A criterion variable is also known as a(n) ________ variable.

A regression table in an empirical journal article includes columns for betas and p values. What can you determine from p values that are less than .05?

A researcher has examined a variety of correlational studies that point to a causal relationship between two variables. All of the studies have found a positive relationship between the two variables, but for ethical reasons, no experiments have been conducted. Using an approach of pattern and parsimony, the researcher may begin to make a causal claim by doing which of the following?

A variable that explains the association between two other variables when the condition of temporal precedence has been established is a(n)

All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT

Dr. Tung is investigating the association between smartphone use and mindless eating. In his first study with a sample size of 25 college students, he finds r = .32. In his second study with a sample size of 100 college students, he finds r = .31. With all else equal, which of the following should Dr. Tung expect to find in terms of 95% CI in his two studies?

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, they are curious about which of the following?

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

If there is very little variance on one of the variables, this is known as

Jennifer is a developmental psychologist who studies changes over time in intelligence by studying the same people at ages 16, 22, and 30. What type of research design is she using?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, gender (male or female) is considered a(n)

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Considering Dr. Guidry’s sample, which of the following statements is true?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry’s variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = –.57, 95% CI [–.77, –.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [–.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, gender (male or female) is considered a(n)

RESEARCH STUDY 9.3: Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Cheong’s finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following?

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ________ problem.

When bivariate association claims do not meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity, this means that ________ cannot be ________.

When conducting longitudinal research, researchers typically find ________ to be the most interesting.

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is most likely to be used?

When examining the results of a multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to the criterion variable?

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between a moderator and a spurious association?

Which of the following does NOT depict a statistically significant association?

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design?

Which of the following is most likely to be included in popular media articles describing a study that used multiple regression?

Which of the following is true about large effect sizes in an association claim?

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Which of the following symbols would indicate that you are reading results from a multiple-regression analysis?

Why is it problematic when journalists report only on a single study?