Anthropology 101 - Human Biologic Evolution » Fall 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1
Mammals arose during the __________ Era.
A.   Mesozoic
B.   Hadean
C.   Cenozoic
D.   Phanerozoic
Question #2
The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.
A.   cooling and drying
B.   warming and drying
C.   cooling and increased moisture
D.   warming and increased moisture
Question #3
The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.
A.   flowering plants
B.   microscopic life forms
C.   birds
D.   lizards
Question #4
Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.
A.   social
B.   bipedal
C.   intelligent
D.   visual predators
Question #5
The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.
A.   Jurassic
B.   Pliocene
C.   Miocene
D.   Eocene
Question #6
By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.
A.   Monkeys are more intelligent.
B.   Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.
C.   Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.
D.   Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.
Question #7
Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?
A.   It had a diet that consisted of insects.
B.   It was the largest monkey that ever lived.
C.   It co-existed with Homo erectus.
D.   It lived in western Africa.
Question #8
The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.
A.   foramen magnum
B.   lumbar vertebrae
C.   brow ridge
D.   sagittal crest
Question #9
Australopithecines show __________.
A.   no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema
B.   some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema
C.   some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema
D.   an essentially ape-like dentition
Question #10
Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?
A.   No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.
B.   The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.
C.   The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.
D.   Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.
Question #11
The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.
A.   Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.
B.   It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.
C.   It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.
D.   It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.
Question #12
At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.
A.   Orrorin tugenensis
B.   Ardipithecus ramidus
C.   Sahelanthropus tchadensis
D.   Australopithecus anamensis
Question #13
Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?
A.   Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.
B.   Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.
C.   Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.
D.   Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.
Question #14
In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.
A.   absolute; relative
B.   radiocarbon; type-analysis
C.   relative; absolute
D.   seriation; absolute
Question #15
The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.
A.   an evolutionary dead end.
B.   much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.
C.   meat-eaters.
D.   more social than gracile australopithecines.
Question #16
Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.
A.   a parabolic dental arcade
B.   a prognathic face
C.   long canines
D.   pronounced sagittal crest
Question #17
Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.
A.   herding
B.   scavenging
C.   trapping
D.   hunting
Question #18
The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.
A.   Indonesia
B.   Saudi Arabia
C.   Israel
D.   the Republic of Georgia
Question #19
Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
A.   Acheulean tools were bifaced.
B.   Oldowan tools were made from stone.
C.   Oldowan tools were flaked.
D.   Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.
Question #20
It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.
A.   had less dexterous hands
B.   were more peaceful than the African counterparts
C.   left Africa before the hand-axe was invented
D.   had smaller brains
Question #21
Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?
A.   France
B.   Indonesia
C.   Spain
D.   England
Question #22
The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.
A.   modern humans
B.   Neandertals
C.   Homo erectus
D.   Homo Heidelbergensis
Question #23
Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.
A.   modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin
B.   a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo
C.   late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens
D.   they are related to Neandertals
Question #24
The Replacement Model of human origins __________.
A.   implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago
B.   is not supported by genetic data
C.   maintains that humans had a localized origin
D.   is often called the Multiregional Model
Question #25
Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?
A.   There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.
B.   Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.
C.   There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.
D.   Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.
Question #26
It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.
A.   directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge
B.   during the Middle Stone Age
C.   by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft
D.   via the coast of Siberia
Question #27
In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.
A.   only occurs rarely
B.   allows for extended neurological development
C.   quickens the onset of adulthood
D.   causes a reduced period of social learning
Question #28
The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.
A.   hyoid bone
B.   Wernicke’s area
C.   basiocranial flexion
D.   prefrontal lobe
Question #29
The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.
A.   nutrition
B.   monogamy
C.   conflicting needs
D.   family size
Question #30
The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.
A.   learned behavior
B.   culturally sanctioned laws
C.   children being raised in proximity
D.   status

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