Anthropology 101 - Human Biologic Evolution » Fall 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1
Mammals arose during the __________ Era.
A.   Cenozoic
B.   Phanerozoic
C.   Mesozoic
D.   Hadean
Question #2
The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.
A.   warming and drying
B.   cooling and drying
C.   cooling and increased moisture
D.   warming and increased moisture
Question #3
The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.
A.   birds
B.   flowering plants
C.   lizards
D.   microscopic life forms
Question #4
Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.
A.   visual predators
B.   social
C.   bipedal
D.   intelligent
Question #5
The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.
A.   Eocene
B.   Pliocene
C.   Miocene
D.   Jurassic
Question #6
By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.
A.   Monkeys are more intelligent.
B.   Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.
C.   Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.
D.   Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.
Question #7
Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?
A.   It co-existed with Homo erectus.
B.   It had a diet that consisted of insects.
C.   It was the largest monkey that ever lived.
D.   It lived in western Africa.
Question #8
The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.
A.   sagittal crest
B.   foramen magnum
C.   lumbar vertebrae
D.   brow ridge
Question #9
Australopithecines show __________.
A.   some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema
B.   an essentially ape-like dentition
C.   some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema
D.   no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema
Question #10
Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?
A.   The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.
B.   No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.
C.   Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.
D.   The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.
Question #11
The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.
A.   It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.
B.   It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.
C.   Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.
D.   It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.
Question #12
At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.
A.   Orrorin tugenensis
B.   Australopithecus anamensis
C.   Sahelanthropus tchadensis
D.   Ardipithecus ramidus
Question #13
Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?
A.   Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.
B.   Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.
C.   Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.
D.   Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.
Question #14
In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.
A.   radiocarbon; type-analysis
B.   relative; absolute
C.   seriation; absolute
D.   absolute; relative
Question #15
The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.
A.   much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.
B.   an evolutionary dead end.
C.   meat-eaters.
D.   more social than gracile australopithecines.
Question #16
Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.
A.   long canines
B.   a parabolic dental arcade
C.   pronounced sagittal crest
D.   a prognathic face
Question #17
Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.
A.   herding
B.   trapping
C.   hunting
D.   scavenging
Question #18
The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.
A.   Indonesia
B.   Israel
C.   Saudi Arabia
D.   the Republic of Georgia
Question #19
Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
A.   Acheulean tools were bifaced.
B.   Oldowan tools were flaked.
C.   Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.
D.   Oldowan tools were made from stone.
Question #20
It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.
A.   had smaller brains
B.   were more peaceful than the African counterparts
C.   left Africa before the hand-axe was invented
D.   had less dexterous hands
Question #21
Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?
A.   France
B.   Indonesia
C.   England
D.   Spain
Question #22
The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.
A.   Homo Heidelbergensis
B.   Homo erectus
C.   modern humans
D.   Neandertals
Question #23
Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.
A.   modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin
B.   they are related to Neandertals
C.   a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo
D.   late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens
Question #24
The Replacement Model of human origins __________.
A.   is not supported by genetic data
B.   is often called the Multiregional Model
C.   implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago
D.   maintains that humans had a localized origin
Question #25
Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?
A.   There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.
B.   There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.
C.   Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.
D.   Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.
Question #26
It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.
A.   by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft
B.   via the coast of Siberia
C.   during the Middle Stone Age
D.   directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge
Question #27
In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.
A.   allows for extended neurological development
B.   only occurs rarely
C.   quickens the onset of adulthood
D.   causes a reduced period of social learning
Question #28
The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.
A.   Wernicke’s area
B.   prefrontal lobe
C.   basiocranial flexion
D.   hyoid bone
Question #29
The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.
A.   family size
B.   monogamy
C.   conflicting needs
D.   nutrition
Question #30
The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.
A.   children being raised in proximity
B.   status
C.   learned behavior
D.   culturally sanctioned laws

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