A.   creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

B.   end of child labor

C.   development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D.   compulsory public schooling

E.   them

A.   validity

B.   ecological fallacy

C.   spurious association

D.   reliability

A.   substance abuse treatment

B.   anger management

C.   empathy development

D.   conflict resolution skills

A.   biological

B.   environmental

C.   structural

D.   psychological

A.   hostility

B.   deviation

C.   conformity

D.   anger

A.   race

B.   low intelligence

C.   antisocial behavior during childhood

D.   family criminality

A.   social reactions

B.   systematic rewards

C.   neutralization

D.   rationalization

A.   those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

B.   those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C.   hose who leave home at a young age

D.   those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

A.   culture

B.   class struggle

C.   Poverty

D.   racial bias

A.   routine activities

B.   sociobiology

C.   positivism

D.   the classical school

A.   the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B.   individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C.   attributes of peers

D.   the climate and resources within the family

A.   religious institutions

B.   governmental agents

C.   family and neighborhood

D.   political institutions

A.   civil courts

B.   radical criminology

C.   public schools

D.   criminal laws

A.   are arrested for Part II offenses

B.   are arrested for less serious offenses

C.   are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D.   have a lengthy record of crime

A.   conviction for a crime before age 13

B.   low family income

C.   convicted siblings

D.   gender of the offender

A.   more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B.   more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

C.   heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D.   gang members less likely to carry guns

A.   atavism

B.   the social contract

C.   positivism

D.   utilitarianism

A.   The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

B.   The reports are classified and are not made public.

C.   The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

D.   The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A.   cold and brittle

B.   strong

C.   warm and nurturing

D.   similar to that of family

A.   Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B.   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C.   get tough mandate

D.   1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A.   decrease, increase, decrease

B.   increase, decrease, remain stable

C.   peak, increase, decline

D.   increase, peak, decline

A.   social control theory

B.   age-graded life-course perspective

C.   cognitive theory

D.   reinforcement theory

A.   power and prestige

B.   status and wealth

C.   economy and restraint

D.   disorganization and culture

A.   Conflict

B.   Labeling

C.   Restorative justice

D.   Symbolic interaction

A.   encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B.   promote the development of correctional facilities

C.   promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D.   encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A.   Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B.   Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C.   Houses of refuge

D.   Get tough policies

A.   retreatism

B.   conformity

C.   ritualism

D.   innovation

A.   urban life

B.   lenient courts

C.   single parents

D.   more guns in use

A.   resistant

B.   state dependent

C.   cumulative

D.   persistent heterogeneity

A.   critical dimensions

B.   urban utilities

C.   focal concerns

D.   endemic entities

A.   sensation-seeking

B.   determinism

C.   Freudian

D.   routine activities

A.   belief

B.   morals

C.   attachment

D.   involvement

A.   theory of differential oppression

B.   differential social control theory

C.   symbolic interactionist theory

D.   labeling theory

A.   survey data

B.   content analysis

C.   experimental data

D.   cohort group

A.   younger than non-crossover youth

B.   high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C.   African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D.   more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A.   life-course criminology

B.   symbolic interaction

C.   conflict

D.   social control theory

A.   property, violent

B.   financial, violent

C.   violent, financial

D.   violent, property

A.   Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B.   Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C.   Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D.   Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A.   power-control thesis

B.   Marxist perspective

C.   poverty oppression expression

D.   theory of differential oppression

A.   banning of violence in video games

B.   movement toward graduated sanctions

C.   creation of juvenile boot camps

D.   expanded use of curfews

A.   ego

B.   id

C.   psychosexual desire

D.   superego

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   denial of family

C.   denial of responsibility

D.   denial of the victim

A.   Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B.   Farrington

C.   Shaw and McKay

D.   Travis Hirschi

A.   hyperkinesis

B.   dyslexia

C.   psychopathy

D.   aphasia

A.   have an early age of onset

B.   use drugs

C.   never had an arrest record

D.   have a later age of onset

A.   are committed by minorities

B.   are considered as status offenses

C.   are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D.   are brought to the attention of the court

A.   race of offender

B.   family characteristics

C.   community disorganization

D.   age at first conviction

A.   restitution programs

B.   community conferencing and peacemaking

C.   victim-offender conferencing

D.   family group conferences

A.   colonial period

B.   houses of refuge era

C.   juvenile rights era

D.   juvenile courts era

A.   focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B.   spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C.   disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D.   nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A.   adopted twins

B.   fraternal twins

C.   dizygotic twins

D.   identical twins

A.   a delusional delinquent

B.   a schizophrenic

C.   a sociopath

D.   a manic-depressant

A.   differential association theory

B.   strain theory

C.   drift theory

D.   control theory

A.   formal roles

B.   cumulative disadvantage

C.   primary deviation

D.   subjective tags

A.   presence of motivated offenders

B.   availability of suitable targets

C.   absence of capable guardians

D.   skills necessary to engage in crime

A.   social rebellion

B.   ascetic hostility

C.   status frustration

D.   aspiration avoidance

A.   historical context of delinquency

B.   parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C.   Developmental Life-Course theory

D.   delinquency and social policy

A.   desistance

B.   age of onset

C.   persistence

D.   escalation

A.   attachment

B.   planful competence

C.   self-control

D.   turning points

A.   the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B.   the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

C.   the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D.   the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction