A design in which participants are exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the dependent variable is known as a(n)

A participant’s score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following?

A researcher’s attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable

After finding a null result in her study, a researcher decides to conduct a follow-up study where she limits who the findings will generalize to. Which cause of within-group variance is she trying to reduce?

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT

An independent-groups design is also known as a design __________.

Ceiling effects can affect

Ceiling effects can lead to

Considering a measure’s face validity is

Davonte conducts a study on numerical reasoning in two-year-olds. He wants to know whether showing them an educational YouTube video will help them improve their counting abilities. For his dependent variable, he asks each child to count to 100. He finds no change from pretest to posttest and discovers most children couldn’t count past 10. This is an example of

Dr. Adebayo is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n)

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

Dr. Georgiou wants to help undergraduates overcome homesickness. She gives a survey to 500 undergraduates and picks the 50 who scored the highest on her measure of homesickness to complete her treatment. After three weeks, she tests them again and finds their homesickness scores are significantly lower. Which of the following is a threat to her study?

Dr. Granger notices that 20 students in their longitudinal study of 100 college students dropped out of the experiment over time. When they look at the missing data, they discover that those 20 students had significantly lower pretest scores than the 80 with complete data. Which type of threat is this an example of?

Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the “friendliness” of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about?

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true?

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

If a narrow confidence interval contains zero, then the effect is

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: “The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design.” Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?

In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance?

Lakshmi wants to know whether a new TV show helps children learn their ABCs. She discovers there is an interaction with whether or not parents watched the show alongside the child. Which of the following statements best describes this finding?

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one’s score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur’s study?

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one’s score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following?

Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following?

Testing threats involve ________, whereas instrumentation threats involve ________.

The arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable, are called

Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases?

When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?

Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study?

Which of the following can help prevent testing effects?

Which of the following is a reason that researchers typically choose to prioritize internal over external validity?

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs?

Which of the following is true of ceiling and floor effects?

Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats?

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

Which of the following things can be done to reduce measurement error?

Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences?

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?