Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Lecture Exam 4
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Question #1
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
A.
a, b, c, d, e
B.
b, d, c, a, e
C.
c, a, b, d, e
D.
b, a, c, d, e
E.
c, b, a, e, d
Question #2
In general, nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that extend the parts of the upper limb.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #3
The lumbar region of the spinal cord is closest to the lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #4
The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the
A.
ulnar nerve.
B.
musculocutaneous nerve.
C.
D.
radial nerve.
E.
median nerve.
F.
axillary nerve.
Question #5
The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior
A.
decussation.
B.
peduncle.
C.
funiculus.
D.
commissure.
Question #6
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus
A.
finalis.
B.
sacralis.
C.
medullaris.
D.
caudalis.
E.
equine.
Question #7
A typical spinal cord in an adult is
A.
24–26 inches long.
B.
8–10 inches long.
C.
20–24 inches long.
D.
16–18 inches long.
E.
12–14 inches long.
Question #8
In both the anterolateral pathway and the posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway, the axons of the ________ neurons decussate in the CNS.
A.
tertiary
B.
secondary
C.
primary
D.
quaternary
Question #9
In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #10
The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the
A.
spinocerebellar pathway.
B.
anterolateral pathway.
C.
posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway.
D.
lateral spinothalamic tract.
E.
fasciculus gracilis.
Question #11
Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex.
A.
motor
B.
pain
C.
tendon
D.
withdrawal
E.
stretch
Question #12
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
A.
Filum terminale
B.
Terminus coccyx
C.
Cervical enlargement
D.
Coccygeal tendon
E.
Conus medullaris
Question #13
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.
A.
contralateral
B.
ipsilateral
Question #14
The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #15
Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways?
A.
Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
B.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
C.
Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.
D.
Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS.
Question #16
Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.
A.
ascending; affectors
B.
descending; effectors
C.
descending; affectors
D.
ascending; effectors
Question #17
The obturator nerve innervates muscles of the lateral thigh.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #18
This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole.
A.
Femoral nerve
B.
Obturator nerve
C.
Deep fibular nerve
D.
Tibial nerve
E.
Genitofemoral nerve
Question #19
The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are housed in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #20
Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by
A.
visceromotor pathways.
B.
somatosensory pathways.
C.
viscerosensory pathways.
D.
somatomotor pathways.
Question #21
Sensory impulses traveling through the posterior root will reach the _______ upon entering the spinal cord.
A.
posterior horn
B.
anterior horn
C.
posterior root ganglion
D.
central commissure
Question #22
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and the effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is
A.
contralateral.
B.
polysynaptic.
C.
monosynaptic.
D.
ipsilateral.
Question #23
The direct motor pathway originates in the
A.
motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.
B.
reticular formation of the brainstem.
C.
vestibular nuclei of the brainstem.
D.
superior colliculus of the midbrain.
Question #24
Nerve plexuses are networks of interweaving posterior rami of spinal nerves.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #25
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.
A.
crossed-extensor
B.
multisynaptic
C.
ipsilateral
D.
monosynaptic
E.
contralateral
Question #26
The superior mesenteric ganglion of the sympathetic branch of the ANS is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #27
The sympathetic trunks are located
A.
lateral to prevertebral ganglia.
B.
immediately lateral to the vertebral column.
C.
in the craniosacral regions.
D.
superior to the brachial plexus.
E.
inferior to the sacral plexus.
Question #28
Postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS cause increased secretion by the lacrimal (tear) glands.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #29
Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to
A.
alternating spinal nerves.
B.
all spinal nerves.
C.
the cranial nerves.
D.
the sympathetic trunk
Question #30
Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
A.
Cardiac muscle
B.
Smooth muscle
C.
Skeletal muscle
D.
Glands
Question #31
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the
A.
white rami communicantes.
B.
superior cervical ganglion.
C.
pterygopalatine ganglion.
D.
gray rami communicantes.
E.
splanchnic nerves.
Question #32
Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter
A.
norepinephrine.
B.
epinephrine.
C.
acetylcholine.
Question #33
Autonomic tone allows for a single division of the autonomic nervous system to control an organ by changing that division's activity levels up or down from baseline.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #34
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the
A.
parotid salivary gland.
B.
lacrimal gland.
C.
ciliary muscle.
D.
large intestine.
E.
sublingual salivary gland.
Question #35
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A.
function only during sleep.
B.
use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
C.
are composed of PNS structures only.
D.
are voluntary.
E.
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
Question #36
The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the
A.
None of the choices is correct.
B.
adrenal medulla pathway.
C.
spinal nerve pathway.
D.
splanchnic nerve pathway.
E.
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway.
Question #37
A.
Somatic
B.
Sympathetic
C.
Parasympathetic
Question #38
Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?
A.
Somatic nervous system
B.
Parasympathetic nervous system
C.
Sympathetic nervous system
Question #39
The autonomic nervous system may receive input from visceral sensory neurons.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #40
The sympathetic division of the ANS has
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.
C.
preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1–L2 regions of the spinal cord.
D.
long postganglionic axons.
Question #41
Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #42
Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?
A.
Abdominal aortic plexus
B.
Cardiac plexus
C.
Pulmonary plexus
D.
Hypogastric plexus
E.
Esophageal plexus
Question #43
Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #44
The micturition reflex results in
A.
a decrease in blood pressure due to a slowing of heart rate.
B.
retention of urine and feces by relaxing some muscles and contracting others.
C.
vigorous contraction of the smooth muscle of the large intestine and relaxation of anal sphincters.
D.
contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.
Question #45
Dual innervation means that an individual effector
A.
may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.
B.
receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
C.
receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
D.
receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.
Question #46
The ANS uses pathways that include two-neuron chains to innervate its effector organs.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #47
A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a
A.
parasympathetic trunk.
B.
sympathetic trunk.
C.
splanchnic ganglion.
D.
parasympathetic ganglion.
Question #48
Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the
A.
major abdominal arteries around which they are found.
B.
distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion.
C.
effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon.
D.
early anatomist who discovered and described them.
E.
vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels.
Question #49
Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
spleen.
C.
liver.
D.
gallbladder.
E.
stomach.
Question #50
Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled
A.
only by the sympathetic nervous system.
B.
by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
C.
only by the parasympathetic nervous system.
D.
by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
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