A decision by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the amount of carbon that can be emitted from a car’s exhaust system conflicts with a California state law. In this situation, under the supremacy clause,

A statute enacted by the Arizona state legislature to regulate trucking affects interstate commerce. In evaluating this statute, the courts will balance the burden that it imposes on interstate commerce against

Coffee Klatch Party Group, a political organization, files a claim to challenge a Delaware statute that limits the liberty of all persons to broadcast “annoying” radio commercials. This claim is most likely based on the right to

Congress enacts a law prohibiting toys made in Indonesia from being sold in the United States. The Washington state legislature enacts a law allowing the sale of Indonesian-made toys. Washington’s law will most likely be

Congress enacts the Ad Restriction Act (ARA) to limit advertising in certain circumstances. The ARA will be considered valid if it directly advances a substantial government interest

Congress enacts the Supplemental Income Tax Act (SITA) to exempt the citizens of New Jersey from federal taxes until their coastal towns are rebuilt from the ravages of a recent hurricane. SITA will most likely be

In an effort to reduce traffic, Bay City enacts an ordinance that allows only a few specific street vendors to op¬er¬ate in certain areas. A court would likely review this ordinance under the principles of

Jon, a law enforcement official, monitors Kelsey’s Internet activities—e-mail and Web site visits—to gain access to her personal financial data and student information. This may violate Kelsey’s right to

Keralyn creates a Web site to post threatening messages about celebrities. The First Amendment protects such speech

Mariah creates a t-shirt design that expresses support for Nathan, a presidential candidate, and distributes t-shirts imprinted with the design to her friends. The t-shirts are an example of

Oklahoma enacts a law requiring all businesses in the state to donate 10 per¬cent of their profits to Protestant churches that provide certain services to persons whose income is below the poverty level. Price-Lo Mart files a suit to block the law’s enforcement. The court would likely hold that this law violates

Port Harbor City enacts an ordinance that bans the distribution of all printed materials on city streets. Later, Quint protests a new “revenue-enhancing” measure also enacted by the city by distributing handbills. When Quint is charged with violating the printed-materials ban, he files a suit against the city. Most likely, the court will hold that the ban is

Rodrick, the chief executive officer of Social Post Host Inc., claims that certain actions by the state of Texas infringe on rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. Most of these guarantees have been held to limit

Savers Mart, Inc., distributes its merchandise on an interstate basis. Under the commerce clause, Congress has the power to regulate

Selena’s Fajitas, a fast food outfit, files a suit against the state of Texas, claiming that a Texas state law violates the commerce clause. The court will agree if the statute imposes a substantial burden on

Sustainable Products Corporation regularly expresses opinions on political issues. Under the First Amendment, corporate political speech is given

Utah enacts a law that restricts certain kinds of advertising to protect consumers from being misled. This law would likely be held by a court to be

A law that prohibits or inhibits only some persons from exercising a fundamental right will be subject to “strict scrutiny” by the courts.

Congress may tax some states and exempt others.

Expression—oral, written, or symbolized by conduct—is not subject to restrictions.

State laws protect individuals’ privacy rights, often to a significant degree.

Substantive due process limits what the government can do in its legislative and executive capacities.

The First Amendment does not require a complete separation of church and state.

The states can establish laws and regulations that would interfere with trade and commerce among themselves.

Traditionally, the courts have protected the right to free speech to the fullest extent possible.