Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Lecture Exam 3
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Question #1
Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to
A.
process information.
B.
conduct impulses to muscles.
C.
initiate responses to information.
D.
collect information.
Question #2
Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system?
A.
Involuntary control of the heart
B.
Transmits impulses to muscles and glands
C.
Conducts impulses from the CNS
D.
Transmits impulses from the viscera
Question #3
Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete
A.
a specific neurotransmitter that always excites its target.
B.
several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that all work to prevent another immediate impulse.
C.
several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, all of which excite the cell's target.
D.
a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target.
Question #4
Where are synaptic knobs located?
A.
Along axon collaterals
B.
At the tips of telodendria
C.
Within the cell body
D.
At the ends of dendrites
Question #5
Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are
A.
interneurons.
B.
motor neurons.
C.
sensory neurons.
D.
bipolar neurons.
Question #6
In a mixed nerve
A.
chemical synapses occur along with electrical synapses.
B.
some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information.
C.
individual axons transmit both sensory and motor information.
D.
astrocytes are interspersed with ependymal cells.
Question #7
When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by
A.
the presynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft.
B.
the presynaptic neuron's soma into synaptic vesicles.
C.
the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.
D.
the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft.
Question #8
Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?
A.
Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.
B.
Transmission at both chemical and electrical synapses involves a synaptic delay of approximately 1 millisecond.
C.
Transmission at electrical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but chemical synapses are faster.
D.
Electrical synapses have a constant delay of 1 millisecond, but chemical synaptic delays vary between 0.1 and 0.3 millisecond.
Question #9
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the
A.
astrocyte.
B.
oligodendrocyte.
C.
microglial cell.
D.
ependymal cell.
Question #10
The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the
A.
astrocyte.
B.
satellite cell.
C.
ependymal cell.
D.
neurolemmocyte.
Question #11
A nerve
A.
is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.
B.
carries information only toward the PNS.
C.
contains a single axon.
D.
is found only in the CNS.
Question #12
The epineurium is composed of
A.
areolar connective tissue.
B.
simple squamous epithelium.
C.
dense regular connective tissue.
D.
dense irregular connective tissue.
Question #13
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the
A.
epineurium.
B.
perineurium.
C.
endoneurium.
D.
endosteum.
Question #14
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.
A.
initial
B.
receptive
C.
conductive
D.
transmissive
Question #15
The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the
A.
voltage-gated potassium channel.
B.
voltage-gated chloride channel.
C.
voltage-gated calcium channel.
D.
voltage-gated sodium channel.
Question #16
The electrochemical gradient refers to
A.
the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.
B.
the resistance a membrane has to allowing any charged chemical to pass through it.
C.
the difference in electrical charge between two areas.
D.
the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
Question #17
According to Ohm's law, current is
A.
directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.
B.
indirectly related to voltage and directly related to resistance.
C.
directly related to both voltage and resistance.
D.
inversely related to both voltage and resistance.
Question #18
If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be
A.
more negative.
B.
0 mV.
C.
more positive.
D.
the same.
Question #19
Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of
A.
sodium-potassium pumps.
B.
voltage-gated channels.
C.
chemically gated channels.
D.
mechanically gated channels.
Question #20
A graded potential is one that
A.
varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).
B.
lasts for several seconds after ion channels have opened, closed, and reset.
C.
is all or none (always the same intensity).
D.
travels the length of the nerve fiber (is long-distance).
Question #21
Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.
A.
voltage-, axon
B.
voltage-, dendrite
C.
chemically, dendrite
D.
chemically, axon
Question #22
When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an
A.
IPSP, which is a depolarization.
B.
EPSP, which is a hyperpolarization
C.
EPSP, which is a depolarization.
D.
IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
Question #23
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of
A.
action potentials at the node of Ranvier.
B.
resting membrane potentials in a particular area of the brain.
C.
excitatory neurotransmitter molecules at a receptor.
D.
postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.
Question #24
When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron,
A.
potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
B.
potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
C.
potassium enters, depolarizing the cell to a positive value.
D.
potassium exits, depolarizing the cell to an even more negative value.
Question #25
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged
A.
closure of chemically gated sodium channels.
B.
open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.
C.
open state of voltage-gated sodium channels.
D.
closure of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Question #26
Which occurs first?
A.
Absolute refractory period
B.
Relative refractory period
Question #27
When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron,
A.
calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
B.
calcium and neurotransmitter diffuse into the synaptic knob.
C.
calcium is pumped into the neuron and neurotransmitter diffuses out through channels.
D.
calcium is released from the neuron along with neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles.
Question #28
A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.
A.
myelinated, small
B.
unmyelinated, small
C.
unmyelinated, large
D.
myelinated, large
Question #29
In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the
A.
neurofibril nodes.
B.
myelinated regions.
Question #30
Saltatory conduction occurs in
A.
unmyelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon.
B.
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon.
C.
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only under the myelin sheath.
D.
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.
Question #31
Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the
A.
ectoderm.
B.
endoderm.
C.
mesoderm.
Question #32
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater b: Pia mater c: Arachnoid mater
A.
b, c, a
B.
a, c, b
C.
b, a, c
D.
a, b, c
Question #33
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
A.
Pia mater
B.
Subdural layer
C.
Dura mater
D.
Arachnoid
Question #34
A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.
A.
lateral
B.
median
C.
third
D.
fourth
Question #35
The partition between the lateral ventricles is the
A.
interventricular foramen.
B.
septum pellucidum.
C.
central canal.
D.
mesencephalic aqueduct
Question #36
Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
A.
CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain.
B.
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.
C.
CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain.
D.
CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain.
Question #37
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the
A.
septum pellucidum.
B.
choroid plexus.
C.
arachnoid granulation.
D.
arachnoid villi.
Question #38
Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by
A.
microglia.
B.
astrocytes.
C.
the median aperture.
D.
arachnoid villi.
Question #39
The blood-brain barrier is made up of
A.
astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.
B.
ependymal cells and venous blood vessels.
C.
microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells.
D.
astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses.
Question #40
The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the
A.
cerebrum.
B.
hypothalamus.
C.
pons.
D.
cerebellum.
Question #41
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the
A.
hypothalamus.
B.
cerebral sulci.
C.
corpus callosum.
D.
cerebral gyri.
Question #42
One function of the brain’s frontal lobe is
A.
smell.
B.
verbal communication.
C.
vision.
D.
hearing.
Question #43
The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______.
A.
taste, frontal lobe
B.
taste, insula
C.
sound, cerebellum
D.
smell, parietal lobe
Question #44
This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body’s circadian rhythm.
A.
Anterior nucleus
B.
Habenular nucleus
C.
Pineal gland
D.
Mammillary body
Question #45
The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the
A.
epithalamus.
B.
hypothalamus.
C.
pons.
D.
thalamus.
Question #46
Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control?
A.
Arcuate nuclei
B.
Substantia nigra
C.
Cerebral nuclei
D.
Red nuclei
Question #47
The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________.
A.
blood pressure, pons
B.
visual reflexes, pons
C.
blood pressure, medulla oblongata.
D.
voluntary movement, frontal lobe
Question #48
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
A.
Medulla oblongata
B.
Cerebrum
C.
Cerebellum
D.
Pons
Question #49
The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions.
A.
cerebellum
B.
hypothalamus
C.
medulla oblongata
D.
limbic system
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