A.   an aggressive behavior.

B.   a fight-or-flight response.

C.   a tend-and-befriend pattern.

D.   social distancing.

A.   agreeableness

B.   extraversion

C.   neuroticism

D.   conscientiousness

A.   The peak of work performance is usually reached in early adulthood and hence the percentage of people working during middle adulthood is the lowest.

B.   There is usually little emphasis on work during middle adulthood regardless of the work being full-time, part-time, or volunteer work.

C.   Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes.

D.   There are always huge differences in the work performance of young adults and middle-aged adults.

A.   verbal ability.

B.   inductive reasoning.

C.   spatial orientation.

D.   perceptual speed.

A.   conscientiousness

B.   openness to experience

C.   agreeableness

D.   extraversion

A.   inductive reasoning

B.   perceptual speed

C.   verbal memory

D.   spatial orientation

A.   When assessed cross-sectionally, inductive reasoning increased until toward the end of middle adulthood.

B.   When assessed longitudinally, inductive reasoning showed a consistent decline in the middle adulthood years.

C.   Decline in intellectual abilities was more likely in the cross-sectional assessments than in the longitudinal assessments.

D.   People reach a peak in their cognitive functioning for many intellectual skills in early adulthood.

A.   late midlife.

B.   late adulthood.

C.   midlife.

D.   early adulthood.

A.   The age identity of adults is directly proportional to their chronological age.

B.   As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age.

C.   Most adults feel that their age identity is five years more than their chronological age.

D.   Most adults feel that their age identity is much older than their chronological age.

A.   openness to experience

B.   nurturance or hostility

C.   self-confidence

D.   intellectual orientation

A.   achieving his goals.

B.   forming his dreams.

C.   achieving his independence.

D.   determining his goals.

A.   neutral.

B.   distant.

C.   improving.

D.   close.

A.   finances

B.   sex life

C.   marriage

D.   work

A.   visual acuity

B.   muscle integrity

C.   accommodation

D.   focal power

A.   universals of adult personality development

B.   cultural variations in adult personality development

C.   individual variations in adult development

D.   gender differences in adult personality development

A.   cultural stagnation.

B.   biological stagnation.

C.   biological generativity.

D.   parental generativity.

A.   adrenaline

B.   estrogen

C.   insulin

D.   testosterone

A.   spirituality peaked in late middle adulthood.

B.   there was no significant change in spirituality from late middle to late adulthood.

C.   a dramatic decrease in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

D.   a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

A.   the increased productive health owing to medical advancements

B.   the increasing opportunity for middle-aged professionals

C.   the decline in defined-benefit pensions

D.   the increase of retirement age to 75 years

A.   Individuals who were obese at age 50 had a 20 to 40 percent higher risk of earlier death, whereas those who were overweight at age 50 had a 100 to 200 percent higher risk of premature death.

B.   A recent study revealed that decrease in weight from early adulthood to middle adulthood was linked to an increased risk of major chronic diseases and unhealthy aging.

C.   On average, body fat accounts for about 20 percent or more of body weight in middle age.

D.   A large-scale study found that being overweight or obese in middle age decreases an individual’s risk of dying earlier.

A.   the chest and abdomen.

B.   the jaw and face.

C.   the back and legs.

D.   the upper arms.

A.   Studies indicate that starting in late middle age, less time is needed to learn new information as working memory expands.

B.   Studies indicate that techniques such as imagining phone numbers as representing dif­ferent objects around the house are highly inefficient in improving working memory in middle adulthood.

C.   Decline in working memory is more likely to occur when individuals do not use effective memory strategies, such as organization and imagery.

D.   Decline in working memory in late middle age is due to lack of information stored over the years.

A.   conscientiousness.

B.   openness to experience.

C.   agreeableness.

D.   extraversion.

A.   having children.

B.   being wealthy.

C.   being future-oriented.

D.   having a stable job.

A.   offering incentives to young professionals to outperform middle-aged employees

B.   offering incentives to middle-aged employees to retire early

C.   encouraging middle-aged professionals to take up entrepreneurship

D.   hiring more middle-aged professionals to supervisory and managerial positions

A.   increase in height

B.   brittle fingernails

C.   loss of memory

D.   decrease in weight