A.   compulsory public schooling

B.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D.   end of child labor

E.   them

A.   reliability

B.   ecological fallacy

C.   validity

D.   spurious association

A.   anger management

B.   empathy development

C.   conflict resolution skills

D.   substance abuse treatment

A.   psychological

B.   biological

C.   structural

D.   environmental

A.   hostility

B.   deviation

C.   anger

D.   conformity

A.   family criminality

B.   low intelligence

C.   race

D.   antisocial behavior during childhood

A.   rationalization

B.   neutralization

C.   social reactions

D.   systematic rewards

A.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

B.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D.   hose who leave home at a young age

A.   culture

B.   Poverty

C.   racial bias

D.   class struggle

A.   routine activities

B.   positivism

C.   sociobiology

D.   the classical school

A.   the climate and resources within the family

B.   attributes of peers

C.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

D.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A.   religious institutions

B.   political institutions

C.   governmental agents

D.   family and neighborhood

A.   civil courts

B.   public schools

C.   radical criminology

D.   criminal laws

A.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B.   are arrested for Part II offenses

C.   are arrested for less serious offenses

D.   have a lengthy record of crime

A.   low family income

B.   gender of the offender

C.   convicted siblings

D.   conviction for a crime before age 13

A.   gang members less likely to carry guns

B.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

A.   positivism

B.   atavism

C.   utilitarianism

D.   the social contract

A.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

B.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A.   similar to that of family

B.   cold and brittle

C.   warm and nurturing

D.   strong

A.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

B.   get tough mandate

C.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

D.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A.   increase, peak, decline

B.   decrease, increase, decrease

C.   increase, decrease, remain stable

D.   peak, increase, decline

A.   cognitive theory

B.   social control theory

C.   reinforcement theory

D.   age-graded life-course perspective

A.   disorganization and culture

B.   power and prestige

C.   status and wealth

D.   economy and restraint

A.   Labeling

B.   Restorative justice

C.   Symbolic interaction

D.   Conflict

A.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

B.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C.   promote the development of correctional facilities

D.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A.   Houses of refuge

B.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C.   Get tough policies

D.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A.   retreatism

B.   innovation

C.   conformity

D.   ritualism

A.   lenient courts

B.   more guns in use

C.   urban life

D.   single parents

A.   cumulative

B.   resistant

C.   persistent heterogeneity

D.   state dependent

A.   critical dimensions

B.   focal concerns

C.   endemic entities

D.   urban utilities

A.   routine activities

B.   determinism

C.   Freudian

D.   sensation-seeking

A.   attachment

B.   morals

C.   involvement

D.   belief

A.   differential social control theory

B.   symbolic interactionist theory

C.   theory of differential oppression

D.   labeling theory

A.   survey data

B.   cohort group

C.   experimental data

D.   content analysis

A.   younger than non-crossover youth

B.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A.   life-course criminology

B.   symbolic interaction

C.   social control theory

D.   conflict

A.   property, violent

B.   violent, property

C.   financial, violent

D.   violent, financial

A.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

C.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

D.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A.   power-control thesis

B.   theory of differential oppression

C.   Marxist perspective

D.   poverty oppression expression

A.   banning of violence in video games

B.   expanded use of curfews

C.   creation of juvenile boot camps

D.   movement toward graduated sanctions

A.   superego

B.   psychosexual desire

C.   id

D.   ego

A.   denial of the victim

B.   denial of responsibility

C.   appeal to higher loyalties

D.   denial of family

A.   Travis Hirschi

B.   Shaw and McKay

C.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D.   Farrington

A.   hyperkinesis

B.   aphasia

C.   psychopathy

D.   dyslexia

A.   never had an arrest record

B.   have an early age of onset

C.   have a later age of onset

D.   use drugs

A.   are considered as status offenses

B.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

C.   are committed by minorities

D.   are brought to the attention of the court

A.   age at first conviction

B.   race of offender

C.   family characteristics

D.   community disorganization

A.   family group conferences

B.   restitution programs

C.   victim-offender conferencing

D.   community conferencing and peacemaking

A.   colonial period

B.   juvenile courts era

C.   houses of refuge era

D.   juvenile rights era

A.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A.   adopted twins

B.   identical twins

C.   fraternal twins

D.   dizygotic twins

A.   a sociopath

B.   a schizophrenic

C.   a manic-depressant

D.   a delusional delinquent

A.   control theory

B.   differential association theory

C.   drift theory

D.   strain theory

A.   primary deviation

B.   formal roles

C.   cumulative disadvantage

D.   subjective tags

A.   absence of capable guardians

B.   availability of suitable targets

C.   presence of motivated offenders

D.   skills necessary to engage in crime

A.   status frustration

B.   aspiration avoidance

C.   ascetic hostility

D.   social rebellion

A.   Developmental Life-Course theory

B.   delinquency and social policy

C.   historical context of delinquency

D.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A.   persistence

B.   desistance

C.   age of onset

D.   escalation

A.   planful competence

B.   attachment

C.   turning points

D.   self-control

A.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

B.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult