A.   end of child labor

B.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D.   them

E.   compulsory public schooling

A.   ecological fallacy

B.   spurious association

C.   validity

D.   reliability

A.   anger management

B.   conflict resolution skills

C.   empathy development

D.   substance abuse treatment

A.   structural

B.   psychological

C.   biological

D.   environmental

A.   hostility

B.   anger

C.   deviation

D.   conformity

A.   family criminality

B.   low intelligence

C.   race

D.   antisocial behavior during childhood

A.   systematic rewards

B.   rationalization

C.   social reactions

D.   neutralization

A.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B.   hose who leave home at a young age

C.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

D.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A.   culture

B.   class struggle

C.   racial bias

D.   Poverty

A.   the classical school

B.   sociobiology

C.   positivism

D.   routine activities

A.   attributes of peers

B.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C.   the climate and resources within the family

D.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

A.   political institutions

B.   family and neighborhood

C.   governmental agents

D.   religious institutions

A.   public schools

B.   criminal laws

C.   civil courts

D.   radical criminology

A.   are arrested for less serious offenses

B.   are arrested for Part II offenses

C.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D.   have a lengthy record of crime

A.   conviction for a crime before age 13

B.   gender of the offender

C.   low family income

D.   convicted siblings

A.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

B.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

D.   gang members less likely to carry guns

A.   positivism

B.   atavism

C.   utilitarianism

D.   the social contract

A.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

A.   warm and nurturing

B.   strong

C.   similar to that of family

D.   cold and brittle

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B.   get tough mandate

C.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

D.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A.   increase, decrease, remain stable

B.   decrease, increase, decrease

C.   peak, increase, decline

D.   increase, peak, decline

A.   social control theory

B.   reinforcement theory

C.   cognitive theory

D.   age-graded life-course perspective

A.   power and prestige

B.   disorganization and culture

C.   status and wealth

D.   economy and restraint

A.   Conflict

B.   Restorative justice

C.   Labeling

D.   Symbolic interaction

A.   promote the development of correctional facilities

B.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A.   Get tough policies

B.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C.   Houses of refuge

D.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A.   innovation

B.   conformity

C.   ritualism

D.   retreatism

A.   more guns in use

B.   urban life

C.   single parents

D.   lenient courts

A.   state dependent

B.   cumulative

C.   persistent heterogeneity

D.   resistant

A.   urban utilities

B.   endemic entities

C.   focal concerns

D.   critical dimensions

A.   determinism

B.   sensation-seeking

C.   Freudian

D.   routine activities

A.   morals

B.   attachment

C.   belief

D.   involvement

A.   labeling theory

B.   theory of differential oppression

C.   differential social control theory

D.   symbolic interactionist theory

A.   survey data

B.   content analysis

C.   experimental data

D.   cohort group

A.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

C.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

D.   younger than non-crossover youth

A.   social control theory

B.   life-course criminology

C.   conflict

D.   symbolic interaction

A.   violent, property

B.   property, violent

C.   violent, financial

D.   financial, violent

A.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A.   Marxist perspective

B.   poverty oppression expression

C.   theory of differential oppression

D.   power-control thesis

A.   banning of violence in video games

B.   creation of juvenile boot camps

C.   movement toward graduated sanctions

D.   expanded use of curfews

A.   id

B.   superego

C.   ego

D.   psychosexual desire

A.   denial of responsibility

B.   denial of family

C.   denial of the victim

D.   appeal to higher loyalties

A.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B.   Travis Hirschi

C.   Farrington

D.   Shaw and McKay

A.   dyslexia

B.   aphasia

C.   psychopathy

D.   hyperkinesis

A.   have an early age of onset

B.   never had an arrest record

C.   use drugs

D.   have a later age of onset

A.   are committed by minorities

B.   are considered as status offenses

C.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D.   are brought to the attention of the court

A.   family characteristics

B.   age at first conviction

C.   community disorganization

D.   race of offender

A.   victim-offender conferencing

B.   restitution programs

C.   community conferencing and peacemaking

D.   family group conferences

A.   houses of refuge era

B.   juvenile courts era

C.   juvenile rights era

D.   colonial period

A.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

A.   dizygotic twins

B.   adopted twins

C.   identical twins

D.   fraternal twins

A.   a schizophrenic

B.   a sociopath

C.   a delusional delinquent

D.   a manic-depressant

A.   differential association theory

B.   strain theory

C.   drift theory

D.   control theory

A.   primary deviation

B.   subjective tags

C.   formal roles

D.   cumulative disadvantage

A.   presence of motivated offenders

B.   availability of suitable targets

C.   skills necessary to engage in crime

D.   absence of capable guardians

A.   social rebellion

B.   status frustration

C.   ascetic hostility

D.   aspiration avoidance

A.   delinquency and social policy

B.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C.   Developmental Life-Course theory

D.   historical context of delinquency

A.   age of onset

B.   desistance

C.   escalation

D.   persistence

A.   self-control

B.   attachment

C.   planful competence

D.   turning points

A.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults