Prince George Community College » Psychology » Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022

Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1

The lifespan perspective on development assumes that

A. development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

B. individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.

C. events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

D. development is static and stable.

Question #2

Behaviorism focuses on

A. unconscious impulses and drives.

B. clinical case studies.

C. stimuli and responses.

D. natural selection and survival of the fittest.

Question #3

According to _______ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

A. observational learning

B. classical conditioning

C. psychoanalytic

D. operant conditioning

Question #4

According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A. maturation

B. cognition

C. equilibrium

D. modeling

Question #5

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

A. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

B. nature over nurture.

C. unconscious motives and drives.

D. changes in thinking.

Question #6

At 16 months, Brynn is in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development.

A. preoperational

B. sensorimotor

C. concrete operational

D. formal operational

Question #7

Inactivity is ____________ excessive weight gain in children.

A. unrelated to

B. caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

C. both a cause and consequence of

D. more important than nutrition in predicting

Question #8

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

A. because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

B. by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

C. largely through operant conditioning.

D. because they feel empathy-based guilt.

Question #9

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

A. goodness of fit.

B. social referencing.

C. stranger anxiety.

D. separation anxiety.

Question #10

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

A. the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby's needs.

B. the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

C. hunger is consistently satisfied.

D. toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

Question #11

Metacognition involves

A. thinking about thought.

B. using scripts to tell stories.

C. a repetitive communication style.

D. using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

Question #12

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

A. scaffolding

B. the dynamic systems approach

C. the zone of proximal development

D. transitive inference

Question #13

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

A. animistic thinking.

B. an inability to conserve.

C. magical thinking.

D. reversibility.

Question #14

A teratogen is

A. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

B. a neurological growth period for the fetus.

C. any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

D. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

Question #15

Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older, things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs. Nguyen's self-perception

A. is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

B. is an example of stereotype threat.

C. may help her live a longer life.

D. suggests that she is in denial.

Question #16

Which child is likely to be psychologically healthier?

A. Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

B. Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

C. Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

D. Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

Question #17

Palliative care involves

A. life-saving measures such as respirators.

B. home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

C. care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

D. emergency room treatment.

Question #18

Which of the following is true about the relationships among SES, education, and health?

A. There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

B. The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

C. Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

D. The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

Question #19

The death of a sibling informs children

A. of spiritual connections.

B. of their own vulnerability.

C. that their sense of security is threatened.

D. that life is random.

Question #20

During midlife, most adults begin to

A. feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

B. experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

C. emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

D. focus more on child rearing than on career development.

Question #21

Teenagers whose parents value achievement

A. often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

B. often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

C. generally choose friends who share those values.

D. almost always come from affluent families.

Question #22

As long as it is not overwhelming, ___________ can motivate young people to reach out to others.

A. a marital breakup

B. constructing a split dream

C. loneliness

D. family conflict

Question #23

Which of the following is true about wisdom?

A. People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

B. Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

C. Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

D. A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

Question #24

According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers

A. tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

B. view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

C. realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

D. do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

Question #25

Which of these is an example of primary aging?

A. weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

B. high blood pressure from prolonged stress

C. lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

D. blurred vision from macular degeneration

Question #26

Kübler-Ross recommends that family members and health professionals

A. be understanding about the dying person's denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

B. bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

C. make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

D. not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person's condition.

Question #27

Which of the following is true about generativity?

A. Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

B. Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

C. Generativity is motivated by the sense that one's days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

D. A culture's "belief in the species" is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

Question #28

____________ are among the best predictors of psychological well-being in the late forties and early fifties.

A. Extroversion and neuroticism

B. Occupational prestige and high income

C. Employment and gender identity

D. Gratifying social ties

Question #29

Life-care communities

A. are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

B. are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

C. offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

D. provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

Question #30

According to Erikson, despair occurs

A. when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

B. when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

C. with the realization that the integrity of one's own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

D. when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

Question #31

Elder suicide has declined during the past 50 years as a result of

A. increased cohabitation among older adults.

B. increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

C. improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

D. more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

Question #32

The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on

A. role confusion.

B. self-indulgence.

C. selflessness.

D. guilt and shame.

Question #33

Religious involvement is associated with

A. less reminiscence.

B. greater death anxiety.

C. higher SES.

D. better physical health.

Question #34

The changes involved in women's climacteric occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which

A. monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

B. the production of estrogen increases.

C. menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

D. the production of estrogen drops.

Question #35

Job satisfaction increases in midlife for

A. high-income workers only.

B. women but tends to decrease for men.

C. workers at all occupational levels.

D. executives and salaried employees only.

Question #36

Which of the following is true about exercise for elders?

A. Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

B. As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

C. "Taking it easy" is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

D. About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

Question #37

A. make decisions based on emotion.

B. use practical problem-solving strategies.

C. select attractive-looking options.

D. consult with other people.

Question #38

___________ is the most common form of dementia.

A. Subcortical dementia

B. Parkinson's disease

C. Alzheimer's disease

D. Cerebrovascular dementia

Question #39

The leading causes of death in middle age are ____________ and _____________.

A. cancer; cardiovascular disease

B. falls; motor vehicle collisions

C. motor vehicle collisions; cancer

D. falls; cardiovascular disease

Question #40

Which of the following is true about the right to die in the United States?

A. The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

B. All U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

C. No U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

D. The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

Question #41

Mild family conflict

A. interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

B. often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

C. informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

D. is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

Question #42

The role of marriage in mental health

A. is unknown.

B. increases with age.

C. decreases with age.

D. peaks in early adulthood.

Question #43

Death is

A. usually quick and painless.

B. characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

C. a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

D. brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

Question #44

Death education

A. is inappropriate for school-age children.

B. promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

C. is associated with increased death anxiety.

D. is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

Question #45

Which of these is an example of secondary aging?

A. farsightedness from a stiffening lens

B. heart disease from smoking cigarettes

C. a decrease in the maximum heart rate

D. lack of menstruation after menopause

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