Psychology 200 - Research Methods for Psychology » Fall 2022 » Module 1 Quiz
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Question #1
________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.
A.
Application
B.
Falsifiability
C.
Empiricism
D.
Theorizing
Question #2
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?
A.
the third-variable criterion
B.
the criterion of external validity
C.
the criterion of temporal precedence
D.
the criterion of covariance
Question #3
A group of students recorded the amount of time they studied for an exam in their research methods course and the grade they received on the exam. The scatter plot shows a positive, linear relationship. What statement best describes this relationship between time spent studying and exam grade?
A.
As study time increases, exam grades decreased.
B.
As study time increased, exam grades increased at first and then decreased.
C.
As study time increased, exam grades decreased at first and then increased.
D.
As study time increased, exam grades increased.
Question #4
According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as
A.
empirical research.
B.
translational research.
C.
compound research.
D.
practical research.
Question #5
After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, “I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would.” What is Cyril experiencing?
A.
motivated thinking
B.
confirmation bias
C.
faulty intuition
D.
bias blind spot
Question #6
Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
A.
outcome.
B.
observation.
C.
theory.
D.
prediction.
Question #7
Articles that could be considered journalism
A.
are hard to access.
B.
do not require specialized education to read.
C.
are typically written by scientists.
D.
are typically written for scientists.
Question #8
Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as
A.
overconfidence.
B.
a confirmation bias.
C.
the availability heuristic.
D.
a present/present bias.
Question #9
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?
A.
“The data complicate my theory.”
B.
“The data provide support for my theory.”
C.
“My theory is generalizable.”
D.
“The data prove my theory.”
Question #10
Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person’s attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as
A.
a chapter in an edited book.
B.
a PsycWiki.
C.
a review journal article.
D.
a meta-analysis.
Question #11
Different factors that could account for significant results are called
A.
biases.
B.
predictions.
C.
hypotheses.
D.
confounds.
Question #12
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
A.
positive association
B.
negative association
C.
zero association
D.
causal association
Question #13
Dr. Knepp studies Extrasensory Perception (ESP) which is the ability to perceive things through telepathy or clairvoyance. She theorizes that ESP exists but only in people who believe it exists and who are not skeptical of ESP. She surveys a large number of adults about their beliefs in ESP and, as expected, only adults who believe in ESP report having those abilities. What is true about Dr. Knepp’s theory?
A.
It is provable.
B.
It does not have a hypothesis.
C.
It is not falsifiable.
D.
It is not translational research.
Question #14
Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton’s scientific norms?
A.
organized skepticism
B.
universality
C.
disinterestedness
D.
communality
Question #15
Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source?
A.
a trade book
B.
a chapter in an edited book
C.
a meta-analysis
D.
a review journal article
Question #16
How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?
A.
check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results
B.
determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes
C.
research the credentials of the author of the popular media article
D.
find and read the original scientific article
Question #17
How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?
A.
reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them
B.
remaining objective as you interpret scientific data
C.
using common sense to understand scientific data
D.
finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses
Question #18
If we cannot observe a behavior, we cannot study it. What does this statement refer to?
A.
empiricism
B.
replication
C.
skepticism
D.
falsifiability
Question #19
If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose?
A.
an expert’s dissertation
B.
popular magazines
C.
edited books
D.
scientific journals
Question #20
If you wanted to know exactly which statistical analyses were used in a particular study, you should consult the
A.
discussion section of a journal article.
B.
method section of a journal article.
C.
results section of a journal article.
D.
introduction of a journal article.
Question #21
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to
A.
research.
B.
data.
C.
questions.
D.
answers.
Question #22
In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority?
A.
when they based their opinions on their intuition
B.
when they have a scientific degree
C.
when they present all the evidence on a topic
D.
when they have conducted scientific research on the topic
Question #23
Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching “autism treatment.” However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search
A.
“autism treatment” and “behavioral” and enter an age range of interest.
B.
“autism spectrum disorder” or “treatment” or “symptom improvement.”
C.
using the “or” function for all thesaurus synonyms for autism.
D.
“autis*treatment.”
Question #24
Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal?
A.
the editor of the journal
B.
Nadia, the author of the article
C.
a panel of experts
D.
the publisher of the journal
Question #25
RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article?
A.
social workers
B.
depressed patients
C.
clinical researchers
D.
journalists
Question #26
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?
A.
the type of game
B.
the number of researchers
C.
the gender of the participant
D.
effort put into playing the game
Question #27
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study?
A.
one
B.
two
C.
four
D.
five
Question #28
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon’s and Dr. LaSalle’s claims?
A.
Dr. LaSalle’s claim is the same as Dr. Ramon’s claim.
B.
Dr. LaSalle’s claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. Ramon’s claim.
C.
Dr. Ramon’s claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle’s claim.
D.
Dr. Ramon’s claim makes a stronger statement than Dr. LaSalle’s claim.
Question #29
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish is also curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study?
A.
because he is a student, not a researcher
B.
because the author of the study already did
C.
because he has not taken statistics yet
D.
because the study’s claim is an association claim
Question #30
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang’s study?
A.
the number of words on the list
B.
the length of the distractor task
C.
the number of words remembered
D.
the content of the words
Question #31
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened?
A.
the external validity of the study
B.
the internal validity of the study
C.
the covariance of the study
D.
the temporal precedence of the study
Question #32
Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as
A.
empirical research.
B.
translational research.
C.
applied research.
D.
basic research.
Question #33
Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?
A.
causal
B.
operational
C.
association
D.
frequency
Question #34
Suppose you hypothesize that all children have an imaginary friend at some point during their preschool years. You talk to twenty children, all of whom say that they have or have had an imaginary friend. Does your finding support your hypothesis?
A.
No, because you do not have a theory to support your hypothesis.
B.
Yes, because all of the data are consistent with the hypothesis.
C.
No, because you have not confirmed the presence of an imaginary friend for all children.
D.
Yes, because there is no alternative explanation for these findings.
Question #35
The absence of random assignment in any study
A.
increases internal validity.
B.
decreases internal validity.
C.
strengthens your ability to make a frequency claim.
D.
strengthens your ability to make a causal claim.
Question #36
Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her phone. She typically remembers to charge her phone on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa’s reasoning about sleeping better to music?
A.
Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night.
B.
Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner.
C.
Vanessa’s belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable.
D.
There is no problem with Vanessa’s reasoning.
Question #37
What is the problem with being swayed by a good story?
A.
Good stories are not falsifiable.
B.
A good story may not be supported by data.
C.
A good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding.
D.
Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations.
Question #38
Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?
A.
strong negative associations
B.
neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations
C.
strong positive associations
D.
both strong positive associations and strong negative associations
Question #39
A.
empiricism
B.
evidence-based treatment
C.
hypotheses
D.
translational research
Question #40
Which of the following is a causal claim?
A.
Most drivers have reported texting while driving.
B.
Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control.
C.
Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
D.
Texting interferes with a driver’s ability to pay attention.
Question #41
Which of the following is a dependent variable?
A.
one that is measured
B.
one that is manipulated
C.
one that is kept constant
D.
one that has one level
Question #42
Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals?
A.
to share their findings with the general public
B.
to gain attention by journalists
C.
to have their results reviewed by other psychologists
D.
to get money from the journals where their work appears
Question #43
Which of the following is an example of basic research?
A.
an experimental psychologist who examines people’s ability to perceive a “sweet” taste
B.
an educational psychologist who examines how mindset (“intelligence is innate” or “intelligence can be achieved”) affects academic performance
C.
an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment
D.
a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused
Question #44
Which of the following is an example of translational research?
A.
a cognitive psychologist who examines people’s ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure
B.
a sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance
C.
an industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction
D.
a clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD
Question #45
Which of the following is true of operational definitions?
A.
Operational definitions answer the question, “Why did the researchers measure this variable?”
B.
Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined.
C.
Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing.
D.
Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.
Question #46
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?
A.
Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.
B.
Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.
C.
Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.
D.
Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate.
Question #47
Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim?
A.
“suggests a change”
B.
“seems to decrease”
C.
“curbs”
D.
“is at higher risk of”
Question #48
Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims?
A.
Did the researcher randomly assign participants?
B.
To what populations can we generalize this claim?
C.
Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?
D.
How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?
Question #49
Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?
A.
to know what evidence people like best
B.
to be able to sway people with a good story
C.
to identify the most intuitive explanations
D.
to avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases
Question #50
You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that
A.
research is probabilistic.
B.
you have fallen prey to your blind spot bias.
C.
your intuition is better than research.
D.
you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion.
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