Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Lecture Exam 4
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Question #1
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
A.
c, a, b, d, e
B.
a, b, c, d, e
C.
b, d, c, a, e
D.
c, b, a, e, d
E.
b, a, c, d, e
Question #2
In general, nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that extend the parts of the upper limb.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #3
The lumbar region of the spinal cord is closest to the lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #4
The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the
A.
ulnar nerve.
B.
musculocutaneous nerve.
C.
axillary nerve.
D.
radial nerve.
E.
median nerve.
F.
Question #5
The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior
A.
funiculus.
B.
commissure.
C.
peduncle.
D.
decussation.
Question #6
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus
A.
caudalis.
B.
medullaris.
C.
finalis.
D.
equine.
E.
sacralis.
Question #7
A typical spinal cord in an adult is
A.
24–26 inches long.
B.
16–18 inches long.
C.
12–14 inches long.
D.
20–24 inches long.
E.
8–10 inches long.
Question #8
In both the anterolateral pathway and the posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway, the axons of the ________ neurons decussate in the CNS.
A.
primary
B.
tertiary
C.
secondary
D.
quaternary
Question #9
In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #10
The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the
A.
anterolateral pathway.
B.
fasciculus gracilis.
C.
lateral spinothalamic tract.
D.
posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway.
E.
spinocerebellar pathway.
Question #11
Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex.
A.
withdrawal
B.
pain
C.
tendon
D.
motor
E.
stretch
Question #12
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
A.
Cervical enlargement
B.
Conus medullaris
C.
Terminus coccyx
D.
Filum terminale
E.
Coccygeal tendon
Question #13
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.
A.
contralateral
B.
ipsilateral
Question #14
The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #15
Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways?
A.
Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
B.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
C.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS.
D.
Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.
Question #16
Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.
A.
ascending; affectors
B.
ascending; effectors
C.
descending; effectors
D.
descending; affectors
Question #17
The obturator nerve innervates muscles of the lateral thigh.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #18
This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole.
A.
Obturator nerve
B.
Femoral nerve
C.
Deep fibular nerve
D.
Tibial nerve
E.
Genitofemoral nerve
Question #19
The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are housed in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #20
Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by
A.
somatosensory pathways.
B.
visceromotor pathways.
C.
viscerosensory pathways.
D.
somatomotor pathways.
Question #21
Sensory impulses traveling through the posterior root will reach the _______ upon entering the spinal cord.
A.
posterior root ganglion
B.
anterior horn
C.
posterior horn
D.
central commissure
Question #22
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and the effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is
A.
ipsilateral.
B.
polysynaptic.
C.
monosynaptic.
D.
contralateral.
Question #23
The direct motor pathway originates in the
A.
reticular formation of the brainstem.
B.
superior colliculus of the midbrain.
C.
vestibular nuclei of the brainstem.
D.
motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.
Question #24
Nerve plexuses are networks of interweaving posterior rami of spinal nerves.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #25
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.
A.
contralateral
B.
ipsilateral
C.
multisynaptic
D.
crossed-extensor
E.
monosynaptic
Question #26
The superior mesenteric ganglion of the sympathetic branch of the ANS is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #27
The sympathetic trunks are located
A.
lateral to prevertebral ganglia.
B.
superior to the brachial plexus.
C.
in the craniosacral regions.
D.
immediately lateral to the vertebral column.
E.
inferior to the sacral plexus.
Question #28
Postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS cause increased secretion by the lacrimal (tear) glands.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #29
Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to
A.
alternating spinal nerves.
B.
the sympathetic trunk
C.
all spinal nerves.
D.
the cranial nerves.
Question #30
Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
A.
Cardiac muscle
B.
Glands
C.
Skeletal muscle
D.
Smooth muscle
Question #31
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the
A.
gray rami communicantes.
B.
pterygopalatine ganglion.
C.
superior cervical ganglion.
D.
white rami communicantes.
E.
splanchnic nerves.
Question #32
Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter
A.
norepinephrine.
B.
acetylcholine.
C.
epinephrine.
Question #33
Autonomic tone allows for a single division of the autonomic nervous system to control an organ by changing that division's activity levels up or down from baseline.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #34
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the
A.
ciliary muscle.
B.
large intestine.
C.
parotid salivary gland.
D.
lacrimal gland.
E.
sublingual salivary gland.
Question #35
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A.
are composed of PNS structures only.
B.
function only during sleep.
C.
are voluntary.
D.
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
E.
use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
Question #36
The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the
A.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway.
B.
splanchnic nerve pathway.
C.
spinal nerve pathway.
D.
None of the choices is correct.
E.
adrenal medulla pathway.
Question #37
Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?
A.
Parasympathetic
B.
Somatic
C.
Sympathetic
Question #38
Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?
A.
Sympathetic nervous system
B.
Parasympathetic nervous system
C.
Somatic nervous system
Question #39
The autonomic nervous system may receive input from visceral sensory neurons.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #40
The sympathetic division of the ANS has
A.
norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.
B.
long postganglionic axons.
C.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1–L2 regions of the spinal cord.
Question #41
Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #42
Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?
A.
Hypogastric plexus
B.
Cardiac plexus
C.
Pulmonary plexus
D.
Esophageal plexus
E.
Abdominal aortic plexus
Question #43
Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #44
The micturition reflex results in
A.
vigorous contraction of the smooth muscle of the large intestine and relaxation of anal sphincters.
B.
contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.
C.
a decrease in blood pressure due to a slowing of heart rate.
D.
retention of urine and feces by relaxing some muscles and contracting others.
Question #45
Dual innervation means that an individual effector
A.
receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
B.
may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.
C.
receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
D.
receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.
Question #46
A.
False
B.
True
Question #47
A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a
A.
sympathetic trunk.
B.
splanchnic ganglion.
C.
parasympathetic ganglion.
D.
parasympathetic trunk.
Question #48
Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the
A.
distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion.
B.
vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels.
C.
effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon.
D.
major abdominal arteries around which they are found.
E.
early anatomist who discovered and described them.
Question #49
Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
spleen.
C.
liver.
D.
gallbladder.
E.
stomach.
Question #50
Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled
A.
by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
B.
only by the sympathetic nervous system.
C.
only by the parasympathetic nervous system.
D.
by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
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