Anthropology 101 - Human Biologic Evolution » Fall 2022 » Final Exam

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Question #1
Mammals arose during the __________ Era.
A.   Mesozoic
B.   Hadean
C.   Phanerozoic
D.   Cenozoic
Question #2
The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.
A.   warming and increased moisture
B.   cooling and increased moisture
C.   warming and drying
D.   cooling and drying
Question #3
The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.
A.   lizards
B.   birds
C.   microscopic life forms
D.   flowering plants
Question #4
Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.
A.   bipedal
B.   social
C.   intelligent
D.   visual predators
Question #5
The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.
A.   Jurassic
B.   Pliocene
C.   Eocene
D.   Miocene
Question #6
By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.
A.   Monkeys are more intelligent.
B.   Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.
C.   Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.
D.   Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.
Question #7
Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?
A.   It was the largest monkey that ever lived.
B.   It co-existed with Homo erectus.
C.   It lived in western Africa.
D.   It had a diet that consisted of insects.
Question #8
The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.
A.   brow ridge
B.   sagittal crest
C.   foramen magnum
D.   lumbar vertebrae
Question #9
Australopithecines show __________.
A.   an essentially ape-like dentition
B.   some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema
C.   no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema
D.   some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema
Question #10
Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?
A.   The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.
B.   No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.
C.   Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.
D.   The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.
Question #11
The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.
A.   Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.
B.   It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.
C.   It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.
D.   It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.
Question #12
At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.
A.   Orrorin tugenensis
B.   Australopithecus anamensis
C.   Ardipithecus ramidus
D.   Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Question #13
Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?
A.   Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.
B.   Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.
C.   Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.
D.   Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.
Question #14
In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.
A.   absolute; relative
B.   relative; absolute
C.   radiocarbon; type-analysis
D.   seriation; absolute
Question #15
The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.
A.   more social than gracile australopithecines.
B.   an evolutionary dead end.
C.   meat-eaters.
D.   much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.
Question #16
Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.
A.   a parabolic dental arcade
B.   long canines
C.   a prognathic face
D.   pronounced sagittal crest
Question #17
Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.
A.   trapping
B.   scavenging
C.   herding
D.   hunting
Question #18
The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.
A.   Indonesia
B.   Israel
C.   the Republic of Georgia
D.   Saudi Arabia
Question #19
Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
A.   Oldowan tools were made from stone.
B.   Oldowan tools were flaked.
C.   Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.
D.   Acheulean tools were bifaced.
Question #20
It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.
A.   left Africa before the hand-axe was invented
B.   were more peaceful than the African counterparts
C.   had less dexterous hands
D.   had smaller brains
Question #21
Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?
A.   France
B.   England
C.   Indonesia
D.   Spain
Question #22
The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.
A.   modern humans
B.   Homo erectus
C.   Homo Heidelbergensis
D.   Neandertals
Question #23
Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.
A.   late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens
B.   modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin
C.   they are related to Neandertals
D.   a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo
Question #24
The Replacement Model of human origins __________.
A.   maintains that humans had a localized origin
B.   is not supported by genetic data
C.   is often called the Multiregional Model
D.   implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago
Question #25
Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?
A.   There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.
B.   Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.
C.   Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.
D.   There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.
Question #26
It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.
A.   during the Middle Stone Age
B.   by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft
C.   via the coast of Siberia
D.   directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge
Question #27
In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.
A.   quickens the onset of adulthood
B.   causes a reduced period of social learning
C.   allows for extended neurological development
D.   only occurs rarely
Question #28
The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.
A.   basiocranial flexion
B.   Wernicke’s area
C.   prefrontal lobe
D.   hyoid bone
Question #29
The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.
A.   family size
B.   conflicting needs
C.   monogamy
D.   nutrition
Question #30
The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.
A.   learned behavior
B.   children being raised in proximity
C.   status
D.   culturally sanctioned laws

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