Psychology 101 - Introduction to Psychology » Summer 2022 » Exam 1
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Question #1
The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________.
A.
generalizability
B.
interpersonal variation
C.
internal validity
D.
the outgroup homogeneity bias
Question #2
Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.
A.
humanistic
B.
behavioral
C.
cognitive
D.
psychodynamic
Question #3
This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected to be president of the American Psychological Association.
A.
Margaret Floy Washburn
B.
Mary Whiton Calkins
C.
Francis Sumner
D.
Althenia Davidson
Question #4
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?
A.
Are humans inherently good or bad?
B.
Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?
C.
What is the meaning of life?
D.
Is Japanese a prettier language than German?
Question #5
Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to ______ and was instead controlled by events in the environment.
A.
the organism’s biology
B.
learning
C.
the mind
D.
psychology
E.
classical conditioning
Question #6
What event, in 1879, established psychology as a science?
A.
The term psychology was first used in newspaper articles.
B.
The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded.
C.
Wundt added a laboratory experience to his experimental psychology lectures.
D.
The first PhD in psychology was granted.
E.
The first American psychology laboratory was established.
Question #7
Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable?
A.
the number of erections
B.
the journal
C.
the Viagra
D.
the participants
Question #8
Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________.
A.
no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being
B.
physical exercise leads to subjective well-being
C.
a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being
D.
physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being
Question #9
Selye's long term damage of chronic stress on our immune system and vital organs is known as
A.
HPA axis
B.
GABA
C.
GAS
D.
none of the above
Question #10
What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?
A.
A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society.
B.
A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation.
C.
People will not want to participate if they don’t benefit from the study.
D.
A study should only be conducted if the study’s benefits outweigh the risks.
Question #11
Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.
A.
self-reported behavior
B.
internal thoughts and feelings
C.
observable behavior
D.
gender differences
E.
the study of the brain and nervous system
Question #12
_______ are the threshold for the probability of making a type I/type II error.
A.
P-values
B.
Distributions
C.
Null hypothesis significance tests
D.
Falsifiable claims
Question #13
Confidentiality requires that:
A.
all data be collected anonymously
B.
it be impossible to connect data to individuals
C.
access to collected data be limited to research staff
D.
participants not be asked for personal information
Question #14
In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected.
A.
simplest
B.
longest
C.
oldest
D.
most complex
Question #15
Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is:
A.
+0.05
B.
-0.9
C.
+2.52
D.
+0.30
Question #16
In research on how motivation affects creativity the scientists are interested in ______.
A.
student samples
B.
C.
external factors
D.
cause and effect
E.
parameters
F.
margin of error
Question #17
When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an _________.
A.
pseudoscientific claim
B.
egregious error
C.
type I error
D.
type II error
Question #18
Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:
A.
A scientific theory
B.
Deductive reasoning
C.
Inductive reasoning
D.
Empirical research
Question #19
Eating nuts and berries, along with aerobic exercise increase
A.
All of these
B.
neurotrophins
C.
Sirt1
D.
ATP
E.
human lifespan.
Question #20
Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?
A.
Be all that you can be.
B.
The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
C.
If at first you don't succeed, try again!
D.
Reality is what you think, not what you see.
Question #21
______is a statistical measure of variability within a data set.
A.
Standard deviation
B.
Median
C.
Mean
D.
P-value
E.
Mode
Question #22
Imagine that you are a professional journalist and have been asked to write an article about a new psychological study. You really care about disseminating accurate information to the public. Before you publish your article, what should you do?
A.
You should investigate whether the researchers have been found to falsify data in the past.
B.
You should talk to the researchers who conducted the study to get lots of detail about how the study was conducted, what they found, and what it means.
C.
You should ask some friends whether the findings of the study make sense to them.
D.
You should determine whether the finding has been replicated.
Question #23
Stress initiates the ___________ .
A.
Sympathetic Nervous System and Fight-Flight Response
B.
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System
C.
All of these
D.
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Fight-Flight Response
Question #24
What is sample size?
A.
the amount of a substance administered to participants in a study
B.
the number of people in a specific demographic group
C.
the number of participants in a study
D.
the ability of a study to detect reliable effects
Question #25
How did Wundt study consciousness?
A.
His students gave self-reports of their reactions to stimuli.
B.
He conducted brain scans.
C.
He tested the behavior of drunken and sober subjects.
D.
He compared human behavior to chimpanzee behavior.
E.
He studied people’s dreams and the symbols that they contained.
Question #26
What is the definition of replication?
A.
conducting research carefully by designing studies well and including a sufficient sample size
B.
sharing findings with other scientists so they can comment on their validity
C.
conducting multiple statistical tests on the same data to determine whether results are consistent
D.
repeating research to determine whether findings are consistent across time and situations
Question #27
Who was the German physiologist whose early work involved measuring the speed of neural impulses and exploring the physiology of hearing?
A.
Hermann von Helmholtz
B.
Gustav Fechner
C.
Ernst Weber
D.
Thomas Reid
Question #28
When an exact replication does not find the same results as the original research, what does it mean?
A.
Cultural and social norms have shifted. The results were accurate when the research was first conducted but people have changed since then.
B.
It is difficult to determine because there are several potential causes of non-replication.
C.
The replication researchers made an error in their replication.
D.
The original researchers falsified their data.
Question #29
Why did Alfred Binet develop modern intelligence tests?
A.
for admission to The Sorbonne University
B.
for officer training in the military
C.
to select only the most intelligent citizens to reproduce
D.
to evaluate prospective new teachers
E.
to identify schoolchildren in need of additional help
Question #30
Psychological research generally uses a p-value of ______ as a cutoff for statistical significance.
A.
0.05
B.
0.15
C.
0.07
D.
0.03
E.
0.10
Question #31
In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:
A.
true experiments
B.
naturalistic observation
C.
correlation studies
D.
case studies
Question #32
What would a researcher attempting to conduct a conceptual replication of a past study do?
A.
The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way.
B.
The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants.
C.
The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same.
D.
The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants.
Question #33
Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal?
A.
To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player's performance.
B.
To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago.
C.
To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.
D.
To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons.
Question #34
When looking at how often an event or finding will happen by chance, experimenters use:
A.
Range indicators
B.
P values
C.
Variability indexes
D.
Algorithmic statistics
E.
Random number generators
Question #35
Acute stress (eustress) usually leads to
A.
resiliency of the immune system.
B.
damage to the immune system.
C.
damage of the hippocampus.
D.
permanent memory loss.
Question #36
____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.
A.
Forced agreement
B.
Privacy notice
C.
Informed consent
D.
Confidential security
Question #37
The belief that knowledge is best acquired as a direct result of experience is called ________.
A.
empiricism
B.
functionalism
C.
dualism
D.
interactionism
Question #38
The HPA axis is the ______________________________ axis.
A.
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal
B.
High Profile Axis
C.
Hippocampus Percentage Area
D.
Hippocampus Pineal Anterior
Question #39
After analysis of the research data, the results are determined to be “not likely caused by chance or random occurrence.” This is referred to as:
A.
Variance probability
B.
Statistical significance
C.
Statistical Proof
D.
Variable evidence
E.
Cause and effect
Question #40
Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:
A.
students
B.
exam performance
C.
method of studying (spaced or cramming)
D.
number of hours studied
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