Bio 2050 - Anatomy and Physiology » Fall 2022 » Final Lecture Exam
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Question #1
Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?
A.
Pivot - attach - return - detach
B.
Return - pivot - attach - detach
C.
Attach - detach - pivot - return
D.
Pivot - attach - detach - return
E.
Attach - pivot - detach - return
Question #2
The return of a contracted muscle fiber to its resting length is an active (energy requiring) process.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #3
In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.
A.
frequency
B.
capacitance
C.
intensity
D.
warm up time
Question #4
The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is
A.
excitability.
B.
extensibility.
C.
conductivity.
D.
contractility.
E.
elasticity.
Question #5
Acetylcholine is released from a neuron
A.
by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it.
B.
by a primary active transport pump.
C.
through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.
D.
by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.
Question #6
The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is
A.
extensibility.
B.
responsibility.
C.
conductivity.
D.
contractility.
E.
elasticity.
Question #7
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.
A.
actin
B.
troponin
C.
elastin
D.
myosin
E.
tropomyosin
Question #8
During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi?
A.
Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head.
B.
Immediately preceding the power stroke.
C.
Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head.
Question #9
The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is
A.
contractility.
B.
extensibility.
C.
treppe effect.
D.
elasticity.
E.
conductivity.
Question #10
For relaxation to occur,
A.
extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.
B.
calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive.
C.
sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
D.
calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin.
Question #11
The contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #12
Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?
A.
Isotonic
B.
Isometric
Question #13
Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by
A.
activating the motor units at a different frequency.
B.
recruiting a different number of motor units.
C.
activating different regions of the muscle.
D.
altering the number of crossbridges each individual fiber uses.
Question #14
Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?
A.
Acetylcholine
B.
Serotonin
C.
Norepinephrine
D.
Acetylcholinesterase
Question #15
An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of
A.
positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.
B.
negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.
C.
positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
D.
negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
Question #16
When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium
A.
enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter.
B.
is released from synaptic vesicles.
C.
exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release.
D.
exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it.
E.
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
Question #17
Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #18
A power stroke involves
A.
a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.
B.
a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
C.
an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line.
D.
a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere.
Question #19
During skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #20
The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs
A.
within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B.
along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.
C.
at the end plate.
D.
in the mitochondria.
Question #21
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.
A.
does
B.
does not
Question #22
Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.
A.
contraction
B.
latent
C.
relaxation
Question #23
In an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #24
For relaxation to occur,
A.
ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
B.
ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.
C.
ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.
D.
ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
Question #25
When a muscle relaxes,
A.
crossbridges form and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length.
B.
crossbridges stop forming and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length
C.
crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.
D.
crossbridges form and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.
Question #26
A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would
A.
generally contain less than ten fibers.
B.
be much like those in the eye muscles.
C.
generally contain several hundred fibers.
D.
contain several motor neurons.
Question #27
The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of
A.
voltage-gated Na+ channels.
B.
voltage-gated K+ channels.
C.
chemically gated Na+ channels.
D.
chemically gated K+ channels.
Question #28
The floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #29
In general, a muscle's resting length is its optimal length for force generation.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #30
In a graph of wave summation, the tension level returns to baseline between each peak of force.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #31
Diagnosing a disease involves determining the
A.
cause of the homeostatic imbalance.
B.
effector and the set point.
C.
negativity of the feedback.
D.
multiple side effects of a drug.
Question #32
Organs contain two or more tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #33
Symport active transporters move two substances across the membrane in the same direction.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #34
Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is
A.
slightest and temperature is at body temperature.
B.
slightest and temperature is lowest.
C.
slightest and temperature is highest.
D.
steepest and temperature is highest.
E.
steepest and temperature is at body temperature.
Question #35
During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.
A.
greater
B.
lesser
Question #36
Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #37
When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #38
Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?
A.
Vitamin K
B.
Vitamin C
C.
Vitamin B
D.
Vitamin A
E.
Vitamin D
Question #39
What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?
A.
Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.
B.
Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.
C.
Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.
D.
Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.
E.
Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
Question #40
The glenohumeral ligaments are
A.
weak and indistinct.
B.
strong and distinct.
Question #41
Neural stem cells in the CNS
A.
can migrate to the PNS as needed.
B.
can form new neurons throughout the CNS.
C.
can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.
D.
can only form glial cells.
E.
have no known function.
Question #42
Endocannabinoids are neuromodulators that decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #43
The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.
A.
True
B.
False
Question #44
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along
A.
axons in the CNS.
B.
axons in the PNS.
C.
dendrites.
D.
myelinated axons.
E.
unmyelinated axons.
Question #45
One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #46
A.
reticular activating system
B.
olfactory bulb
C.
prefrontal cortex
D.
premotor cortex
Question #47
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A.
are voluntary.
B.
are composed of PNS structures only.
C.
use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.
D.
function only during sleep.
E.
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.
Question #48
A reflex allows an individual to quickly respond to a potentially dangerous stimulus without having to wait for the brain to process the information.
A.
False
B.
True
Question #49
Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.
A.
somatic sensory
B.
autonomic motor
C.
visceral sensory
D.
somatic motor
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