A.   compulsory public schooling

B.   them

C.   end of child labor

D.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

A.   reliability

B.   validity

C.   spurious association

D.   ecological fallacy

A.   empathy development

B.   conflict resolution skills

C.   substance abuse treatment

D.   anger management

A.   environmental

B.   biological

C.   psychological

D.   structural

A.   deviation

B.   anger

C.   hostility

D.   conformity

A.   family criminality

B.   low intelligence

C.   race

D.   antisocial behavior during childhood

A.   rationalization

B.   social reactions

C.   systematic rewards

D.   neutralization

A.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

C.   hose who leave home at a young age

D.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A.   racial bias

B.   culture

C.   Poverty

D.   class struggle

A.   positivism

B.   routine activities

C.   sociobiology

D.   the classical school

A.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C.   attributes of peers

D.   the climate and resources within the family

A.   political institutions

B.   religious institutions

C.   family and neighborhood

D.   governmental agents

A.   radical criminology

B.   civil courts

C.   criminal laws

D.   public schools

A.   have a lengthy record of crime

B.   are arrested for Part II offenses

C.   are arrested for less serious offenses

D.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

A.   gender of the offender

B.   convicted siblings

C.   low family income

D.   conviction for a crime before age 13

A.   gang members less likely to carry guns

B.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

A.   the social contract

B.   utilitarianism

C.   atavism

D.   positivism

A.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

B.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A.   strong

B.   warm and nurturing

C.   similar to that of family

D.   cold and brittle

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B.   get tough mandate

C.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

D.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A.   increase, decrease, remain stable

B.   decrease, increase, decrease

C.   increase, peak, decline

D.   peak, increase, decline

A.   social control theory

B.   reinforcement theory

C.   cognitive theory

D.   age-graded life-course perspective

A.   status and wealth

B.   disorganization and culture

C.   economy and restraint

D.   power and prestige

A.   Symbolic interaction

B.   Restorative justice

C.   Labeling

D.   Conflict

A.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B.   promote the development of correctional facilities

C.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A.   Houses of refuge

B.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C.   Get tough policies

D.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A.   conformity

B.   retreatism

C.   ritualism

D.   innovation

A.   more guns in use

B.   single parents

C.   lenient courts

D.   urban life

A.   state dependent

B.   resistant

C.   persistent heterogeneity

D.   cumulative

A.   endemic entities

B.   critical dimensions

C.   urban utilities

D.   focal concerns

A.   Freudian

B.   routine activities

C.   sensation-seeking

D.   determinism

A.   attachment

B.   morals

C.   belief

D.   involvement

A.   differential social control theory

B.   theory of differential oppression

C.   symbolic interactionist theory

D.   labeling theory

A.   survey data

B.   cohort group

C.   experimental data

D.   content analysis

A.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

B.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C.   younger than non-crossover youth

D.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A.   life-course criminology

B.   conflict

C.   symbolic interaction

D.   social control theory

A.   financial, violent

B.   violent, property

C.   violent, financial

D.   property, violent

A.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A.   power-control thesis

B.   Marxist perspective

C.   theory of differential oppression

D.   poverty oppression expression

A.   creation of juvenile boot camps

B.   banning of violence in video games

C.   movement toward graduated sanctions

D.   expanded use of curfews

A.   ego

B.   psychosexual desire

C.   superego

D.   id

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   denial of family

C.   denial of responsibility

D.   denial of the victim

A.   Farrington

B.   Shaw and McKay

C.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D.   Travis Hirschi

A.   aphasia

B.   psychopathy

C.   dyslexia

D.   hyperkinesis

A.   never had an arrest record

B.   use drugs

C.   have an early age of onset

D.   have a later age of onset

A.   are brought to the attention of the court

B.   are considered as status offenses

C.   are committed by minorities

D.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A.   race of offender

B.   community disorganization

C.   age at first conviction

D.   family characteristics

A.   family group conferences

B.   victim-offender conferencing

C.   restitution programs

D.   community conferencing and peacemaking

A.   juvenile rights era

B.   juvenile courts era

C.   houses of refuge era

D.   colonial period

A.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A.   dizygotic twins

B.   fraternal twins

C.   identical twins

D.   adopted twins

A.   a sociopath

B.   a manic-depressant

C.   a delusional delinquent

D.   a schizophrenic

A.   drift theory

B.   control theory

C.   strain theory

D.   differential association theory

A.   formal roles

B.   subjective tags

C.   primary deviation

D.   cumulative disadvantage

A.   absence of capable guardians

B.   skills necessary to engage in crime

C.   availability of suitable targets

D.   presence of motivated offenders

A.   aspiration avoidance

B.   status frustration

C.   social rebellion

D.   ascetic hostility

A.   delinquency and social policy

B.   historical context of delinquency

C.   Developmental Life-Course theory

D.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A.   age of onset

B.   persistence

C.   escalation

D.   desistance

A.   self-control

B.   attachment

C.   turning points

D.   planful competence

A.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction