A.   end of child labor

B.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

C.   compulsory public schooling

D.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E.   them

A.   ecological fallacy

B.   validity

C.   reliability

D.   spurious association

A.   anger management

B.   substance abuse treatment

C.   conflict resolution skills

D.   empathy development

A.   biological

B.   psychological

C.   environmental

D.   structural

A.   anger

B.   hostility

C.   deviation

D.   conformity

A.   antisocial behavior during childhood

B.   low intelligence

C.   race

D.   family criminality

A.   neutralization

B.   rationalization

C.   systematic rewards

D.   social reactions

A.   hose who leave home at a young age

B.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A.   class struggle

B.   racial bias

C.   Poverty

D.   culture

A.   positivism

B.   sociobiology

C.   the classical school

D.   routine activities

A.   the climate and resources within the family

B.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D.   attributes of peers

A.   religious institutions

B.   family and neighborhood

C.   governmental agents

D.   political institutions

A.   civil courts

B.   criminal laws

C.   public schools

D.   radical criminology

A.   are arrested for less serious offenses

B.   have a lengthy record of crime

C.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D.   are arrested for Part II offenses

A.   gender of the offender

B.   conviction for a crime before age 13

C.   convicted siblings

D.   low family income

A.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

C.   gang members less likely to carry guns

D.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

A.   positivism

B.   atavism

C.   utilitarianism

D.   the social contract

A.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

D.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A.   warm and nurturing

B.   similar to that of family

C.   cold and brittle

D.   strong

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B.   get tough mandate

C.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

A.   increase, peak, decline

B.   increase, decrease, remain stable

C.   peak, increase, decline

D.   decrease, increase, decrease

A.   social control theory

B.   cognitive theory

C.   age-graded life-course perspective

D.   reinforcement theory

A.   power and prestige

B.   status and wealth

C.   economy and restraint

D.   disorganization and culture

A.   Labeling

B.   Conflict

C.   Symbolic interaction

D.   Restorative justice

A.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B.   promote the development of correctional facilities

C.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C.   Get tough policies

D.   Houses of refuge

A.   retreatism

B.   innovation

C.   ritualism

D.   conformity

A.   urban life

B.   more guns in use

C.   lenient courts

D.   single parents

A.   persistent heterogeneity

B.   state dependent

C.   cumulative

D.   resistant

A.   endemic entities

B.   urban utilities

C.   critical dimensions

D.   focal concerns

A.   determinism

B.   routine activities

C.   sensation-seeking

D.   Freudian

A.   involvement

B.   belief

C.   morals

D.   attachment

A.   theory of differential oppression

B.   labeling theory

C.   differential social control theory

D.   symbolic interactionist theory

A.   content analysis

B.   cohort group

C.   experimental data

D.   survey data

A.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B.   younger than non-crossover youth

C.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A.   social control theory

B.   conflict

C.   life-course criminology

D.   symbolic interaction

A.   violent, property

B.   violent, financial

C.   financial, violent

D.   property, violent

A.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

D.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A.   theory of differential oppression

B.   Marxist perspective

C.   poverty oppression expression

D.   power-control thesis

A.   movement toward graduated sanctions

B.   creation of juvenile boot camps

C.   banning of violence in video games

D.   expanded use of curfews

A.   id

B.   psychosexual desire

C.   superego

D.   ego

A.   denial of the victim

B.   denial of responsibility

C.   denial of family

D.   appeal to higher loyalties

A.   Shaw and McKay

B.   Travis Hirschi

C.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D.   Farrington

A.   hyperkinesis

B.   dyslexia

C.   aphasia

D.   psychopathy

A.   have a later age of onset

B.   use drugs

C.   never had an arrest record

D.   have an early age of onset

A.   are committed by minorities

B.   are considered as status offenses

C.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D.   are brought to the attention of the court

A.   community disorganization

B.   age at first conviction

C.   family characteristics

D.   race of offender

A.   family group conferences

B.   community conferencing and peacemaking

C.   restitution programs

D.   victim-offender conferencing

A.   juvenile courts era

B.   colonial period

C.   houses of refuge era

D.   juvenile rights era

A.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A.   adopted twins

B.   dizygotic twins

C.   identical twins

D.   fraternal twins

A.   a schizophrenic

B.   a delusional delinquent

C.   a sociopath

D.   a manic-depressant

A.   strain theory

B.   drift theory

C.   differential association theory

D.   control theory

A.   formal roles

B.   subjective tags

C.   cumulative disadvantage

D.   primary deviation

A.   presence of motivated offenders

B.   skills necessary to engage in crime

C.   availability of suitable targets

D.   absence of capable guardians

A.   aspiration avoidance

B.   status frustration

C.   ascetic hostility

D.   social rebellion

A.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B.   Developmental Life-Course theory

C.   delinquency and social policy

D.   historical context of delinquency

A.   persistence

B.   escalation

C.   desistance

D.   age of onset

A.   attachment

B.   turning points

C.   planful competence

D.   self-control

A.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

B.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

D.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult