A.   a tend-and-befriend pattern.

B.   social distancing.

C.   a fight-or-flight response.

D.   an aggressive behavior.

A.   agreeableness

B.   extraversion

C.   neuroticism

D.   conscientiousness

A.   Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes.

B.   There are always huge differences in the work performance of young adults and middle-aged adults.

C.   There is usually little emphasis on work during middle adulthood regardless of the work being full-time, part-time, or volunteer work.

D.   The peak of work performance is usually reached in early adulthood and hence the percentage of people working during middle adulthood is the lowest.

A.   verbal ability.

B.   spatial orientation.

C.   perceptual speed.

D.   inductive reasoning.

A.   extraversion

B.   openness to experience

C.   agreeableness

D.   conscientiousness

A.   perceptual speed

B.   spatial orientation

C.   inductive reasoning

D.   verbal memory

A.   Decline in intellectual abilities was more likely in the cross-sectional assessments than in the longitudinal assessments.

B.   When assessed longitudinally, inductive reasoning showed a consistent decline in the middle adulthood years.

C.   When assessed cross-sectionally, inductive reasoning increased until toward the end of middle adulthood.

D.   People reach a peak in their cognitive functioning for many intellectual skills in early adulthood.

A.   early adulthood.

B.   late midlife.

C.   midlife.

D.   late adulthood.

A.   As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age.

B.   Most adults feel that their age identity is much older than their chronological age.

C.   Most adults feel that their age identity is five years more than their chronological age.

D.   The age identity of adults is directly proportional to their chronological age.

A.   self-confidence

B.   openness to experience

C.   intellectual orientation

D.   nurturance or hostility

A.   determining his goals.

B.   forming his dreams.

C.   achieving his goals.

D.   achieving his independence.

A.   improving.

B.   neutral.

C.   distant.

D.   close.

A.   work

B.   finances

C.   marriage

D.   sex life

A.   accommodation

B.   focal power

C.   visual acuity

D.   muscle integrity

A.   cultural variations in adult personality development

B.   gender differences in adult personality development

C.   universals of adult personality development

D.   individual variations in adult development

A.   parental generativity.

B.   biological generativity.

C.   cultural stagnation.

D.   biological stagnation.

A.   insulin

B.   testosterone

C.   adrenaline

D.   estrogen

A.   there was no significant change in spirituality from late middle to late adulthood.

B.   a dramatic decrease in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

C.   spirituality peaked in late middle adulthood.

D.   a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

A.   the increased productive health owing to medical advancements

B.   the increase of retirement age to 75 years

C.   the decline in defined-benefit pensions

D.   the increasing opportunity for middle-aged professionals

A.   On average, body fat accounts for about 20 percent or more of body weight in middle age.

B.   A large-scale study found that being overweight or obese in middle age decreases an individual’s risk of dying earlier.

C.   A recent study revealed that decrease in weight from early adulthood to middle adulthood was linked to an increased risk of major chronic diseases and unhealthy aging.

D.   Individuals who were obese at age 50 had a 20 to 40 percent higher risk of earlier death, whereas those who were overweight at age 50 had a 100 to 200 percent higher risk of premature death.

A.   the chest and abdomen.

B.   the upper arms.

C.   the back and legs.

D.   the jaw and face.

A.   Decline in working memory in late middle age is due to lack of information stored over the years.

B.   Studies indicate that techniques such as imagining phone numbers as representing dif­ferent objects around the house are highly inefficient in improving working memory in middle adulthood.

C.   Decline in working memory is more likely to occur when individuals do not use effective memory strategies, such as organization and imagery.

D.   Studies indicate that starting in late middle age, less time is needed to learn new information as working memory expands.

A.   extraversion.

B.   openness to experience.

C.   conscientiousness.

D.   agreeableness.

A.   having a stable job.

B.   being wealthy.

C.   being future-oriented.

D.   having children.

A.   encouraging middle-aged professionals to take up entrepreneurship

B.   offering incentives to middle-aged employees to retire early

C.   offering incentives to young professionals to outperform middle-aged employees

D.   hiring more middle-aged professionals to supervisory and managerial positions

A.   loss of memory

B.   brittle fingernails

C.   decrease in weight

D.   increase in height