Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Final Lecture Exam
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Question #1
Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?
A.
Return - pivot - attach - detach
B.
Pivot - attach - return - detach
C.
Attach - detach - pivot - return
D.
Pivot - attach - detach - return
E.
Attach - pivot - detach - return
Question #2
The return of a contracted muscle fiber to its resting length is an active (energy requiring) process.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #3
In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.
A.
capacitance
B.
intensity
C.
warm up time
D.
frequency
Question #4
The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is
A.
excitability.
B.
extensibility.
C.
contractility.
D.
conductivity.
E.
elasticity.
Question #5
Acetylcholine is released from a neuron
A.
through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.
B.
by a primary active transport pump.
C.
by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.
D.
by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it.
Question #6
The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is
A.
elasticity.
B.
responsibility.
C.
contractility.
D.
extensibility.
E.
conductivity.
Question #7
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.
A.
elastin
B.
troponin
C.
myosin
D.
tropomyosin
E.
actin
Question #8
During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi?
A.
Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head.
B.
Immediately preceding the power stroke.
C.
Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head.
Question #9
The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is
A.
treppe effect.
B.
contractility.
C.
elasticity.
D.
conductivity.
E.
extensibility.
Question #10
For relaxation to occur,
A.
calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin.
B.
extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.
C.
sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
D.
calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive.
Question #11
The contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #12
Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?
A.
Isotonic
B.
Isometric
Question #13
Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by
A.
activating the motor units at a different frequency.
B.
recruiting a different number of motor units.
C.
altering the number of crossbridges each individual fiber uses.
D.
activating different regions of the muscle.
Question #14
Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?
A.
Norepinephrine
B.
Acetylcholine
C.
Serotonin
D.
Acetylcholinesterase
Question #15
An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of
A.
positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
B.
negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
C.
negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.
D.
positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.
Question #16
When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium
A.
is released from synaptic vesicles.
B.
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
C.
exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it.
D.
exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release.
E.
enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter.
Question #17
Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #18
A power stroke involves
A.
a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
B.
an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line.
C.
a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere.
D.
a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.
Question #19
During skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #20
The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs
A.
in the mitochondria.
B.
within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C.
at the end plate.
D.
along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.
Question #21
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.
A.
does not
B.
does
Question #22
Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.
A.
contraction
B.
relaxation
C.
latent
Question #23
In an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #24
For relaxation to occur,
A.
ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.
B.
ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
C.
ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.
D.
ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
Question #25
When a muscle relaxes,
A.
crossbridges form and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.
B.
crossbridges stop forming and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length
C.
crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.
D.
crossbridges form and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length.
Question #26
A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would
A.
contain several motor neurons.
B.
generally contain less than ten fibers.
C.
generally contain several hundred fibers.
D.
be much like those in the eye muscles.
Question #27
The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of
A.
voltage-gated K+ channels.
B.
chemically gated Na+ channels.
C.
chemically gated K+ channels.
D.
voltage-gated Na+ channels.
Question #28
The floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #29
In general, a muscle's resting length is its optimal length for force generation.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #30
In a graph of wave summation, the tension level returns to baseline between each peak of force.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #31
Diagnosing a disease involves determining the
A.
multiple side effects of a drug.
B.
cause of the homeostatic imbalance.
C.
negativity of the feedback.
D.
effector and the set point.
Question #32
Organs contain two or more tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #33
Symport active transporters move two substances across the membrane in the same direction.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #34
Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is
A.
slightest and temperature is at body temperature.
B.
steepest and temperature is highest.
C.
slightest and temperature is highest.
D.
steepest and temperature is at body temperature.
E.
slightest and temperature is lowest.
Question #35
During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.
A.
greater
B.
lesser
Question #36
Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #37
When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #38
Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?
A.
Vitamin K
B.
Vitamin A
C.
Vitamin D
D.
Vitamin B
E.
Vitamin C
Question #39
What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?
A.
Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.
B.
Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
C.
Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.
D.
Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.
E.
Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.
Question #40
The glenohumeral ligaments are
A.
weak and indistinct.
B.
strong and distinct.
Question #41
Neural stem cells in the CNS
A.
can only form glial cells.
B.
can migrate to the PNS as needed.
C.
have no known function.
D.
can form new neurons throughout the CNS.
E.
can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.
Question #42
Endocannabinoids are neuromodulators that decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #43
The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #44
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along
A.
axons in the CNS.
B.
unmyelinated axons.
C.
axons in the PNS.
D.
myelinated axons.
E.
dendrites.
Question #45
One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #46
A.
prefrontal cortex
B.
reticular activating system
C.
premotor cortex
D.
olfactory bulb
Question #47
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A.
are composed of PNS structures only.
B.
function only during sleep.
C.
use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
D.
are voluntary.
E.
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
Question #48
A reflex allows an individual to quickly respond to a potentially dangerous stimulus without having to wait for the brain to process the information.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #49
Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.
A.
somatic sensory
B.
visceral sensory
C.
somatic motor
D.
autonomic motor
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