A.   end of child labor

B.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D.   compulsory public schooling

E.   them

A.   spurious association

B.   reliability

C.   ecological fallacy

D.   validity

A.   empathy development

B.   conflict resolution skills

C.   substance abuse treatment

D.   anger management

A.   environmental

B.   structural

C.   psychological

D.   biological

A.   conformity

B.   anger

C.   deviation

D.   hostility

A.   race

B.   low intelligence

C.   antisocial behavior during childhood

D.   family criminality

A.   rationalization

B.   social reactions

C.   neutralization

D.   systematic rewards

A.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

C.   hose who leave home at a young age

D.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A.   culture

B.   class struggle

C.   Poverty

D.   racial bias

A.   positivism

B.   the classical school

C.   routine activities

D.   sociobiology

A.   attributes of peers

B.   the climate and resources within the family

C.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

A.   religious institutions

B.   political institutions

C.   family and neighborhood

D.   governmental agents

A.   public schools

B.   radical criminology

C.   civil courts

D.   criminal laws

A.   have a lengthy record of crime

B.   are arrested for Part II offenses

C.   are arrested for less serious offenses

D.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

A.   low family income

B.   convicted siblings

C.   gender of the offender

D.   conviction for a crime before age 13

A.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

B.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D.   gang members less likely to carry guns

A.   utilitarianism

B.   atavism

C.   positivism

D.   the social contract

A.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

D.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

A.   warm and nurturing

B.   strong

C.   cold and brittle

D.   similar to that of family

A.   get tough mandate

B.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A.   peak, increase, decline

B.   increase, peak, decline

C.   increase, decrease, remain stable

D.   decrease, increase, decrease

A.   cognitive theory

B.   reinforcement theory

C.   age-graded life-course perspective

D.   social control theory

A.   status and wealth

B.   economy and restraint

C.   disorganization and culture

D.   power and prestige

A.   Labeling

B.   Conflict

C.   Symbolic interaction

D.   Restorative justice

A.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B.   promote the development of correctional facilities

C.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B.   Get tough policies

C.   Houses of refuge

D.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A.   ritualism

B.   conformity

C.   retreatism

D.   innovation

A.   urban life

B.   lenient courts

C.   more guns in use

D.   single parents

A.   cumulative

B.   persistent heterogeneity

C.   resistant

D.   state dependent

A.   urban utilities

B.   focal concerns

C.   critical dimensions

D.   endemic entities

A.   determinism

B.   Freudian

C.   sensation-seeking

D.   routine activities

A.   involvement

B.   attachment

C.   morals

D.   belief

A.   differential social control theory

B.   labeling theory

C.   theory of differential oppression

D.   symbolic interactionist theory

A.   survey data

B.   content analysis

C.   experimental data

D.   cohort group

A.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

D.   younger than non-crossover youth

A.   social control theory

B.   conflict

C.   life-course criminology

D.   symbolic interaction

A.   violent, property

B.   property, violent

C.   financial, violent

D.   violent, financial

A.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

D.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A.   Marxist perspective

B.   poverty oppression expression

C.   theory of differential oppression

D.   power-control thesis

A.   creation of juvenile boot camps

B.   banning of violence in video games

C.   expanded use of curfews

D.   movement toward graduated sanctions

A.   superego

B.   id

C.   ego

D.   psychosexual desire

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   denial of the victim

C.   denial of responsibility

D.   denial of family

A.   Farrington

B.   Shaw and McKay

C.   Travis Hirschi

D.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

A.   aphasia

B.   hyperkinesis

C.   psychopathy

D.   dyslexia

A.   use drugs

B.   have a later age of onset

C.   have an early age of onset

D.   never had an arrest record

A.   are considered as status offenses

B.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

C.   are brought to the attention of the court

D.   are committed by minorities

A.   family characteristics

B.   age at first conviction

C.   community disorganization

D.   race of offender

A.   victim-offender conferencing

B.   family group conferences

C.   restitution programs

D.   community conferencing and peacemaking

A.   colonial period

B.   juvenile rights era

C.   houses of refuge era

D.   juvenile courts era

A.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A.   identical twins

B.   fraternal twins

C.   adopted twins

D.   dizygotic twins

A.   a sociopath

B.   a manic-depressant

C.   a schizophrenic

D.   a delusional delinquent

A.   control theory

B.   differential association theory

C.   drift theory

D.   strain theory

A.   primary deviation

B.   cumulative disadvantage

C.   formal roles

D.   subjective tags

A.   absence of capable guardians

B.   presence of motivated offenders

C.   availability of suitable targets

D.   skills necessary to engage in crime

A.   social rebellion

B.   aspiration avoidance

C.   status frustration

D.   ascetic hostility

A.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B.   Developmental Life-Course theory

C.   historical context of delinquency

D.   delinquency and social policy

A.   escalation

B.   age of onset

C.   persistence

D.   desistance

A.   turning points

B.   attachment

C.   self-control

D.   planful competence

A.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult