Soc 001 - Introduction to Sociology » Fall 2019 » Exam 2

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Question #1
Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will
A.   buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility
B.   suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving
C.   physically punish their son using a culturally approved method
D.   call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of his ways
Question #2
What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?
A.   The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care.
B.   As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother and child
C.   As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.
D.   There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.
Question #3
Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?
A.   Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior.
B.   Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages.
C.   Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory.
D.   Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.
Question #4
Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?
A.   a well-developed id
B.   the ability to take the role of another
C.   an average or above-average IQ
D.   the influence of positive peers
Question #5
Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?
A.   strict discipline
B.   basic intelligence
C.   biological makeup
D.   intimate early social interaction
Question #6
Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena, Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.
A.   an example of pornography
B.   a way to confuse children about their sexuality
C.   a way to motivate young women to play video games
D.   the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males
Question #7
The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior?
A.   Identical twins will always exhibit similar behavior because their gene complement is identical.
B.   Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.
C.   Behavior is the result of genetic influences.
D.   The father's genetic influence is greater than the mother's as a determinant of behavior.
Question #8
What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?
A.   The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.
B.   The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
C.   The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
D.   The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.
Question #9
As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.
A.   a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools
B.   a manifest dysfunction of education
C.   a latent dysfunction of U.S. education
D.   a manifest function of education
Question #10
Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?   
A.   They would rely on reasoning with the child.
B.   They would offer verbal encouragement.
C.   They would probably deny privileges and "ground" the child.
D.   They would probably use physical punishment
Question #11
What is the key feature of postindustrial societies as it relates to the work force?
A.   The transmission and use of information services dominates the work force.
B.   High-efficiency production of food and fiber products is most prevalent.
C.   The production of durable goods such as automobiles, refrigerators, and washing machines is the emphasis.
D.   Leisure time activities are the primary product of the society.
Question #12
How does the structure and function of groups change as they grow in size?
A.   Members tend to form more informal relationships.
B.   Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.
C.   Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.
D.   Group members become more active in the decision-making process.
Question #13
Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?
A.   expressive leader
B.   democratic leader
C.   authoritarian leader
D.   laissez-faire leader
Question #14
Which distinguishing feature of Calvinism contributed to the rise of capitalism?
A.   the belief that money is the root of all evil
B.   the belief that heaven was a myth and there was no hereafter
C.   the belief that man was naturally sinful
D.   the belief that people were destined before birth for either heaven or hell
Question #15
Giselle works at the public library. Her friend sees her there and asks, “Giselle, can you get me a job here?” Giselle replies, “You must go through the Human Resources Office to fill out an application and pass a series of tests in order to qualify for a position here.” The fact that hiring is based on a worker’s ability to perform a task reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
A.   technical qualifications
B.   hierarchy of authority
C.   impersonality
D.   technical qualifications
Question #16
Latoya likes to use Facebook, but her sister Shante likes to use MySpace. Both of these applications help the sisters maintain the ties that they have with others.  As such, Facebook and Myspace help with:
A.   primary groups
B.   social networks
C.   social capital
D.   secondary groups
Question #17
When the former Soviet Union collapsed, NATO forces were no longer needed to protect Europe from a communist invasion. Rather than disband NATO, it was turned into a "rapid response force" to fight terrorism. Sociologists would call this shift in focus an example of ________.
A.   goal displacement
B.   the Peter principle
C.   the Thomas theorem
D.   bureaucratic ritualism
Question #18
Bob works at an automobile factory that organizes its workers into small groups that meet regularly to discuss ways to increase production and efficiency.  Individual workers are often singled out and recognized for their contributions to the organization. These are examples of attempts to
A.   increase the number of employees
B.   increase profits by downsizing
C.   humanize the work setting to develop employee potential
D.   alienate the "deadbeats" in the corporation
Question #19
As voluntary organizations, what do the College Young Democrats, Kiwanis Club, Uptown Stamp Collectors' Club, and National Rifle Association all have in common?
A.   They all offer people an identity.
B.   They are all primary groups.
C.   They all bring people into the political mainstream.
D.   They all generate social change.
Question #20
It is becoming more common for corporations to provide daycare facilities as a fringe benefit for their employees. What has evaluative research found regarding the costs and benefits of these facilities? 
A.   Because of the large number of employees using them, daycare facilities are too expensive to operate.
B.   The results of the research are inconclusive.
C.   Operating on-site daycare reduces employee absenteeism, improves production, and increases staff morale.
D.   Daycare facilities are ineffective because they are used by only a few employees
Question #21
Most major companies sponsor "diversity training" lectures and workshops for their employees.  What is the ultimate purpose of these efforts?
A.   to increase company profits and competitiveness
B.   to emphasize the qualities that will lead to a worker's success
C.   to stimulate an understanding of cultural differences
D.   to professionally develop staff
Question #22
It is believed by some sociologists that attempts to humanize the workplace are simply ways to manipulate workers into cooperating in their own exploitation. This belief is most aligned with the ________ perspective.
A.   interactionist
B.   functionalist
C.   conflict
D.   structuralist
Question #23
Samantha works for an organization that is hierarchical and has a division of labor, written rules, communications and records, one in which the administration treats workers impersonally. Based on these characteristics, we can conclude that Samantha works for a(n) ________.
A.   voluntary association
B.   nonprofit organization
C.   bureaucracy
D.   oligarchy
Question #24
Every McDonald’s employee is expected to treat each customer the same way.  When a customer approaches the counter, the employee is supposed to smile and say, “Welcome to McDonald’s.  May I please take your order?”  The idea that all customers are treated the same way reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
A.   Division of labor
B.   impersonality
C.   hierarchy of authority
D.   technical qualifications
Question #25
Of the following groups, the ________ plays the most significant role in the development of the self.
A.   out-group
B.   in-group
C.   reference group
D.   primary group
Question #26
The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?
A.   Deviance is analogous to mental illness
B.   The nature of one's behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance.
C.   It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.
D.   Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society.
Question #27
Why did the "XYY" chromosome theory fall out of favor as an explanation for criminal behavior?
A.   The work of the theorist who proposed the theory was plagiarized.
B.   Most criminals do not have XYY and everyone with XYY is not a criminal.
C.   The theory only explains deviant and criminal behavior among females.
D.   It was discovered there are no longer any XYY chromosome configurations among men.
Question #28
Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline?
A.   anthropology
B.   psychology
C.   sociology
D.   sociobiology
Question #29
Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?
A.   They are common in families living in poverty.
B.   They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.
C.   They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities
D.   They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.
Question #30
John desires the best things in life – a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?
A.   a conformist
B.   a ritualist
C.   a rebel
D.   an innovator
Question #31
Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of ________.
A.   nonconforming behavior
B.   the need for social sanctions
C.   the cultural relativity of deviance
D.   the need for absolute standards in defining deviance
Question #32
All of the following acts qualify as a white collar crime EXCEPT for which one?
A.   a police officer taking $100 to refrain from writing a speeding ticket
B.   a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return
C.   an executive writing off the corporation's million-dollar fine as investment capital
D.   a bank teller robbing the First National bank
Question #33
According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?
A.   When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.
B.   In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.
C.   In situations where there is a strong police presence.
D.   When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes
Question #34
Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common? 
A.   They are all rebels
B.   They are all ritualists.
C.   They are all conformists.
D.   They are all retreatists.
Question #35
When Officer Friel discovered Mark smoking marijuana outside the school, he took him home and turned him over to his parents for counseling and treatment as they felt appropriate. He also warned Mark the next time would result in a ride to juvenile hall. Which statement best describes Officer Friel's actions?
A.   Officer Friel is using reverse psychology on Mark.
B.   Officer Friel is employing police discretion.
C.   Officer Friel is guilty of breaking the law.
D.   Officer Friel is violating police ethics.
Question #36
Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology?
A.   XYY" theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior
B.   body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals
C.   intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior
D.   social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers
Question #37
Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.
A.   formal control
B.   inner control
C.   pushes
D.   pulls
Question #38
Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?
A.   democratic leader
B.   laissez-faire leader
C.   authoritative leader
D.   dictatorial leader
Question #39
What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?
A.   A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.
B.   Group conformity is the most important social relationship people seek to achieve.
C.   Individualism is among the most cherished personal qualities one can possess.
D.   Most people conform to social norms, even when told to deviate from them by persons in authority.
Question #40
In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called
A.   brainwashing
B.   groupthink
C.   mental programming
D.   group polarization

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