A.
labeling perspective
B.
interactionist perspective
C.
conflict perspective
D.
functionalist perspective
Question #12
What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?
A.
aggregate
B.
formal organization
C.
reference group
D.
secondary group
Question #13
How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?
A.
Members tend to form more informal relationships.
B.
Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.
C.
Group members become more active in the decision-making process.
D.
Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.
Question #14
Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?
A.
expressive leader
B.
democratic leader
C.
laissez-faire leader
D.
authoritarian leader
Question #15
Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?
A.
coercion to join
B.
division of labor
C.
hierarchy of authority
D.
impersonality
Question #16
How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?
A.
It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.
B.
It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
C.
It encourages cross-gender behavior.
D.
It encourages a sexless society.
Question #17
Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?
A.
They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.
B.
They are expected to take a year “off” before college.
C.
They are required to serve in the military for one year.
D.
They are required to move away from their parents.
Question #18
People and groups that influence our orientation to life – our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors – are called ________.
A.
out-groups
B.
reference groups
C.
total institutions
D.
agents of socialization
Question #19
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
A.
primary group
B.
in-group
C.
reference group
D.
out-group
Question #20
Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?
A.
authoritative leader
B.
dictatorial leader
C.
laissez-faire leader
D.
democratic leader
Question #21
Most major companies sponsor "diversity training" lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?
A.
to professionally develop staff
B.
to emphasize the qualities that will lead to a worker's success
C.
to increase company profits and competitiveness
D.
to stimulate an understanding of cultural differences
Question #22
Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.
A.
couple; family
B.
dyad; triad
C.
primary group; secondary group
D.
de facto group; nuclear family
Question #23
The Solomon Asche experiment examined the extent to which people __________ to the answers others provided in the experiment.
A.
responded
B.
added
C.
conformed
D.
referred
Question #24
The Los Angeles Community College District is an example of
A.
a formal organization
B.
a reference group
C.
an out-group
D.
a division of labor
Question #25
Social deviance is
A.
never committed by those in the upper-class
B.
behavior that violates social norms.
C.
always seen as a disgusting act.
D.
associated with poor people
Question #26
Which of the following is not a component of the criminal justice system?
A.
the Courts
B.
hospitals
C.
police
D.
prisons
Question #27
According to Emile Durkheim, which of the following is a dysfunction social deviance?
A.
It causes confusion about the norms and values of a society.
B.
Prompts the group to organize in order to limit future deviant acts
C.
Causes the group’s members to Close ranks
D.
Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in
Question #28
Prostitution is considered a
A.
non-violent crime
B.
an example of white-collar crime
C.
considered an example of corporate crime.
D.
felony
Question #29
Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?
A.
They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities
B.
They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.
C.
They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.
D.
They are common in families living in poverty.
Question #30
The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them
A.
strain
B.
control
C.
differential association
D.
labeling
Question #31
Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?
A.
Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws.
B.
Deviance’s definition is determined by one’s religion.
C.
Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action.
D.
Deviance is socially defined.
Question #32
All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?
A.
an executive writing off the corporation's million-dollar fine as investment capital
B.
a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return
C.
a bank teller robbing the First National bank
D.
a police officer taking $100 to refrain from writing a speeding ticket
Question #33
According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?
A.
When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.
B.
In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.
C.
When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes
D.
In situations where there is a strong police presence.
Question #34
Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?
A.
They are all ritualists.
B.
They are all retreatists.
C.
They are all rebels
D.
They are all conformists.
Question #35
Spousal abuse is an example of a ________
A.
corporate crime
B.
violent crime
C.
street crime
D.
non-violent crime
Question #36
Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology?
A.
intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior
B.
XYY" theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior
C.
social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers
D.
body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals
Question #37
A.
sociological
B.
psychological
C.
biological
D.
theoretical paradigms
Question #38
Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others while secondary is deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. Which sociological explanation stresses the significance of primary and secondary deviance?
A.
conflict theory
B.
strain theory
C.
control theory
D.
labeling theory
Question #39
John has been arrested and incarcerated a number of times in the last ten years. He frequently reverts back to behaviors that result in him being rearrested and reincarcerated. This dynamic is referred to as
A.
deviance
B.
functionalism
C.
making mistakes
D.
recidivism
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