Soc 497 - Research Methods » Fall 2019 » Midterm Examination
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Question #1
Which of these "ways of knowing" obstructs knowledge by refusing to be wrong?
A.
tradition
B.
mysticism
C.
intuition
D.
all of the above
Question #2
Which of these was not given as an advantage for science as a way of knowing?
A.
systematic reduction of ties
B.
ability to capture absolute truth about reality
C.
clear criteria for evaluation
D.
audience appeal
Question #3
Science offers total protection against the errors non-scientists commit in casual injury.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #4
With which of thes eontological approaches are scientists often accuse of being aligned?
A.
realism
B.
empiricism
C.
post-modernism
D.
Positivism
Question #5
Which of thes eontological appraoches does the instructor say science employs?
A.
realism
B.
post-modernism
C.
empiricism
D.
positivism
Question #6
Which of these barriers to knowledge can be overcome somewhat by using samples and replication?
A.
ecological fallacy
B.
illogical reasoning
C.
overgeneralization
D.
hawthorne effect
Question #7
According to the wheel of science, science is primarily...
A.
neither inductive nor deductive
B.
inductive
C.
both dedeuctive and inductive
D.
deductive
Question #8
The statement "Wealthy countries should give aid to poorer countries" is a...
A.
hypothesis
B.
bivariate conceptualization
C.
theory
D.
value judgement
Question #9
Which of the following did the instructor present as the most important criteria of "good theory"?
A.
testability
B.
generality
C.
originality
D.
simplicity
Question #10
Idiographic explanations seek to explain things "economically" using as few factors as possible.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #11
According to the instructor, which of these is not a unique purpose of sociological research?
A.
explanation
B.
evaluation
C.
description
D.
exploration
Question #12
Which of the following ought (according to the instructor) to occur before operationalization?
A.
sampling procedures
B.
data processing
C.
statistical analysis
D.
choice of observation method
Question #13
The unit of analysis and the unit of observation need to be the same thing.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #14
Unlike operations, concepts are...
A.
variable
B.
measurable
C.
observable
D.
abstract
Question #15
Compared to qualitative data, quantitative data are...
A.
easier to aggregate
B.
less explicit
C.
less reliable
D.
richer in meaning
Question #16
Codes, memos, and concept mapping are...
A.
qualitative tools used to sort themes in content
B.
survey tools used to record observations
C.
epistemological tools used to choose from among competing theories
D.
statistical tools used to assess statistical significance
Question #17
Which of the following is not a longitudinal design?
A.
panel study
B.
trend study
C.
cross-sectional study
D.
cohort study
Question #18
If accuracy has three parts, which of these is not one of them?
A.
precision
B.
validity
C.
reliability
D.
truth
Question #19
Which of the following is a weakness of qualitative analysis?
A.
typically small samples mean that there is a problem with inferences
B.
personal and personnel differences introduce problems with reliability
C.
reliability and replicability problems raise questions about objectivity
D.
all of the above
Question #20
Which method of checking reliability requires some kind of longitudinal study?
A.
Cronbach's alpha
B.
split-half method
C.
using established measures
D.
test-retest method
Question #21
Which type of validity depends on a relationship among variables?
A.
construct
B.
criterion
C.
content
D.
face
Question #22
What kind of data entry is most likely to be used to analyze responses to questions on this exam?
A.
timing marks
B.
edge coding
C.
transfer sheets
D.
direct data entry
Question #23
Which of the following is not true about coding of data?
A.
you could use established codes or generate your own
B.
coding schemes should be appropriate to the theoretical concepts examined
C.
codebooks should be firm, and not allowed to evolve over time
D.
codes should capture as much detail as possible, at least initially
Question #24
Which of these internal threats to validity does not result from interaction between researcher and subjects?
A.
personal attribute effect
B.
hawthorne effect
C.
sleeper effects
D.
sensitization
Question #25
Conceptualization is the process of specifying how we observe something whose abstract meaning we've already identified.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #26
It is acceptable to use shorthands, idioms, slang, even cliches as part of conceptualization.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #27
What of the following is not an advantage of using indices?
A.
They're more descriptive than components, because they encompass more variation
B.
They're arguably more valid measurements if the underlying factor is difficult to grasp
C.
They are more efficient in terms of analysis than using many separate variables
D.
They provide stronger explanations of dependent variation because p values are higher
Question #28
When a researcher is selecting items for an index, which of the following should be kept in mind?
A.
There should be concern about the amount of variance provided by the items.
B.
each item should have face validity
C.
a composite measure should be undimensional
D.
all of the above are correct
Question #29
To consider an index undimensional, its component items indicate only one underlying factor.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #30
Which of the following do indices and scales have in common?
A.
Neither is useful in social research
B.
They rank order cases by a combination of variables
C.
Their attributes form an intensity structure
D.
They are both nominal measures
Question #31
Consider a questionnaire item which asks, "How do you feel about your instructor's leadership style on the following two items" and respondents to choose between "valuable" and "worthless", as well as between "easy" and "demanding". Which kind of scale would involve that item?
A.
Likert scale
B.
Thurstone scale
C.
Guttman scale
D.
semantic differential scale
Question #32
Which of these use judges or evaluators in their construction?
A.
Likert scales
B.
Thurstone scales
C.
Guttman scales
D.
none of the above
Question #33
If you used the camppus telephone directory to sample students, those listed in it would be...
A.
the sampling frame
B.
the sample
C.
the sampling error
D.
the main cluster
Question #34
To study a fairly rare characteristic or behavior, which kind of sample are you more likely to use?
A.
non-probability, because there is no sampling frame
B.
Non-probability, because that's always the best
C.
Probability, because that's always the best
D.
Probability, because there is no sampling frame
Question #35
If the registrar reports that 10% of the student body is transfer students, and I instruct you to conduct 8 interviews with transfer students and 72 interviews with students who are not transfer students, what sampling method have I required of you and your project?
A.
stratified sampling
B.
quota sampling
C.
cluster sampling
D.
simple random sampling
Question #36
The statistical computations involved in the most commonly used test statistics assume:
A.
startified sampling
B.
simple random sampling
C.
systematic random sampling
D.
cluster sampling
Question #37
Non-probability sampling...
A.
always produces samples that possess distorted characteristics relative to the population
B.
excludes the use of statistical theory to estimate the probability of correct inferences
C.
should never be used under any circumstance
D.
requires the use of a complete sampling frame
Question #38
Random selection of elements in a sample can be accomplished by use of:
A.
a table of random events
B.
a table of random numbers
C.
a table of random incidents
D.
a random number of tables
Question #39
For which situation is cluster sampling most appropriate and efficient?
A.
a small population scattered across a wide geographic area
B.
a small population centered in one area
C.
a large population scattered across a wide geogrpahic area
D.
a large population centered in one area
Question #40
What of the following is correct abut strata and clusters?
A.
Strata are heterogenous and clusters are homogenous
B.
Clusters are chosen for convenience; strata are based on understandings of the population
C.
There is no difference between strata and clusters
D.
This is not the answer.
Question #41
If a researcher examines newspaper editiorials from major US cities that dealt with the topic of grade inflation, the unit of observation would be:
A.
editorials
B.
newspapers
C.
major cities
D.
grade inflation
Question #42
Which is correct?
A.
standard deviation is most appropriate for nominal variables
B.
means are most apppropriate for ordinal variables
C.
medians are most appropriate for interval variables
D.
any of these can be used with an interval variable
Question #43
Bonus: Which theorist offers a strategy which has no unit of analysis?
A.
Max Weber
B.
Donald Black
C.
Karl Marx
D.
Emile Durkheim
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