Prince George Community College » Psychology » Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022

Psychology 2070 - Human Growth and Development » Summer 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1

The lifespan perspective on development assumes that

A. events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

B. development is static and stable.

C. individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.

D. development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

Question #2

Behaviorism focuses on

A. stimuli and responses.

B. natural selection and survival of the fittest.

C. clinical case studies.

D. unconscious impulses and drives.

Question #3

According to _______ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

A. psychoanalytic

B. observational learning

C. operant conditioning

D. classical conditioning

Question #4

According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A. maturation

B. cognition

C. modeling

D. equilibrium

Question #5

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

A. nature over nurture.

B. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

C. unconscious motives and drives.

D. changes in thinking.

Question #6

At 16 months, Brynn is in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development.

A. preoperational

B. concrete operational

C. sensorimotor

D. formal operational

Question #7

Inactivity is ____________ excessive weight gain in children.

A. more important than nutrition in predicting

B. caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

C. unrelated to

D. both a cause and consequence of

Question #8

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

A. because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

B. by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

C. largely through operant conditioning.

D. because they feel empathy-based guilt.

Question #9

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

A. separation anxiety.

B. goodness of fit.

C. social referencing.

D. stranger anxiety.

Question #10

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

A. toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

B. the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

C. the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby's needs.

D. hunger is consistently satisfied.

Question #11

Metacognition involves

A. thinking about thought.

B. using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

C. a repetitive communication style.

D. using scripts to tell stories.

Question #12

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

A. the dynamic systems approach

B. scaffolding

C. transitive inference

D. the zone of proximal development

Question #13

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

A. an inability to conserve.

B. magical thinking.

C. animistic thinking.

D. reversibility.

Question #14

A teratogen is

A. any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

B. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

C. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

D. a neurological growth period for the fetus.

Question #15

Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older, things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs. Nguyen's self-perception

A. is an example of stereotype threat.

B. suggests that she is in denial.

C. may help her live a longer life.

D. is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

Question #16

Which child is likely to be psychologically healthier?

A. Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

B. Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

C. Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

D. Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

Question #17

Palliative care involves

A. emergency room treatment.

B. life-saving measures such as respirators.

C. home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

D. care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

Question #18

Which of the following is true about the relationships among SES, education, and health?

A. The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

B. Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

C. There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

D. The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

Question #19

The death of a sibling informs children

A. of spiritual connections.

B. that their sense of security is threatened.

C. of their own vulnerability.

D. that life is random.

Question #20

During midlife, most adults begin to

A. experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

B. focus more on child rearing than on career development.

C. feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

D. emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

Question #21

Teenagers whose parents value achievement

A. often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

B. often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

C. generally choose friends who share those values.

D. almost always come from affluent families.

Question #22

As long as it is not overwhelming, ___________ can motivate young people to reach out to others.

A. a marital breakup

B. constructing a split dream

C. family conflict

D. loneliness

Question #23

Which of the following is true about wisdom?

A. Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

B. A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

C. People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

D. Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

Question #24

According to Kohlberg, mature moral thinkers

A. view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

B. do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

C. tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

D. realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

Question #25

Which of these is an example of primary aging?

A. lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

B. weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

C. blurred vision from macular degeneration

D. high blood pressure from prolonged stress

Question #26

Kübler-Ross recommends that family members and health professionals

A. bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

B. not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person's condition.

C. be understanding about the dying person's denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

D. make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

Question #27

Which of the following is true about generativity?

A. Generativity is motivated by the sense that one's days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

B. Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

C. A culture's "belief in the species" is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

D. Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

Question #28

____________ are among the best predictors of psychological well-being in the late forties and early fifties.

A. Employment and gender identity

B. Gratifying social ties

C. Extroversion and neuroticism

D. Occupational prestige and high income

Question #29

Life-care communities

A. are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

B. are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

C. provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

D. offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

Question #30

According to Erikson, despair occurs

A. when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

B. with the realization that the integrity of one's own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

C. when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

D. when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

Question #31

Elder suicide has declined during the past 50 years as a result of

A. improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

B. increased cohabitation among older adults.

C. increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

D. more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

Question #32

The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on

A. selflessness.

B. self-indulgence.

C. guilt and shame.

D. role confusion.

Question #33

Religious involvement is associated with

A. less reminiscence.

B. greater death anxiety.

C. higher SES.

D. better physical health.

Question #34

The changes involved in women's climacteric occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which

A. menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

B. the production of estrogen increases.

C. monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

D. the production of estrogen drops.

Question #35

Job satisfaction increases in midlife for

A. workers at all occupational levels.

B. high-income workers only.

C. executives and salaried employees only.

D. women but tends to decrease for men.

Question #36

Which of the following is true about exercise for elders?

A. "Taking it easy" is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

B. About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

C. As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

D. Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

Question #37

Middle-aged adults tend to be rational decision makers because they

A. select attractive-looking options.

B. make decisions based on emotion.

C. consult with other people.

D. use practical problem-solving strategies.

Question #38

___________ is the most common form of dementia.

A. Parkinson's disease

B. Cerebrovascular dementia

C. Subcortical dementia

D. Alzheimer's disease

Question #39

The leading causes of death in middle age are ____________ and _____________.

A. falls; cardiovascular disease

B. cancer; cardiovascular disease

C. falls; motor vehicle collisions

D. motor vehicle collisions; cancer

Question #40

Which of the following is true about the right to die in the United States?

A. The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

B. All U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

C. The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

D. No U.S. states have laws that honor patients' wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

Question #41

Mild family conflict

A. interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

B. informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

C. is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

D. often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

Question #42

The role of marriage in mental health

A. decreases with age.

B. peaks in early adulthood.

C. is unknown.

D. increases with age.

Question #43

Death is

A. brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

B. characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

C. a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

D. usually quick and painless.

Question #44

Death education

A. is associated with increased death anxiety.

B. is inappropriate for school-age children.

C. promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

D. is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

Question #45

Which of these is an example of secondary aging?

A. lack of menstruation after menopause

B. a decrease in the maximum heart rate

C. heart disease from smoking cigarettes

D. farsightedness from a stiffening lens

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