A.   racial

B.   ethnic

C.   dominant

D.   minority

A.   Racial categories in a society reflect differences in the biological makeup of individuals.

B.   Racial categories are the same in countries throughout the world.

C.   Race is assigned based on scientific investigation.

D.   Race is a socially constructed category.

A.   In Brazil, a person with any amount of Black ancestry has historically been designated as Black; in the United States, other factors, including appearance and social status, play roles.

B.   In the United States and in Brazil, one’s racial categorization is strongly influenced by one’s social class status.

C.   In Brazil, race is determined by religious standards, but in the United States, religion does not typically play a role in racial categories.

D.   In the United States, a person with any amount of Black ancestry has historically been designated as Black; in Brazil, other factors, including appearance and social status, play roles.

A.   Racialization

B.   Racial formation

C.   Ethnogeneration

D.   Ethnicity identification

A.   A person could select as many racial categories as they felt applied to them.

B.   A person could select a single race as their identity.

C.   A person could select what they consider their primary and also their secondary racial identity.

D.   A person could select a single, unified category for race and ethnicity together.

A.   Racial formation occurs in youth.

B.   Official institutions, such as governments, produce and maintain the meaning of race.

C.   Individuals have a single race but multiple ethnicities.

D.   Biological characteristics are the major determinants of race.

A.   The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society

B.   The degree to which members of different groups differ from each other biologically

C.   The amount of difference in ancestry or “blood” that different groups have

D.   The language that each group speaks

A.   science.

B.   opinion.

C.   fact.

D.   logic.

A.   invariant.

B.   biological.

C.   transgenerational.

D.   fluid.

A.   Group members possess characteristics considered different from those of the dominant group.

B.   Group members suffer prejudice and discrimination within the society by the dominant group.

C.   Group members share common beliefs.

D.   Group members share a sense of solidarity and identity.

A.   generally applied only to a dominant group within any society.

B.   understood to apply only to a few members of any particular group.

C.   oversimplified statements of belief about members of a particular group.

D.   generalizations about minority groups by the dominant group.

A.   are accepted by science but not the general population.

B.   remain the dominant focus.  

C.   are significant only because of the social meaning they have taken on.

D.   are fundamental.

A.   equally positive and negative.

B.   always positive.

C.   usually negative.

D.   neither positive nor negative.

A.   misjudgment but not prejudgment.

B.   neither prejudgment nor misjudgment.

C.   prejudgment but not misjudgment.

D.   both prejudgment and misjudgment.

A.   discrimination in housing is less important than other forms of discrimination.

B.   members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not.

C.   when two people of different races apply for the same housing, both are equally likely to be accepted or turned down.

D.   reverse discrimination, or discrimination toward a White person, is equally as common as discrimination against minority group members.

A.   is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior.

B.   is limited to individual behavior.

C.   has practically disappeared in the United States since Barack Obama was elected president.

D.   involves actions, not attitudes.

A.   traditional racism.

B.   neoracism.

C.   aversive racism.

D.   overt racism.

A.   Subtle and persistent negative stereotyping

B.   Resistance to policy efforts to alleviate racially oppressive practices

C.   A tendency to blame blacks for the gap in economic standing

D.   An inability to understand nonracist viewpoints

A.   A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin

B.   A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section

C.   Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others

D.   Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn’t even notice the color of her students’ skin

A.   stereotype interchangeability

B.   White privilege

C.   institutional racism

D.   pluralist frustration