Sociology 001 - Introduction to Sociology » Summer 2022 » Exam 2
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Question #1
Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?
A.
aptitude for mathematics
B.
vocational choice
C.
ability at sports
D.
temperament
Question #2
From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person’s socialization?
A.
race
B.
class
C.
blood type
D.
gender
Question #3
Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?
A.
an average or above-average IQ
B.
the influence of positive peers
C.
the ability to take the role of another
D.
a well-developed id
Question #4
Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?
A.
intimate early social interaction
B.
biological makeup
C.
strict discipline
D.
basic intelligence
Question #5
Which type of group best describes the Los Angeles Dodgers?
A.
a secondary group
B.
an aggregate
C.
a primary group
D.
an in-group
Question #6
Which of the following is the least significant agent of childhood socialization?
A.
the workplace
B.
schools
C.
family
D.
peers
Question #7
According to George Mead, in the final stage in the development of the "self", individuals learn the common behavioral expectations of society. This is known as
A.
the game stage
B.
the imitation stage
C.
the generalized other
D.
the "Looking Glass" self.
Question #8
What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?
A.
The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.
B.
The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.
C.
The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
D.
The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
Question #9
Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?
A.
Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent
B.
Following a schedule
C.
Knowing locker room etiquette
D.
Learning to read and write
Question #10
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
A.
out-group
B.
primary group
C.
secondary group
D.
in-group
Question #11
It is believed by some sociologists that attempts to humanize the workplace are simply ways to manipulate workers into cooperating in their own exploitation. This belief is most aligned with the ________ perspective.
A.
conflict perspective
B.
interactionist perspective
C.
functionalist perspective
D.
labeling perspective
Question #12
What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior?
A.
reference group
B.
secondary group
C.
aggregate
D.
formal organization
Question #13
How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?
A.
Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.
B.
Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.
C.
Members tend to form more informal relationships.
D.
Group members become more active in the decision-making process.
Question #14
Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?
A.
expressive leader
B.
laissez-faire leader
C.
authoritarian leader
D.
democratic leader
Question #15
Which of the following is not a characteristic of bureaucracies?
A.
impersonality
B.
hierarchy of authority
C.
coercion to join
D.
division of labor
Question #16
How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?
A.
It encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.
B.
It encourages cross-gender behavior.
C.
It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
D.
It encourages a sexless society.
Question #17
Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?
A.
They are expected to take a year “off” before college.
B.
They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.
C.
They are required to move away from their parents.
D.
They are required to serve in the military for one year.
Question #18
People and groups that influence our orientation to life – our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors – are called ________.
A.
reference groups
B.
out-groups
C.
agents of socialization
D.
total institutions
Question #19
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
A.
primary group
B.
out-group
C.
in-group
D.
reference group
Question #20
Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?
A.
dictatorial leader
B.
democratic leader
C.
authoritative leader
D.
laissez-faire leader
Question #21
Most major companies sponsor "diversity training" lectures and workshops for their employees. What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?
A.
to stimulate an understanding of cultural differences
B.
to professionally develop staff
C.
to increase company profits and competitiveness
D.
to emphasize the qualities that will lead to a worker's success
Question #22
Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________.
A.
de facto group; nuclear family
B.
dyad; triad
C.
primary group; secondary group
D.
couple; family
Question #23
The Solomon Asche experiment examined the extent to which people __________ to the answers others provided in the experiment.
A.
conformed
B.
referred
C.
added
D.
responded
Question #24
The Los Angeles Community College District is an example of
A.
a formal organization
B.
a reference group
C.
an out-group
D.
a division of labor
Question #25
Social deviance is
A.
always seen as a disgusting act.
B.
associated with poor people
C.
never committed by those in the upper-class
D.
behavior that violates social norms.
Question #26
Which of the following is not a component of the criminal justice system?
A.
prisons
B.
the Courts
C.
hospitals
D.
police
Question #27
According to Emile Durkheim, which of the following is a dysfunction social deviance?
A.
Prompts the group to organize in order to limit future deviant acts
B.
Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in
C.
Causes the group’s members to Close ranks
D.
It causes confusion about the norms and values of a society.
Question #28
Prostitution is considered a
A.
felony
B.
considered an example of corporate crime.
C.
non-violent crime
D.
an example of white-collar crime
Question #29
Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?
A.
They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.
B.
They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities
C.
They are common in families living in poverty.
D.
They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.
Question #30
The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them
A.
control
B.
differential association
C.
strain
D.
labeling
Question #31
Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?
A.
Deviance is socially defined.
B.
Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action.
C.
Deviance’s definition is determined by one’s religion.
D.
Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws.
Question #32
All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?
A.
a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return
B.
a bank teller robbing the First National bank
C.
an executive writing off the corporation's million-dollar fine as investment capital
D.
a police officer taking $100 to refrain from writing a speeding ticket
Question #33
According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?
A.
When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.
B.
In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.
C.
In situations where there is a strong police presence.
D.
When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes
Question #34
Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?
A.
They are all conformists.
B.
They are all retreatists.
C.
They are all ritualists.
D.
They are all rebels
Question #35
Spousal abuse is an example of a ________
A.
non-violent crime
B.
corporate crime
C.
violent crime
D.
street crime
Question #36
Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology?
A.
body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals
B.
intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior
C.
social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers
D.
XYY" theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior
Question #37
A.
sociological
B.
psychological
C.
biological
D.
theoretical paradigms
Question #38
Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others while secondary is deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. Which sociological explanation stresses the significance of primary and secondary deviance?
A.
strain theory
B.
conflict theory
C.
control theory
D.
labeling theory
Question #39
John has been arrested and incarcerated a number of times in the last ten years. He frequently reverts back to behaviors that result in him being rearrested and reincarcerated. This dynamic is referred to as
A.
deviance
B.
making mistakes
C.
functionalism
D.
recidivism
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