Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi's causal chain?

Gang members who are strongly attached to the gang and have few interests outside the gang are known as ________.

Which of the following is NOT an abuse suffered by adolescent females in the juvenile justice system?

Which of the following intervention programs is a family- and home-based treatment model that is based on research demonstrating the multidimensional causes of delinquent behavior?

________, a synthetic drug, was originally concentrated in California and has spread widely to other states.

According to Albert Cohen's theory, which of the following encourages development of delinquent subcultures in schools?

Which of the following is NOT a principle that Widom recommended to reduce the extent of child abuse?

According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?

What is the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender?

Which of the following programs believes all girls should have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are encouraged to develop their culture and take pride in their core values.

The relocation of gang members with their families from one city to another is called ________.

Which of the following statements regarding children with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents is TRUE?

Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.

According to the text, who controls drug trafficking in urban settings?

Angela Browne and David Finkelhor's review of the literature on sexual abuse revealed that abuse by ________ has a more negative impact than abuse by others.

According to statistical findings, which of the following children make up the largest percentage of victims?

Involvement in ________ is one of the strongest predictors of violence for younger youth and the weakest for older youth.

Which of the following states that children learn delinquent behavior through being exposed to others and by mimicking or modeling others' actions?

What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?

Butyl nitrite, gasoline, and paint thinners can typically produce feelings of excitement followed by disorientation when they are ________.

Which of the following is based on the assumption that the juvenile justice system does NOT see most serious offenders until it is too late to effectively intervene?

Which of the following children are NOT at a greater risk of victimization?

________ are relatively weak predictors of violence for both younger and older youth.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?

Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for evidence-based education listed by the State Education Resource Center?

The ________ theory provides an explanation for the onset and continued use of drugs by stating that the typical addict suffers from some deep-rooted emotional problem.

Which of the following suggests that girls' misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys' deviance?

Studies on sexually abused victims suggest that prostitution is a way for sexually abused female victims to ________.

Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind's four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?

Which of the following views school as a means by which the privileged classes maintain power over the lower classes?

The philosophy of ________ is that instead of quickly turning over youth to the justice system, the community should deal with its own problems and intervene on behalf of its youth.

Which of the following contends that adolescent girls' victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?

The ________ explains the onset and escalation of adolescents' drug use by claiming that a bleak economic environment for certain disenfranchised groups has created a generation of young adults in urban inner cities who regularly experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty.

Which of the following theories states that delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does NOT develop?

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that a protective service agency draws following the initial investigation?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to delinquency and drug use?

According to Richard Gelles, which of the following is a consistent conclusion of domestic violence research?

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of violence prevention programs?

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of at-risk adolescent females?

________ is an approach designed to reduce the harm done to youths by drug use and by the severe penalties resulting from drug use and sales.

Which of the following is a finding of studies undertaken to improve the quality of the school experience?

Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?

Which of the following is NOT an agreement among experts regarding prevention?

During the 1990s, the belief emerged that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place the thrust of prevention and diversion emphasis on ________.

Which of the following programs is a three-year curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of "gateway" drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.

Which theory posits that children who do poorly in school or who believe they have little chance of graduation are most likely to commit delinquent acts?

According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?

Which of the following is NOT a major organizational characteristic of urban gangs?

Which of the following types of gang leadership assign no written duties or titles to their leadership positions, but usually have two to four members who are considered the leaders of the group?

According to studies, which of the following behaviors is more likely to be exhibited by children who are rejected by their parents?

Michael F. de Vries argued that ________ is the heart of why African Americans find gang associations worthwhile.

Denise Kandel and colleagues suggest that youths who become addicted to or dependent on drugs are more likely to ________.

What is the leading problem in implementing parent-training programs?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding females in delinquent gangs?

Which of the following had the disastrous result of incarcerating many minority youths involved in selling or using crack cocaine for extended periods of time?

A gang member who has older brothers or fathers in the gang is referred to as ________.

Which of the following drugs, first made in Germany in the 1880s, was widely distributed to soldiers by the American military during World War II?

Which of the following is NOT a frequently cited benefit of joining a gang?

________ argues that once self-control has formed in childhood, it affects adolescents in the choices they make in peer relations, school conduct and achievement, drug and alcohol use, and delinquent activities.