Psychology 101 - Introduction to Psychology » Summer 2022 » Exam 1
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Question #1
The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________.
A.
generalizability
B.
the outgroup homogeneity bias
C.
interpersonal variation
D.
internal validity
Question #2
Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.
A.
psychodynamic
B.
cognitive
C.
humanistic
D.
behavioral
Question #3
This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected to be president of the American Psychological Association.
A.
Francis Sumner
B.
Margaret Floy Washburn
C.
Althenia Davidson
D.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Question #4
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?
A.
Are humans inherently good or bad?
B.
Is Japanese a prettier language than German?
C.
Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?
D.
What is the meaning of life?
Question #5
Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to ______ and was instead controlled by events in the environment.
A.
learning
B.
classical conditioning
C.
the organism’s biology
D.
psychology
E.
the mind
Question #6
What event, in 1879, established psychology as a science?
A.
The term psychology was first used in newspaper articles.
B.
The first PhD in psychology was granted.
C.
The first American psychology laboratory was established.
D.
Wundt added a laboratory experience to his experimental psychology lectures.
E.
The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded.
Question #7
Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable?
A.
the Viagra
B.
the number of erections
C.
the journal
D.
the participants
Question #8
Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________.
A.
physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being
B.
no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being
C.
a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being
D.
physical exercise leads to subjective well-being
Question #9
Selye's long term damage of chronic stress on our immune system and vital organs is known as
A.
GAS
B.
HPA axis
C.
GABA
D.
none of the above
Question #10
What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?
A.
People will not want to participate if they don’t benefit from the study.
B.
A study should only be conducted if the study’s benefits outweigh the risks.
C.
A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society.
D.
A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation.
Question #11
Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.
A.
self-reported behavior
B.
gender differences
C.
the study of the brain and nervous system
D.
internal thoughts and feelings
E.
observable behavior
Question #12
_______ are the threshold for the probability of making a type I/type II error.
A.
P-values
B.
Null hypothesis significance tests
C.
Distributions
D.
Falsifiable claims
Question #13
Confidentiality requires that:
A.
it be impossible to connect data to individuals
B.
access to collected data be limited to research staff
C.
all data be collected anonymously
D.
participants not be asked for personal information
Question #14
In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected.
A.
simplest
B.
longest
C.
most complex
D.
oldest
Question #15
Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is:
A.
+0.05
B.
+2.52
C.
+0.30
D.
-0.9
Question #16
In research on how motivation affects creativity the scientists are interested in ______.
A.
margin of error
B.
student samples
C.
D.
cause and effect
E.
parameters
F.
external factors
Question #17
When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an _________.
A.
egregious error
B.
type II error
C.
pseudoscientific claim
D.
type I error
Question #18
Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:
A.
Empirical research
B.
Deductive reasoning
C.
Inductive reasoning
D.
A scientific theory
Question #19
Eating nuts and berries, along with aerobic exercise increase
A.
All of these
B.
ATP
C.
Sirt1
D.
human lifespan.
E.
neurotrophins
Question #20
Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?
A.
If at first you don't succeed, try again!
B.
Reality is what you think, not what you see.
C.
The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
D.
Be all that you can be.
Question #21
______is a statistical measure of variability within a data set.
A.
Standard deviation
B.
P-value
C.
Mean
D.
Mode
E.
Median
Question #22
Imagine that you are a professional journalist and have been asked to write an article about a new psychological study. You really care about disseminating accurate information to the public. Before you publish your article, what should you do?
A.
You should investigate whether the researchers have been found to falsify data in the past.
B.
You should talk to the researchers who conducted the study to get lots of detail about how the study was conducted, what they found, and what it means.
C.
You should ask some friends whether the findings of the study make sense to them.
D.
You should determine whether the finding has been replicated.
Question #23
Stress initiates the ___________ .
A.
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Fight-Flight Response
B.
All of these
C.
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System
D.
Sympathetic Nervous System and Fight-Flight Response
Question #24
What is sample size?
A.
the number of people in a specific demographic group
B.
the number of participants in a study
C.
the amount of a substance administered to participants in a study
D.
the ability of a study to detect reliable effects
Question #25
How did Wundt study consciousness?
A.
He compared human behavior to chimpanzee behavior.
B.
He conducted brain scans.
C.
His students gave self-reports of their reactions to stimuli.
D.
He tested the behavior of drunken and sober subjects.
E.
He studied people’s dreams and the symbols that they contained.
Question #26
What is the definition of replication?
A.
sharing findings with other scientists so they can comment on their validity
B.
repeating research to determine whether findings are consistent across time and situations
C.
conducting multiple statistical tests on the same data to determine whether results are consistent
D.
conducting research carefully by designing studies well and including a sufficient sample size
Question #27
Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing?
A.
Thomas Reid
B.
Ernst Weber
C.
Gustav Fechner
D.
Hermann von Helmholtz
Question #28
When an exact replication does not find the same results as the original research, what does it mean?
A.
Cultural and social norms have shifted. The results were accurate when the research was first conducted but people have changed since then.
B.
The original researchers falsified their data.
C.
The replication researchers made an error in their replication.
D.
It is difficult to determine because there are several potential causes of non-replication.
Question #29
Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests?
A.
to identify schoolchildren in need of additional help
B.
for admission to The Sorbonne University
C.
for officer training in the military
D.
to evaluate prospective new teachers
E.
to select only the most intelligent citizens to reproduce
Question #30
Psychological research generally uses a p-value of ______ as a cutoff for statistical significance.
A.
0.10
B.
0.07
C.
0.03
D.
0.15
E.
0.05
Question #31
In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:
A.
correlation studies
B.
true experiments
C.
naturalistic observation
D.
case studies
Question #32
What would a researcher attempting to conduct a conceptual replication of a past study do?
A.
The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way.
B.
The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same.
C.
The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants.
D.
The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants.
Question #33
Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal?
A.
To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago.
B.
To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons.
C.
To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.
D.
To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player's performance.
Question #34
When looking at how often an event or finding will happen by chance, experimenters use:
A.
Random number generators
B.
Algorithmic statistics
C.
Range indicators
D.
Variability indexes
E.
P values
Question #35
Acute stress (eustress) usually leads to
A.
damage to the immune system.
B.
permanent memory loss.
C.
resiliency of the immune system.
D.
damage of the hippocampus.
Question #36
____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.
A.
Informed consent
B.
Forced agreement
C.
Privacy notice
D.
Confidential security
Question #37
The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called ________.
A.
dualism
B.
interactionism
C.
empiricism
D.
functionalism
Question #38
A.
Hippocampus Percentage Area
B.
High Profile Axis
C.
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal
D.
Hippocampus Pineal Anterior
Question #39
After analysis of the research data, the results are determined to be “not likely caused by chance or random occurrence.” This is referred to as:
A.
Statistical significance
B.
Statistical Proof
C.
Cause and effect
D.
Variance probability
E.
Variable evidence
Question #40
Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:
A.
method of studying (spaced or cramming)
B.
exam performance
C.
students
D.
number of hours studied
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