Anthropology 101 - Human Biologic Evolution » Fall 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1
Mammals arose during the __________ Era.
A.   Mesozoic
B.   Phanerozoic
C.   Cenozoic
D.   Hadean
Question #2
The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.
A.   warming and drying
B.   cooling and increased moisture
C.   warming and increased moisture
D.   cooling and drying
Question #3
The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.
A.   microscopic life forms
B.   birds
C.   lizards
D.   flowering plants
Question #4
Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.
A.   intelligent
B.   visual predators
C.   bipedal
D.   social
Question #5
The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.
A.   Miocene
B.   Eocene
C.   Pliocene
D.   Jurassic
Question #6
By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.
A.   Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.
B.   Monkeys are more intelligent.
C.   Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.
D.   Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.
Question #7
Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?
A.   It lived in western Africa.
B.   It was the largest monkey that ever lived.
C.   It had a diet that consisted of insects.
D.   It co-existed with Homo erectus.
Question #8
The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.
A.   brow ridge
B.   lumbar vertebrae
C.   foramen magnum
D.   sagittal crest
Question #9
Australopithecines show __________.
A.   some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema
B.   an essentially ape-like dentition
C.   some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema
D.   no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema
Question #10
Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?
A.   Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.
B.   No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.
C.   The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.
D.   The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.
Question #11
The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.
A.   It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.
B.   Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.
C.   It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.
D.   It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.
Question #12
At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.
A.   Sahelanthropus tchadensis
B.   Australopithecus anamensis
C.   Ardipithecus ramidus
D.   Orrorin tugenensis
Question #13
Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?
A.   Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.
B.   Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.
C.   Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.
D.   Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.
Question #14
In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.
A.   absolute; relative
B.   relative; absolute
C.   seriation; absolute
D.   radiocarbon; type-analysis
Question #15
The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.
A.   much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.
B.   more social than gracile australopithecines.
C.   meat-eaters.
D.   an evolutionary dead end.
Question #16
Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.
A.   long canines
B.   pronounced sagittal crest
C.   a parabolic dental arcade
D.   a prognathic face
Question #17
Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.
A.   hunting
B.   herding
C.   scavenging
D.   trapping
Question #18
The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.
A.   the Republic of Georgia
B.   Saudi Arabia
C.   Indonesia
D.   Israel
Question #19
Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
A.   Oldowan tools were flaked.
B.   Oldowan tools were made from stone.
C.   Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.
D.   Acheulean tools were bifaced.
Question #20
It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.
A.   had less dexterous hands
B.   left Africa before the hand-axe was invented
C.   had smaller brains
D.   were more peaceful than the African counterparts
Question #21
Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?
A.   Indonesia
B.   France
C.   Spain
D.   England
Question #22
The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.
A.   modern humans
B.   Homo Heidelbergensis
C.   Homo erectus
D.   Neandertals
Question #23
Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.
A.   late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens
B.   they are related to Neandertals
C.   modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin
D.   a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo
Question #24
The Replacement Model of human origins __________.
A.   implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago
B.   maintains that humans had a localized origin
C.   is often called the Multiregional Model
D.   is not supported by genetic data
Question #25
Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?
A.   Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.
B.   There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.
C.   There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.
D.   Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.
Question #26
It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.
A.   via the coast of Siberia
B.   directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge
C.   during the Middle Stone Age
D.   by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft
Question #27
In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.
A.   allows for extended neurological development
B.   quickens the onset of adulthood
C.   only occurs rarely
D.   causes a reduced period of social learning
Question #28
The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.
A.   basiocranial flexion
B.   hyoid bone
C.   Wernicke’s area
D.   prefrontal lobe
Question #29
The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.
A.   nutrition
B.   conflicting needs
C.   monogamy
D.   family size
Question #30
The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.
A.   status
B.   learned behavior
C.   children being raised in proximity
D.   culturally sanctioned laws

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