Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2022 » Laboratory Midterm Exam
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Question #1
The driving force for diffusion is ________________.
A.
The plasma membrane
B.
The membrane transport protein
C.
ATP
D.
The kinetic energy of the molecules in motion
Question #2
In diffusion, molecules move____________.
A.
Against a concentration gradient
B.
From either high or low concentration
C.
From high concentration to low concentration
D.
From low concentration to high concentration
Question #3
In your diffusion lab exercise, the dialysis membranes had a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) which is related to pore size. Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size?
A.
20 MWCO
B.
200 MWCO
C.
100 MWCO
D.
50 MWCO
Question #4
If the dialysis membrane is permeable to sodium chloride, then an increase in the concentration of sodium chloride should _________________.
A.
Increase the rate of diffusion
B.
Decrease the rate of diffusion
C.
Make no change to the rate of diffusion
Question #5
Larger molecules have a ______________ rate of diffusion.
A.
Faster
B.
Slower
Question #6
If the MWCO of a dialysis membrane is 50, and the molecular weight of glucose is 25 grams per mole; the molecular weight of albumin is 75 grams per mole; and the molecular weight of urea is 150 grams per mole; which molecule(s) will be able to pass through the membrane?
A.
Glucose and Albumin
B.
Albumin and Urea
C.
Glucose
D.
Urea
E.
Glucose and Urea
F.
Albumin
Question #7
_________________is reached when diffusion stops.
A.
Maturation
B.
Concentration
C.
Equilibrium
D.
Saturation
Question #8
Molecules need a carrier protein to help move them across a membrane because ________________.
A.
They are lipid soluble
B.
They are lipid insoluble or too large
C.
They are lipid insoluble
D.
They are too large
Question #9
Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?
A.
Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient
B.
Movement is passive and against a concentration gradient
C.
Movement is active and against a concentration gradient
D.
Movement is active and down a concentration gradient
Question #10
Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?
A.
The concentration of solutes
B.
Steepness or size of the concentration gradient
C.
The amount of intracellular ATP
D.
The number of membrane carriers
Question #11
What variable(s) increase the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?
A.
Increasing the number of glucose membrane carrier proteins
B.
Increasing the concentration of glucose and increasing the number of glucose membrane carrier proteins
C.
Adding sodium chloride
D.
Increasing the concentration of glucose
Question #12
For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as_____________________.
A.
Making the concentration gradient flatter
B.
Making the concentration gradient steeper
C.
Changing the direction of diffusion
D.
Adding ATP
Question #13
When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are _______________________.
A.
Saturated
B.
Selected
C.
Satiated
D.
Inhibited
Question #14
Which of the following is true of osmosis?
A.
It is a type of diffusion
B.
It requires energy
C.
It refers to the movement of solutes
D.
Movement is against the concentration gradient of water
Question #15
Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?
A.
The cells shrink
B.
Water enters the cells
C.
The cells burst
D.
The cells swell
Question #16
The variable that affects osmotic pressure is _______________.
A.
The rate of diffusion
B.
The concentration of impermeable solutes
C.
The pore size of the membrane proteins
D.
The concentration of permeable solutes
Question #17
The net movement of water would be into the cell in a __________________.
A.
Hypotonic solution
B.
Hypertonic solution
C.
Isotonic solution
Question #18
Water diffuses ________________.
A.
Away from solutes
B.
Against its concentration gradient
C.
By utilizing ATP
D.
Toward solutes
Question #19
Filtration is a process that _____________________.
A.
Requires ATP
B.
Is active and requires ATP
C.
Is active
D.
Is passive
Question #20
Filtration is dependent upon a _________________________.
A.
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
B.
Osmotic pressure gradient
C.
Kinetic energy gradient
D.
Concentration gradient
Question #21
An important place that filtration takes place in the body is in __________________.
A.
The muscles
B.
The skin
C.
The ovaries
D.
The Kidneys
Question #22
After filtration, the substance that pass through the filter is called the filtrate. This filtrate includes both solvent and solutes.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #23
An increase in blood pressure would probably initially _____________filtration in the kidneys.
A.
Stop
B.
Decrease the rate of
C.
Block
D.
Increase the rate of
Question #24
The movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+/K+ pump ___________________.
A.
Is down a concentration gradient
B.
Requires energy
C.
Is against the concentration gradient
D.
Requires diffusion
E.
Requires energy and is against the concentration gradient
Question #25
The Sodium-Potassium Pump is classified as a(n) __________________________.
A.
Uniporter
B.
Antiporter
C.
Isoporter
D.
Symporter
Question #26
The sodium-potassium pump moves _________ sodium ions and ___________ potassium ions simultaneously.
A.
3 ; 3
B.
3 ; 2
C.
2 ; 3
D.
2 ; 2
Question #27
Solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or might be _____________.
A.
Too small to pass
B.
Lipid soluble
C.
Lipid insoluble
D.
Able to move down a concentration gradient
Question #28
What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration)?
A.
0 mM
B.
150 mM
C.
15 mM
D.
5 mM
Question #29
What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside of a cell (extracellular concentration)?
A.
5 mM
B.
15 mM
C.
150 mM
D.
0 mM
Question #30
What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside a cell?
A.
5 mM
B.
15 mM
C.
0 mM
D.
150 mM
Question #31
What is the approximate concentration of Na+ outside a cell?
A.
0 mM
B.
5 mM
C.
15 mM
D.
150 mM
Question #32
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open ____________________.
A.
When the membrane is at the resting membrane potential
B.
When tetrodotoxin (TTX) is applied to the membrane
C.
When the membrane depolarizes
D.
When lidocaine is applied to the membrane
Question #33
When open, Na+ channels allow _______________________.
A.
Na+ ions to diffuse out of the cell
B.
K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell
C.
K+ ions to diffuse into the cell
D.
Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell
Question #34
Lidocaine increases the likelihood of an action potential occuring.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #35
Puffer fish must be prepared carefully and properly before they can be eaten. Eating puffer fish can cause numbness of the lips, probably because _____________________.
A.
Action potentials from sensory neurons in the lips are blocked.
B.
Puffer fish do not taste good
C.
There are no neurons in the lips
D.
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) alters the resting membrane potential of all neurons in the lips
Question #36
What is meant by Na+ channel inactivation?
A.
The Na+ channel opens when the membrane reaches threshold
B.
The Na+ channel allows K+ ions to diffuse into the cell
C.
The Na+ channel allows Na+ ions to diffuse out of the cell
D.
The Na+ channel no longer allows Na+ ions to pass through it
Question #37
When the voltage-gated K+ ion channels open initially, it becomes harder for a subsequent stimulus to depolarize the membrane to threshold.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #38
One reason why it is harder to generate a second action potential soon after the first action potential because some of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #39
An action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are __________channels in the membrane.
A.
Odor-sensitive
B.
Temperature-sensitive
C.
Pressure-sensitive
D.
Voltage-gated
Question #40
The units of conduction velocity are ______________.
A.
Millivolts
B.
Seconds
C.
Volts
D.
meters per second
Question #41
Which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity?
A.
Neither the diameter of the axon nor the amount of myelination
B.
The amount of myelination
C.
The diameter of the axon
D.
Both the diameter of the axon and the amount of myelination
Question #42
Which of the following describes an A type fiber/axon?
A.
Large diameter and heavily myelinated
B.
Small diameter and unmyelinated
C.
Medium diameter and lightly myelinated
Question #43
Which of the following describes a C type fiber/axon?
A.
Small diameter and unmyelinated
B.
Medium diameter and lightly myelinated
C.
Large diameter and heavily myelinated
Question #44
Action potential conduction velocity is fastest in which of the following fibers?
A.
The conduction velocity is the same for all three types of fibers
B.
B type fibers
C.
A type fibers
D.
C type fibers
Question #45
Action potential conduction velocity is slowest in which of the following fibers?
A.
Type C fibers
B.
Type A fibers
C.
Type B fibers
D.
The conduction velocity is the same for all three fibers
Question #46
A.
Pain
B.
Your toe touching something
C.
Both touch and pain would be perceived at the same time
D.
Neither touch nor pain would be perceived
Question #47
The end of the axon where it contacts a target is called the __________________.
A.
Axon terminal
B.
myelin sheath
C.
Nucleus
D.
Cell body
Question #48
Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap by _____________________.
A.
Exocytosis
B.
Muscle contraction
C.
The postsynaptic membrane of the target cell
D.
Voltage-gated neurotransmitter channels
Question #49
Exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is triggered by an increase in the intracellular concentration of _________________.
A.
K+
B.
Both Na+ and K+
C.
Ca2+
D.
Na+
Question #50
At the target tissue, neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #51
How is the neurotransmitter stored in the axon terminal before it is secreted?
A.
Neurotransmitter moves freely throughout the axon terminal
B.
Bound to mitochondria
C.
Contained in synaptic vessicles
D.
Bound to Ca2+ channels
Question #52
Are neurotransmitter molecules released one at a time or in packets?
A.
One at a time
B.
In packets
Question #53
Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by _________________.
A.
Motor axons
B.
Ligaments
C.
Tendons
D.
Joints
Question #54
Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells called _______________.
A.
Sarcomeres
B.
Myofilaments
C.
Myofibrils
D.
Fibers
Question #55
The term motor unit refers to _______________.
A.
All of the activated muscle fibers within one skeletal muscle
B.
All of the motor neurons that innervate on skeletal muscle
C.
One motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
D.
One motor neuron that innervates several skeletal muscles
Question #56
The motor neuron and the muscle fiber intersect at what is called the _________________.
A.
Excitatory synaspe
B.
Inhibitory synapse
C.
Pre-synaptic nerve terminal
D.
Neuromuscular junction
Question #57
An action potential in a motor neuron triggers the release of which neurotransmitter (to activate the sarcolemma)?
A.
Glycine
B.
Glutamate
C.
Acetylcholine
D.
Norepinephrine
Question #58
The term skeletal muscle fiber refers to an individual ____________________.
A.
Sarcomere
B.
Skeletal muscle, such as the biceps or the triceps
C.
Myosin fiber
D.
Skeletal muscle cell
Question #59
The graded depolarization in the skeletal muscle fiber that is elicited in response to one action potential from the motor neuron is called a(n) ______________________.
A.
Threshold potential
B.
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
C.
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
D.
EPP (end-plate potential)
Question #60
Which of the following is not a phase of a skeletal muscle twitch?
A.
Relaxation
B.
Latent period
C.
Hyperpolarization
D.
Contraction
Question #61
A skeletal muscle twitch is _________________________.
A.
Multiple contractile responses to a single action potential
B.
One contractile response to a train of action potentials
C.
One contractile response to a single action potential
D.
Multiple contractile responses to a train of action potentials
Question #62
Which of the following correctly matches the twitch phase with its definition?
A.
The latent period: the time from peak tension until the end of the muscle contraction
B.
The contraction phase: the time between an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle tension
C.
The contraction phase: the time between the end of the latent period and peak muscle tension
D.
The relaxation phase: the time between electrical stimuli
Question #63
Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by ____________________.
A.
Parasympathetic neurons
B.
Motor neurons
C.
Symphathetic neurons
D.
Interneurons
Question #64
In a resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in the __________________.
A.
Cytosol
B.
Sarcomere
C.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D.
Myofibril
Question #65
Motor unit recruitment refers to a(n) _____________________.
A.
Decrease in the number of active muscle fibers to decrease the force developed in a muscle
B.
Increase in the number of active muscle fibers to decrease the work a muscle must perform
C.
Decrease in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the simplicity of the force development in a muscle
D.
Increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the force developed in a muscle
Question #66
Active tension (or force) in a skeletal muscle fiber results from _____________________.
A.
Moving the muscle on its support stand
B.
Stretching the muscle before applying the stimulus voltage
C.
Detachment of the tendons from the bones in the body
D.
Activation of cross bridge cycling because of increased intracellular calcium levels
Question #67
The ______________ is the minimal stimulus needed to cause a depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane (sarcolemma).
A.
Maximal voltage
B.
Threshold voltage
C.
Latent voltage
D.
Motor unit voltage
Question #68
By definition, the ___________ is the amount of stimulus required to successfully recruit ALL the muscle fibers into developing active force.
A.
Contractile stimulus voltage
B.
Latent voltage
C.
Maximal voltage
D.
Motor unit voltage
Question #69
When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other an result in a stronger muscle contraction than a stand-alone twitch. This phenomenon is known as ____________________.
A.
Fatigue
B.
Wave summation
C.
Skeletal muscle tone (or tonus)
D.
The latent period
Question #70
Wave summation is achieved by allowing the muscle to completely relax between stimuli.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #71
Wave summation does not increase the force produced in a muscle.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #72
When a muscle receives a stimulus frequency that causes non-overlapping twitches to follow each other closely in time such that the peak tension of each twitch rises in a stepwise fashion, the result is known as _________.
A.
Wave summation
B.
Treppe
C.
Frappe
D.
Motor unit recruitment
Question #73
The rate of stimulus frequency (delivery) is greater during a state of unfused tetanus than in a state of fused (complete) tetanus.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #74
When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increases in force are generated by the muscle, the muscle has reached its maximal tetanic tension.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #75
The term tetanus refers to sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #76
Changes in the stimulus intensity of skeletal muscle will change the duration of the latent period.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #77
Treppe is also known as the staircase effect.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #78
Wave summation occurs in the body when a sensory-neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle fiber increases the stimulation frequency.
A.
True
B.
False
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