Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Lecture Exam 4
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Question #1
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
A.
a, b, c, d, e
B.
b, a, c, d, e
C.
c, a, b, d, e
D.
c, b, a, e, d
E.
b, d, c, a, e
Question #2
In general, nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that extend the parts of the upper limb.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #3
The lumbar region of the spinal cord is closest to the lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #4
The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the
A.
B.
musculocutaneous nerve.
C.
radial nerve.
D.
ulnar nerve.
E.
median nerve.
F.
axillary nerve.
Question #5
The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior
A.
decussation.
B.
commissure.
C.
funiculus.
D.
peduncle.
Question #6
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus
A.
equine.
B.
finalis.
C.
caudalis.
D.
sacralis.
E.
medullaris.
Question #7
A typical spinal cord in an adult is
A.
20–24 inches long.
B.
16–18 inches long.
C.
12–14 inches long.
D.
24–26 inches long.
E.
8–10 inches long.
Question #8
In both the anterolateral pathway and the posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway, the axons of the ________ neurons decussate in the CNS.
A.
tertiary
B.
quaternary
C.
secondary
D.
primary
Question #9
In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #10
The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the
A.
lateral spinothalamic tract.
B.
fasciculus gracilis.
C.
anterolateral pathway.
D.
posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway.
E.
spinocerebellar pathway.
Question #11
Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex.
A.
tendon
B.
withdrawal
C.
motor
D.
pain
E.
stretch
Question #12
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
A.
Cervical enlargement
B.
Coccygeal tendon
C.
Terminus coccyx
D.
Filum terminale
E.
Conus medullaris
Question #13
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.
A.
contralateral
B.
ipsilateral
Question #14
The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #15
Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways?
A.
Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.
B.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS.
C.
Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
D.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
Question #16
Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.
A.
ascending; affectors
B.
descending; affectors
C.
descending; effectors
D.
ascending; effectors
Question #17
The obturator nerve innervates muscles of the lateral thigh.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #18
This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole.
A.
Genitofemoral nerve
B.
Deep fibular nerve
C.
Tibial nerve
D.
Femoral nerve
E.
Obturator nerve
Question #19
The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are housed in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #20
Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by
A.
somatomotor pathways.
B.
somatosensory pathways.
C.
visceromotor pathways.
D.
viscerosensory pathways.
Question #21
Sensory impulses traveling through the posterior root will reach the _______ upon entering the spinal cord.
A.
posterior root ganglion
B.
central commissure
C.
anterior horn
D.
posterior horn
Question #22
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and the effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is
A.
ipsilateral.
B.
monosynaptic.
C.
polysynaptic.
D.
contralateral.
Question #23
The direct motor pathway originates in the
A.
superior colliculus of the midbrain.
B.
motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.
C.
vestibular nuclei of the brainstem.
D.
reticular formation of the brainstem.
Question #24
Nerve plexuses are networks of interweaving posterior rami of spinal nerves.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #25
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.
A.
contralateral
B.
monosynaptic
C.
multisynaptic
D.
ipsilateral
E.
crossed-extensor
Question #26
The superior mesenteric ganglion of the sympathetic branch of the ANS is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #27
The sympathetic trunks are located
A.
inferior to the sacral plexus.
B.
in the craniosacral regions.
C.
lateral to prevertebral ganglia.
D.
superior to the brachial plexus.
E.
immediately lateral to the vertebral column.
Question #28
Postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS cause increased secretion by the lacrimal (tear) glands.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #29
Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to
A.
the cranial nerves.
B.
the sympathetic trunk
C.
alternating spinal nerves.
D.
all spinal nerves.
Question #30
Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
A.
Glands
B.
Smooth muscle
C.
Skeletal muscle
D.
Cardiac muscle
Question #31
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the
A.
gray rami communicantes.
B.
splanchnic nerves.
C.
superior cervical ganglion.
D.
pterygopalatine ganglion.
E.
white rami communicantes.
Question #32
Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter
A.
epinephrine.
B.
norepinephrine.
C.
acetylcholine.
Question #33
Autonomic tone allows for a single division of the autonomic nervous system to control an organ by changing that division's activity levels up or down from baseline.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #34
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the
A.
sublingual salivary gland.
B.
ciliary muscle.
C.
lacrimal gland.
D.
parotid salivary gland.
E.
large intestine.
Question #35
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A.
are voluntary.
B.
are composed of PNS structures only.
C.
use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
D.
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
E.
function only during sleep.
Question #36
The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the
A.
splanchnic nerve pathway.
B.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway.
C.
spinal nerve pathway.
D.
None of the choices is correct.
E.
adrenal medulla pathway.
Question #37
Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?
A.
Sympathetic
B.
Parasympathetic
C.
Somatic
Question #38
Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?
A.
Sympathetic nervous system
B.
Somatic nervous system
C.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Question #39
The autonomic nervous system may receive input from visceral sensory neurons.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #40
The sympathetic division of the ANS has
A.
long postganglionic axons.
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.
D.
preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1–L2 regions of the spinal cord.
Question #41
Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #42
Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?
A.
Cardiac plexus
B.
Abdominal aortic plexus
C.
Pulmonary plexus
D.
Esophageal plexus
E.
Hypogastric plexus
Question #43
Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #44
The micturition reflex results in
A.
vigorous contraction of the smooth muscle of the large intestine and relaxation of anal sphincters.
B.
retention of urine and feces by relaxing some muscles and contracting others.
C.
contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.
D.
a decrease in blood pressure due to a slowing of heart rate.
Question #45
Dual innervation means that an individual effector
A.
may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.
B.
receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
C.
receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
D.
receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.
Question #46
The ANS uses pathways that include two-neuron chains to innervate its effector organs.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #47
A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a
A.
sympathetic trunk.
B.
parasympathetic trunk.
C.
parasympathetic ganglion.
D.
splanchnic ganglion.
Question #48
Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the
A.
effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon.
B.
vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels.
C.
distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion.
D.
major abdominal arteries around which they are found.
E.
early anatomist who discovered and described them.
Question #49
Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the
A.
spleen.
B.
gallbladder.
C.
stomach.
D.
liver.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Question #50
Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled
A.
by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
B.
only by the parasympathetic nervous system.
C.
only by the sympathetic nervous system.
D.
by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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