Psychology 200 - Research Methods for Psychology » Fall 2022 » Module 1 Quiz

Need help with your exam preparation?

Question #1
________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.
A.   Empiricism
B.   Theorizing
C.   Falsifiability
D.   Application
Question #2
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?
A.   the criterion of external validity
B.   the criterion of temporal precedence
C.   the third-variable criterion
D.   the criterion of covariance
Question #3
A group of students recorded the amount of time they studied for an exam in their research methods course and the grade they received on the exam. The scatter plot shows a positive, linear relationship. What statement best describes this relationship between time spent studying and exam grade?
A.   As study time increased, exam grades increased at first and then decreased.
B.   As study time increased, exam grades decreased at first and then increased.
C.   As study time increased, exam grades increased.
D.   As study time increases, exam grades decreased.
Question #4
According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as
A.   translational research.
B.   empirical research.
C.   compound research.
D.   practical research.
Question #5
After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, “I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would.” What is Cyril experiencing?
A.   bias blind spot
B.   confirmation bias
C.   motivated thinking
D.   faulty intuition
Question #6
Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
A.   observation.
B.   prediction.
C.   outcome.
D.   theory.
Question #7
Articles that could be considered journalism
A.   are hard to access.
B.   do not require specialized education to read.
C.   are typically written by scientists.
D.   are typically written for scientists.
Question #8
Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as
A.   a present/present bias.
B.   overconfidence.
C.   a confirmation bias.
D.   the availability heuristic.
Question #9
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?
A.   “The data prove my theory.”
B.   “The data complicate my theory.”
C.   “The data provide support for my theory.”
D.   “My theory is generalizable.”
Question #10
Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person’s attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as
A.   a meta-analysis.
B.   a review journal article.
C.   a PsycWiki.
D.   a chapter in an edited book.
Question #11
Different factors that could account for significant results are called
A.   confounds.
B.   predictions.
C.   biases.
D.   hypotheses.
Question #12
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
A.   positive association
B.   negative association
C.   zero association
D.   causal association
Question #13
Dr. Knepp studies Extrasensory Perception (ESP) which is the ability to perceive things through telepathy or clairvoyance. She theorizes that ESP exists but only in people who believe it exists and who are not skeptical of ESP. She surveys a large number of adults about their beliefs in ESP and, as expected, only adults who believe in ESP report having those abilities. What is true about Dr. Knepp’s theory?
A.   It is not falsifiable.
B.   It does not have a hypothesis.
C.   It is provable.
D.   It is not translational research.
Question #14
Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton’s scientific norms?
A.   disinterestedness
B.   organized skepticism
C.   universality
D.   communality
Question #15
Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source?
A.   a chapter in an edited book
B.   a trade book
C.   a review journal article
D.   a meta-analysis
Question #16
How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?
A.   find and read the original scientific article
B.   check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results
C.   determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes
D.   research the credentials of the author of the popular media article
Question #17
How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?
A.   using common sense to understand scientific data
B.   reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them
C.   remaining objective as you interpret scientific data
D.   finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses
Question #18
If we cannot observe a behavior, we cannot study it. What does this statement refer to?
A.   falsifiability
B.   replication
C.   empiricism
D.   skepticism
Question #19
If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose?
A.   scientific journals
B.   an expert’s dissertation
C.   edited books
D.   popular magazines
Question #20
If you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the
A.   introduction of a journal article.
B.   results section of a journal article.
C.   discussion section of a journal article.
D.   method section of a journal article.
Question #21
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to
A.   data.
B.   questions.
C.   answers.
D.   research.
Question #22
In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority?
A.   when they have conducted scientific research on the topic
B.   when they have a scientific degree
C.   when they based their opinions on their intuition
D.   when they present all the evidence on a topic
Question #23
Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching “autism treatment.” However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search
A.   “autism treatment” and “behavioral” and enter an age range of interest.
B.   “autis*treatment.”
C.   using the “or” function for all thesaurus synonyms for autism.
D.   “autism spectrum disorder” or “treatment” or “symptom improvement.”
Question #24
Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal?
A.   the editor of the journal
B.   a panel of experts
C.   Nadia, the author of the article
D.   the publisher of the journal
Question #25
RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article?
A.   depressed patients
B.   social workers
C.   journalists
D.   clinical researchers
Question #26
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?
A.   the gender of the participant
B.   the number of researchers
C.   the type of game
D.   effort put into playing the game
Question #27
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study?
A.   four
B.   two
C.   one
D.   five
Question #28
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon’s and Dr. LaSalle’s claims?
A.   Dr. LaSalle’s claim is the same as Dr. Ramon’s claim.
B.   Dr. LaSalle’s claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. Ramon’s claim.
C.   Dr. Ramon’s claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. LaSalle’s claim.
D.   Dr. Ramon’s claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle’s claim.
Question #29
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish is also curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study?
A.   because the study’s claim is an association claim
B.   because he has not taken statistics yet
C.   because the author of the study already did
D.   because he is a student, not a researcher
Question #30
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang’s study?
A.   the number of words on the list
B.   the length of the distractor task
C.   the content of the words
D.   the number of words remembered
Question #31
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened?
A.   the external validity of the study
B.   the covariance of the study
C.   the internal validity of the study
D.   the temporal precedence of the study
Question #32
Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as
A.   basic research.
B.   translational research.
C.   empirical research.
D.   applied research.
Question #33
Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?
A.   frequency
B.   operational
C.   causal
D.   association
Question #34
Suppose you hypothesize that all children have an imaginary friend at some point during their preschool years. You talk to twenty children, all of whom say that they have or have had an imaginary friend. Does your finding support your hypothesis?
A.   No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children.
B.   Yes, because there is no alternative explanation for these findings.
C.   Yes, because all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis.
D.   No, because you do not have a theory to support your hypothesis.
Question #35
The absence of random assignment in any study
A.   increases internal validity.
B.   decreases internal validity.
C.   strengthens your ability to make a causal claim.
D.   strengthens your ability to make a frequency claim.
Question #36
Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charge her phone on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa’s reasoning about sleeping better to music?
A.   There is no problem with Vanessa’s reasoning.
B.   Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night.
C.   Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner.
D.   Vanessa’s belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable.
Question #37
What is the problem with being swayed by a good story?
A.   A good story may not be supported by data.
B.   A good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding.
C.   Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations.
D.   Good stories are not falsifiable.
Question #38
Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?
A.   both strong positive associations and strong negative associations
B.   strong positive associations
C.   strong negative associations
D.   neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations
Question #39
  
A.   evidence-based treatment
B.   hypotheses
C.   translational research
D.   empiricism
Question #40
Which of the following is a causal claim?
A.   Most drivers have reported texting while driving.
B.   Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
C.   Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control.
D.   Texting interferes with a driver’s ability to pay attention.
Question #41
Which of the following is a dependent variable?
A.   one that has one level
B.   one that is manipulated
C.   one that is kept constant
D.   one that is measured
Question #42
Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals?
A.   to gain attention by journalists
B.   to have their results reviewed by other psychologists
C.   to share their findings with the general public
D.   to get money from the journals where their work appears
Question #43
Which of the following is an example of basic research?
A.   a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused
B.   an educational psychologist who examines how mindset (“intelligence is innate” or “intelligence can be achieved”) affects academic performance
C.   an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment
D.   an experimental psychologist who examines people’s ability to perceive a “sweet” taste
Question #44
Which of the following is an example of translational research?
A.   an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction
B.   a sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance
C.   a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD
D.   a cognitive psychologist who examines people’s ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure
Question #45
Which of the following is true of operational definitions?
A.   Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.
B.   Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing.
C.   Operational definitions answer the question, “Why did the researchers measure this variable?”
D.   Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined.
Question #46
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?
A.   Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.
B.   Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.
C.   Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.
D.   Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate.
Question #47
Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim?
A.   “suggests a change”
B.   “seems to decrease”
C.   “curbs”
D.   “is at higher risk of”
Question #48
Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?
A.   To what populations can we generalize this claim?
B.   Did the researcher randomly assign participants?
C.   Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?
D.   How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?
Question #49
Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?
A.   to identify the most intuitive explanations
B.   to know what evidence people like best
C.   to avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases
D.   to be able to sway people with a good story
Question #50
You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that
A.   you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion.
B.   your intuition is better than research.
C.   you have fallen prey to your blind spot bias.
D.   research is probabilistic.

Need help with your exam preparation?