Soc 348 - Juvenile Delinquency » Fall 2022 » Quiz 2
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Question #1
Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi's causal chain?
A.
academic incompetence
B.
rejection of school's authority
C.
dislike of school
D.
poor parental performance
Question #2
Gang members who are strongly attached to the gang and have few interests outside the gang are known as ________.
A.
regulars
B.
veterans
C.
associates
D.
peripherals
Question #3
Which of the following is NOT an abuse suffered by adolescent females in the juvenile justice system?
A.
withholding of food
B.
inappropriate touching, pushing, and hitting by staff
C.
strip-searched in the presence of male officers
D.
placement in isolation for trivial reasons
Question #4
Which of the following intervention programs is a family- and home-based treatment model that is based on research demonstrating the multidimensional causes of delinquent behavior?
A.
Multisystemic Therapy
B.
Strengthening Families Program
C.
Adolescent Transitions Program
D.
Functional Family Therapy
Question #5
________, a synthetic drug, was originally concentrated in California and has spread widely to other states.
A.
Ecstasy
B.
Heroin
C.
Crank
D.
Marijuana
Question #6
According to Albert Cohen's theory, which of the following encourages development of delinquent subcultures in schools?
A.
incompetent teachers
B.
inadequate parents
C.
status deprivation
D.
lenient rules
Question #7
Which of the following is NOT a principle that Widom recommended to reduce the extent of child abuse?
A.
One size fits all.
B.
The earlier the intervention, the better.
C.
Interventions are not one-time efforts.
D.
Surveillance is a double-edged sword.
Question #8
According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?
A.
intellectual accomplishments
B.
attention deficit disorder
C.
matriarchal family relations
D.
late pubertal maturation
Question #9
What is the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender?
A.
masculinity hypothesis
B.
intellectual deficit
C.
gendered pathway
D.
sex-role socialization
Question #10
Which of the following programs believes all girls should have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are encouraged to develop their culture and take pride in their core values.
A.
Project Northland
B.
Outward Bound
C.
the Step Up Program
D.
Yale Child Welfare Project
Question #11
The relocation of gang members with their families from one city to another is called ________.
A.
migration
B.
transporting
C.
shifting
D.
moving
Question #12
Which of the following statements regarding children with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents is TRUE?
A.
They are more likely to be gay than children with heterosexual parents.
B.
They show conspicuous differences in their male and female behaviors (gender role behavior).
C.
They do not reveal differences in the adjustment and development.
D.
They are more likely to be sexually abused.
Question #13
Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.
A.
recruit females
B.
steal guns from stores
C.
steal bicycles
D.
deal cocaine out of cramped "rock houses"
Question #14
According to the text, who controls drug trafficking in urban settings?
A.
adult suppliers independent of gang affiliations
B.
juvenile male gang members
C.
adult gang members
D.
juveniles independent of gang affiliations
Question #15
Angela Browne and David Finkelhor's review of the literature on sexual abuse revealed that abuse by ________ has a more negative impact than abuse by others.
A.
mother
B.
brother
C.
father/stepfather
D.
sister
Question #16
According to statistical findings, which of the following children make up the largest percentage of victims?
A.
Hispanic
B.
African American
C.
White
D.
Asian
Question #17
Involvement in ________ is one of the strongest predictors of violence for younger youth and the weakest for older youth.
A.
violence
B.
truancy
C.
substance abuse
D.
gangs
Question #18
Which of the following states that children learn delinquent behavior through being exposed to others and by mimicking or modeling others' actions?
A.
labeling theory
B.
conflict theory
C.
cultural deviance theory
D.
strain theory
Question #19
What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?
A.
School authorities do not have the right to deny free speech unless it interferes with school operations.
B.
Students could not be compelled to salute the flag if it violates their religious rights.
C.
A student's right to style his or her hair is protected under the right to privacy.
D.
Due process requires a student to receive notice and opportunity for a hearing.
Question #20
Butyl nitrite, gasoline, and paint thinners can typically produce feelings of excitement followed by disorientation when they are ________.
A.
ingested
B.
absorbed
C.
injected
D.
inhaled
Question #21
Which of the following is based on the assumption that the juvenile justice system does NOT see most serious offenders until it is too late to effectively intervene?
A.
training schools
B.
juvenile aftercare
C.
violence prevention programs
D.
tertiary prevention programs
Question #22
Which of the following children are NOT at a greater risk of victimization?
A.
children who were reported by educational personnel
B.
children reported to be victims of sexual abuse
C.
children with a disciplined family background
D.
children with allegations of multiple types of maltreatment
Question #23
________ are relatively weak predictors of violence for both younger and older youth.
A.
Low SES and abusive parents
B.
Broken homes and abusive parents
C.
Substance abuse and history of violence
D.
Gang involvement and gun ownership
Question #24
Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?
A.
High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of communication.
B.
High school girls are obsessed with achievement.
C.
High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.
D.
High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.
Question #25
Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for evidence-based education listed by the State Education Resource Center?
A.
monitoring, accountability, and assessment
B.
parent/community involvement
C.
curriculum independent of learning expectations
D.
supportive, personalized, and relevant learning
Question #26
The ________ theory provides an explanation for the onset and continued use of drugs by stating that the typical addict suffers from some deep-rooted emotional problem.
A.
social control
B.
addictive personality
C.
stress relief
D.
social disorganization
Question #27
Which of the following suggests that girls' misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys' deviance?
A.
power-control theory
B.
interactionist theory
C.
labeling theory
D.
differential association theory
Question #28
Studies on sexually abused victims suggest that prostitution is a way for sexually abused female victims to ________.
A.
take control of others by making them pay
B.
reduce the shame
C.
increase their livelihood
D.
leave the home environment
Question #29
Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind's four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?
A.
Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims vulnerable.
B.
Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.
C.
On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.
D.
As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.
Question #30
Which of the following views school as a means by which the privileged classes maintain power over the lower classes?
A.
social control theory
B.
radical theory
C.
cultural deviance theory
D.
strain theory
Question #31
The philosophy of ________ is that instead of quickly turning over youth to the justice system, the community should deal with its own problems and intervene on behalf of its youth.
A.
Functional Family Therapy (FFT)
B.
Life Skills Training (LST)
C.
Chicago Area Project
D.
Positive Youth Development
Question #32
Which of the following contends that adolescent girls' victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?
A.
power-control theory
B.
social learning theory
C.
interactionist theory of delinquency
D.
feminist theory of delinquency
Question #33
The ________ explains the onset and escalation of adolescents' drug use by claiming that a bleak economic environment for certain disenfranchised groups has created a generation of young adults in urban inner cities who regularly experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty.
A.
stress relief theory
B.
social disorganization theory
C.
addictive personality theory
D.
social development model
Question #34
Which of the following theories states that delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does NOT develop?
A.
social control theory
B.
cultural deviance theory
C.
conflict theory
D.
labeling theory
Question #35
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that a protective service agency draws following the initial investigation?
A.
Maltreatment or the risk of maltreatment appears to be present.
B.
There is sufficient evidence to support the allegation of maltreatment.
C.
There is insufficient evidence to support maltreatment.
D.
Parents should be prosecuted in criminal court.
Question #36
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to delinquency and drug use?
A.
poor family management practices
B.
academic failure
C.
living in an affluent neighborhood
D.
perinatal difficulties
Question #37
A.
Those abused in childhood will turn away from child abuse.
B.
There is hardly any relationship between neglect and abuse.
C.
Most child abusers were brought up in a disciplined family environment.
D.
Those abused in childhood will turn abusers.
Question #38
Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of violence prevention programs?
A.
offer youth a long-term stay in the community
B.
aim to fix the psychological issues contributing to delinquency.
C.
provide youth with adequate supervision and support
D.
address key areas of risk in youth's lives
Question #39
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of at-risk adolescent females?
A.
school failure
B.
stable family life
C.
mental health and substance abuse problems
D.
stories of victimization
Question #40
________ is an approach designed to reduce the harm done to youths by drug use and by the severe penalties resulting from drug use and sales.
A.
Harm reduction
B.
War on drugs
C.
Drug courts
D.
Prevention programs
Question #41
Which of the following is a finding of studies undertaken to improve the quality of the school experience?
A.
Education must be oriented toward the entire group rather than an individual.
B.
Tracking systems should be used when and where possible.
C.
Good teaching is one of the first lines of defense against misbehavior.
D.
Schools must stick to fixed hour schedules.
Question #42
Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?
A.
Joining a gang is part of the experience male adolescents need to grow up to adulthood.
B.
Lower-class boys interact with and gain support from other alienated individuals.
C.
Gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problem faced by lower-class boys.
D.
Violent delinquent gangs arise out of conditions that encourage the development of a sociopathic personality in adolescents.
Question #43
Which of the following is NOT an agreement among experts regarding prevention?
A.
no one solution exists to the delinquency prevention problem
B.
the timing of interventions is critical in achieving a successful outcome
C.
high-risk behaviors are independent, so prevention programs should have narrow and specific goals.
D.
each community requires a package of services that involve community-wide planning
Question #44
During the 1990s, the belief emerged that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place the thrust of prevention and diversion emphasis on ________.
A.
low-risk juveniles who have not committed crime
B.
high-risk juveniles who commit violent acts.
C.
high-risk juveniles who have not committed crime
D.
high-risk juveniles who commit property crimes.
Question #45
Which of the following programs is a three-year curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of "gateway" drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.
A.
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)
B.
Life Skills Training (LST)
C.
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
D.
Project toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND)
Question #46
Which theory posits that children who do poorly in school or who believe they have little chance of graduation are most likely to commit delinquent acts?
A.
drift theory
B.
culture theory
C.
labeling theory
D.
blocked opportunity theory
Question #47
According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?
A.
personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior
B.
relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior
C.
personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities
D.
impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures
Question #48
Which of the following is NOT a major organizational characteristic of urban gangs?
A.
gang migration
B.
leadership
C.
gang intimidation
D.
role expectations and sanctions
Question #49
Which of the following types of gang leadership assign no written duties or titles to their leadership positions, but usually have two to four members who are considered the leaders of the group?
A.
vertical type
B.
commission type
C.
influential type
D.
horizontal type
Question #50
According to studies, which of the following behaviors is more likely to be exhibited by children who are rejected by their parents?
A.
parental attachment
B.
delinquency
C.
submissiveness
D.
oppressiveness
Question #51
Michael F. de Vries argued that ________ is the heart of why African Americans find gang associations worthwhile.
A.
subcultural affiliation
B.
social disorganization theory
C.
underclass theory
D.
strain theory
Question #52
Denise Kandel and colleagues suggest that youths who become addicted to or dependent on drugs are more likely to ________.
A.
raid their parent's drug supplies
B.
reach a turning point and stop using drugs
C.
commit crimes to maintain their drug supply
D.
cause injury to themselves to steal drugs from medical facilities
Question #53
What is the leading problem in implementing parent-training programs?
A.
cost of implementation
B.
the recruitment and retention of parents
C.
recruiting volunteers to train parents
D.
finding places to train parents
Question #54
Which of the following is TRUE regarding females in delinquent gangs?
A.
Female gangs are generally not violent in nature.
B.
Female gang members are not involved in the planning of gang activities.
C.
Female gang members never participate in violent crimes.
D.
Girls receive no emotional fulfillment from their involvement in gang activity.
Question #55
Which of the following had the disastrous result of incarcerating many minority youths involved in selling or using crack cocaine for extended periods of time?
A.
Project Alert
B.
the war on drugs
C.
Project Toward No Drug Abuse
D.
Life Skills Training
Question #56
A gang member who has older brothers or fathers in the gang is referred to as ________.
A.
blessed-in
B.
jumped-it
C.
blood-in
D.
coerced-in
Question #57
Which of the following drugs, first made in Germany in the 1880s, was widely distributed to soldiers by the American military during World War II?
A.
cocaine
B.
amphetamines
C.
methamphetamines
D.
heroin
Question #58
Which of the following is NOT a frequently cited benefit of joining a gang?
A.
enhanced prestige or status
B.
opportunities to engage in political and social activism
C.
excitement
D.
monetary profits from drugs
Question #59
________ argues that once self-control has formed in childhood, it affects adolescents in the choices they make in peer relations, school conduct and achievement, drug and alcohol use, and delinquent activities.
A.
Social control theory
B.
Radical criminology
C.
The general theory of crime
D.
Cultural deviance theory
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