Prince George Community College » Psychology » Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022

Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1

The lifespan perspective on development assumes that

A. events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

B. individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.

C. development is static and stable.

D. development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

Question #2

Behaviorism focuses on

A. stimuli and responses.

B. unconscious impulses and drives.

C. natural selection and survival of the fittest.

D. clinical case studies.

Question #3

According to _______ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

A. classical conditioning

B. operant conditioning

C. observational learning

D. psychoanalytic

Question #4

According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A. maturation

B. modeling

C. cognition

D. equilibrium

Question #5

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

A. nature over nurture.

B. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

C. unconscious motives and drives.

D. changes in thinking.

Question #6

At 16 months, Brynn is in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development.

A. preoperational

B. concrete operational

C. formal operational

D. sensorimotor

Question #7

Inactivity is ____________ excessive weight gain in children.

A. caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

B. more important than nutrition in predicting

C. both a cause and consequence of

D. unrelated to

Question #8

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

A. because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

B. by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

C. largely through operant conditioning.

D. because they feel empathy-based guilt.

Question #9

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

A. stranger anxiety.

B. social referencing.

C. goodness of fit.

D. separation anxiety.

Question #10

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

A. the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

B. toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

C. hunger is consistently satisfied.

D. the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby's needs.

Question #11

Metacognition involves

A. a repetitive communication style.

B. thinking about thought.

C. using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

D. using scripts to tell stories.

Question #12

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

A. scaffolding

B. the zone of proximal development

C. the dynamic systems approach

D. transitive inference

Question #13

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

A. animistic thinking.

B. an inability to conserve.

C. reversibility.

D. magical thinking.

Question #14

A teratogen is

A. any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

B. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

C. a neurological growth period for the fetus.

D. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

Question #15

Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older, things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs. Nguyen's self-perception

A. suggests that she is in denial.

B. is an example of stereotype threat.

C. is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

D. may help her live a longer life.

Question #16

Which child is likely to be psychologically healthier?

A. Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

B. Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

C. Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

D. Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

Question #17

Palliative care involves

A. home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

B. care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

C. life-saving measures such as respirators.

D. emergency room treatment.

Question #18

Which of the following is true about the relationships among SES, education, and health?

A. The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

B. Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

C. The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

D. There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

Question #19

The death of a sibling informs children

A. that life is random.

B. of spiritual connections.

C. of their own vulnerability.

D. that their sense of security is threatened.

Question #20

During midlife, most adults begin to

A. focus more on child rearing than on career development.

B. experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

C. feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

D. emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

Question #21

Teenagers whose parents value achievement

A. often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

B. almost always come from affluent families.

C. generally choose friends who share those values.

D. often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

Question #22

As long as it is not overwhelming, ___________ can motivate young people to reach out to others.

A. loneliness

B. family conflict

C. a marital breakup

D. constructing a split dream

Question #23

Which of the following is true about wisdom?

A. Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

B. A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

C. People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

D. Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

Question #24

According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers

A. view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

B. do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

C. realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

D. tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

Question #25

Which of these is an example of primary aging?

A. lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

B. blurred vision from macular degeneration

C. weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

D. high blood pressure from prolonged stress

Question #26

Kübler-Ross recommends that family members and health professionals

A. bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

B. make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

C. not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person's condition.

D. be understanding about the dying person's denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

Question #27

Which of the following is true about generativity?

A. Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

B. Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

C. Generativity is motivated by the sense that one's days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

D. A culture's "belief in the species" is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

Question #28

____________ are among the best predictors of psychological well-being in the late forties and early fifties.

A. Gratifying social ties

B. Extroversion and neuroticism

C. Occupational prestige and high income

D. Employment and gender identity

Question #29

Life-care communities

A. offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

B. are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

C. are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

D. provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

Question #30

According to Erikson, despair occurs

A. when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

B. when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

C. when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

D. with the realization that the integrity of one's own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

Question #31

Elder suicide has declined during the past 50 years as a result of

A. increased cohabitation among older adults.

B. more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

C. increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

D. improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

Question #32

The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on

A. selflessness.

B. guilt and shame.

C. role confusion.

D. self-indulgence.

Question #33

Religious involvement is associated with

A. less reminiscence.

B. higher SES.

C. greater death anxiety.

D. better physical health.

Question #34

The changes involved in women's climacteric occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which

A. monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

B. the production of estrogen increases.

C. menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

D. the production of estrogen drops.

Question #35

Job satisfaction increases in midlife for

A. workers at all occupational levels.

B. executives and salaried employees only.

C. high-income workers only.

D. women but tends to decrease for men.

Question #36

Which of the following is true about exercise for elders?

A. "Taking it easy" is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

B. About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

C. Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

D. As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

Question #37

Middle-aged adults tend to be rational decision makers because they

A. select attractive-looking options.

B. use practical problem-solving strategies.

C. consult with other people.

D. make decisions based on emotion.

Question #38

___________ is the most common form of dementia.

A. Cerebrovascular dementia

B. Alzheimer's disease

C. Parkinson's disease

D. Subcortical dementia

Question #39

The leading causes of death in middle age are ____________ and _____________.

A. cancer; cardiovascular disease

B. falls; cardiovascular disease

C. motor vehicle collisions; cancer

D. falls; motor vehicle collisions

Question #40

Which of the following is true about the right to die in the United States?

A. All U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

B. The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

C. The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

D. No U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

Question #41

Mild family conflict

A. interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

B. often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

C. informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

D. is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

Question #42

The role of marriage in mental health

A. increases with age.

B. decreases with age.

C. is unknown.

D. peaks in early adulthood.

Question #43

Death is

A. brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

B. a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

C. usually quick and painless.

D. characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

Question #44

Death education

A. is associated with increased death anxiety.

B. is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

C. is inappropriate for school-age children.

D. promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

Question #45

Which of these is an example of secondary aging?

A. lack of menstruation after menopause

B. a decrease in the maximum heart rate

C. heart disease from smoking cigarettes

D. farsightedness from a stiffening lens

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